gen of computers- afsha
TRANSCRIPT
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Generations of Computer
The First generation
The Second Generation
The Third Generation
The Fourth Generation
The Fifth Generation
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Computers.
Present.
Past.Future.
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The Computer Age
Rapid changes
Four generations over 50 years
Trends across generations
Decrease size
Increase speed
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The First Generation
1951-1958
Vacuum Tube Heat
Burnout Machine language
Magnetic core
memory
Storage Punched cards
Tape (1957)
Characteristics of 1stGeneration Computers Computers big and clumsy
Electricity consumption is high Electric failure occurred regularly - computers notvery reliable Large air conditioners was necessary because thecomputers generated heat
Batch processing
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Vacuum tube
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Vacuum tube
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Vacuum tubes
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FIRST GENERATION (1945-1956)
First generation computers were characterized by the factthat operating instructions were made-to-order for the specifictask for which the computer was to be used. Each computer
had a different binary-coded program called a machinelanguage that told it how to operate. This made the computerdifficult to program and limited its versatility and speed.Other distinctive features of first generation computers were
the use of vacuum tubes (responsible for their breathtakingsize) and magnetic drums for data storage.
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Observing Vacuum tube
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Punched curds
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Punched cards models
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The First Generation
ENIAC
Eckert and Mauchly completed the first
commercial computer in the USA theENIAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
First computer builtfor business
Short Code - A set of instructions called
Short Code is developed for theProgrammers
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ENIAC
1946
Electronic Numerical Integrator AndComputer
Under the leadership ofJ. Presper Eckert(1919- 1995) and John W. Mauchly(1907- 1980) the team produced a machine that
computed at speeds 1,000 times faster
than the Mark I was capable of only 2
years earlier.Using 18,00-19,000 vacuum tubes,70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered
joints this massive instrument required the
output of a small power station to operate
it.
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The First Generation
1951, SAGE - Semi Automatic Ground Environment was
developed.
IBM built the SAGE computers and became leaders in
real-time applications and used the technology ofWhirlwind.
SAGE computers were used in an early U.S. air defense
system. They were fully deployed in 1963, that consisted
of 27 centers throughout North America, each computer
system containing over50,000 vacuum tubes, weighing
250 tons and occupying an acre of floor space.
SAGE was the first large computer network to provide
man-machine interaction in real time.
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The First Generation
1952, EDVAC-
Electronic Discreet
Variable Computer
John Von Neumann,designed with a central
control unit which would
calculate and output all
mathematical and logical
problems and a memory
which could be written to
and read. (RAM in
modern terms) which
would store programs
and data.
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The First Generation
1953, IBM 701
The 701 was formally
announced on May 21, 1952. It
was the unit of the overall 701
Data Processing System inwhich actual calculations were
performed.
1953, The Whirlwind
purpose digital computerWhirlwind was a large scale,general begun at the
Servomechanisms Laboratoryof the Massachusetts Instituteof Technology in 1946.
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. First generation computer
Advantages :
. It was only electronic device
. First device to hold memory
Disadvantages :
. Too bulky i.e large in size
. Vacuum tubes burn frequently
. They were producing heat
. Maintenance problems
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Too bulky i.e large in size
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The Second Generation
1959-1964
Transistor Smaller
No warm-up time Less energy
Less heat
Faster
More reliable
Storage Removable disk pack
(1954) Magnetic tape
Programming languages Assembly language FORTRAN (1954) COBOL(1959)
Used primarily by business,university, government
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The Second Generation
Computers became smaller
Generate less heat
Electricity consumption lower
More reliable and faster
Core memory developed
Magnetic tapes and disks used
First operating systems developed A new processing method was needed.
Time-sharing (processing technique)
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Transistor
1 2
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Transistor board
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The Second Generation
1963, Mini-computer: PDP-8 igital introduces the first successful
minicomputer the PDP-8. It wasabout as large as a fridge and usedtransistors and magnetic corememory.
1964 Real-time reservationsystem IBM developed a real-time computerised ticketreservation system for American
Airways. It was smaller than SAGE and was
called SABRE (Semi-AutomaticBusiness-Related Environment).
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The Second Generation
1964, IBMs System 360 It consisted of 6
processors and 40peripheral units.More than 100computers permonth were ordered.
