ged science: life science part 2 organization of life, heredity and evolution
TRANSCRIPT
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GED Science: Life Science Part 2
Organization of Life, Heredity and Evolution
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The Cell
• The smallest unit of living things• All living things are made of cells• Cells come from cells• All parts of the body are made of specialized
cells
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Animal Cell
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Cell Structure
• All cells have a membrane to regulate what can pass into it
• Organs inside cells with different tasks are called organelles
• Cells vary based on their function/body system
• Cells also contain chromosomes that contain information about the cell’s genetic makeup
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Cell Metabolism
• How nutrients are turned into energy• Carbohydrates are transformed into energy• Enzymes are used as catalysts (assist the
process)• Energy is used to produce proteins or carry
out functions
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Mitosis
• Mitosis is how cells reproduce
• Chromosomes double into two identical sets
• Cell divides into two daughter cells
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Meiosis
• Meiosis is when cells divide leaving two cells with half the number of chromosomes
• Meiosis is used for cells in the reproductive systems of organisms with sexual reproduction
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Heredity
• DNA is the code on the chromosomes for traits
• Cells created by meiosis from both parents form a zygote
• Zygote has the full number of chromosomes for the species
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Alleles
• Alleles are different versions of a gene• Alleles can be recessive or dominant• If an organism contains dominant and
recessive alleles, the dominant allele is shown• Punnett squares calculate probability of an
allele being shown
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Punnett Squares
B b
B BB Bb
b Bb bb
Punnett Square for chicken feather color:B allele- Blue feathers (dominant)b allele- White feathers (recessive)Both parents are Bb (blue)
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Genotypes and Phenotypes
• Genotypes- the genetic makeup of an organism (ie Bb)
• Phenotype- The observable trait (ie blue feathers)
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Mutation
• When DNA is damaged or error is made in replication of chromosomes, mutations can occur
• Mutations can result in traits that neither parent has
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Adaptation
• Traits may change over time to adapt to environment
• Darwin’s finches: finches in the Galapogos Islands beaks adapt to local plants
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Selection
• Traits become more or less common in a species
• Key component of evolution• Natural Selection: organisms with desirable
traits for the environment more likely to reproduce
• Artificial Selection: Selective breeding of organism
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Cladograms
• Diagram showing relationship between organisms
• Similar organisms are grouped on branches
• Evolutionary trees are similar to cladograms and show ancestors of species
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Selection pressure
• The environment can put pressure on a species to change
• Drug resistance: bacteria can evolve to become resistant to antibiotic drugs
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Photo: Joseph Berger
Speciation
• Speciation is the process by which new species arise
• Apple Maggot Fly: New species appeared after apples were introduced to North America