1964,BASIC(programminglanguage)
A programming languagewas necessary that couldbe used in a time-sharingenvironment and thatcould serve as a traininglanguage.
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.Second generation computer
Advantages :
. Size reduced considerably
. The very fast
. Very much reliable
Disadvantages :
. They over heated quickly
. Maintenance problems
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The Third Generation
1965, Gordon Moore
The semi-conductor pioneer, Gordon Moore (founder
of Intel), predicted that the number of transistors that
occurred on a microchip would double every year. Itbecame known as Moores Law and is still valid
today.
Burroughs used integrated circuits in parts of
two computers - the B2500 and the B3500.
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IC (integrated circuit)
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ICs (integrated circuits)
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IC (integrated circuit)
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The Third Generation
1968, Intel was founded (INTegrated Electronics).
They developed more sophisticated memory chips.
1968, Magnetic core memory was replaced by a
microchip. The first 256 bit RAM microchips, and later the first 1Kb
RAM (1024 byte) chips, caused the disappearance of
Magnetic Core Memory that was used since the mid 1950's
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.Third generation computer
Advantages :
. ICs are very small in size
. Improved performance
. Production cost cheap
Disadvantages :
. ICs are sophisticated
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FOURTHGENERATION.
(1971-Present)
In 1981, IBM introduced its personalcomputer (PC) for use in the home,
office and schools. The 1980's saw anexpansion in computer use in all threearenas as clones of the IBM PC made
the personal computer even more
affordable. The number of personalcomputers in use more than doubledfrom 2 million in 1981 to 5.5 millionin 1982.
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The Fourth Generation
1971-Present
Microprocessor
General-purpose
processor on a chip Explosive growth
Digital watches Pocket calculators Personal computers
Cars Copy machines Television sets
Integrated circuits, smallerand faster
Micro computer series
such as IBM and APPLEdeveloped
Portable computersdeveloped
Great development in data
communication Different types of
secondary memory withhigh storage capacity andfast access developed
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ICs with VLSI
(Very Large Scale Integration)
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4th Generation
1983, Apples Lisa Apple announced the Lisa, a computer that used a mouse to
move a cursor on the screen in order to select commands.The Lisa was the first commercial computer to use aGraphical User Interface (GUI)
1983, IBM announced the PC XT (eXtendedTechnology). Memory was expanded to 640Kb and it featured:
4,77 MHz processor speed Double floppy disks MS DOS version 3.3 Later versions also had 10 or 20 Mb hard disk drives
available.
1990, Windows 3.0 (operating system) Microsoft released Windows 3.0.
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. Fourth generation computer
Advantages :
. It is a compact
. Less power consumption
. Production cost is cheap
Disadvantages :
. No artificial intelligent.
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The Fifth Generation
Mid 1990s
Intelligent
computers
Artificialintelligenc
e
Expert
systems Natural
language
Applications for 5Applications for 5thth Gen computersGen computers
Intelligent robots that could see theirenvironment (visual input - e.g. a videocamera) and could be programmed to
carry out certain tasks. Intelligent systems that could control the
route of a missile and defence-systemsthat could fend off attacks.
Word processors that could be controlledby means of speech recognition.
Programs that could translate documentsfrom one language to another.
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5th Generation
Some technological developments that could makethe development of fifth-generation computerspossible, include:
Superconductors - a superconductor is a conductorthrough which electricity can travel without anyresistance resulting in faster transfer of informationbetween the components of a computer.
Expert Systems helps doctors to reach a diagnosisby following the logical steps of problem solving
just as if the doctor would have done it himself. Speech recognition systems, capable of
recognising dictation and entering the text into aword processor, are already available.
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The Fifth GenerationAI Artificial Intelligence
How computers can be used for tasks that
required human characteristics
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The Fifth GenerationExpert Systems
Software used with an
extensive set of organized
data that presents the
computer as an expert on a
particular topic
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The Fifth GenerationNatural Language
Humans communicate
with computers in the
language they use on a
daily basis
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The Fifth GenerationRobotics
Computer-controlled
device that can
physically manipulate its
surroundings
THOR on display and demonstration circa 1981
Robot development firm
Speecys Corp. of Tokyo
developed a small
humanoid robot, poweredentirely by easy-to-replace,
environmentally friendly
fuel-cell batteries.
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The ENDThe END