GEN SCI ROCKS!!!(Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic)

THE UNIVERSE• HYDROGEN and HELIUM: most abundant elements• COSMOLOGY: study of the universe as a whole• ASTEROIDS: minor planets between Mars and Jupiter – Ceres, Pallas, and Vesta are examples

• COMETS: celestial body revolving around the sun with a long, luminous tail when it passes near the sun– Halley’s Hale-Bopp, Shoemaker-Levy 9 are examples

QUICK QUIZ1.Which pair of elements are the most abundant in the universe?A. Hydrogen and NitrogenB. Hydrogen and CarbonC. Hydrogen and HeliumD. Hydrogen and Oxygen2. What do you call the study of the universe as a whole?A. ComotologyB. CosmologyC. CosmotologyD. Cotomology

SOLAR SYSTEM• Theories on its origin– Stars in collision– Companion stars to the sun that died

• METEOROID: a part of an asteroid/comet in outer space• METEOR: a meteoroid that has entered a planet’s atmosphere, derived from the Greek word “meteoros” meaning suspended in the air• METEORITE: a meteor that is on the planet’s surface

QUICK QUIZ• TRUE OR FALSEA METEOROID is a part of a comet or asteroid that is still in outer space while a METEORITE is a meteoroid that has entered a planet’s atmosphere.

MILKY WAY (the galaxy)• Mercury: the smallest, nearest to the sun• Venus: the hottest• Earth: the awesomest• Mars: the red and volcanic planet, two moons• Jupiter: the biggest• Saturn: rings of ice, 62 moons, least dense• Uranus: spins on a horizontal axis, blue• Neptune: farthest from the sun, 8 moonsTry visiting these sites: http://www.universetoday.com and http://www.cosmos4kids.com

QUICK QUIZ• If the 8 planets in the Milky Way were submerged in a giant body of water, which of them will most likely float?

THE SUN• It’s energy comes from nuclear reactions (fusion – collision of atomic nuclei to form new nuclei)• It the largest star in the galaxy• It is approximately 9860 miles from the earth– Astronomical Unit: distance from earth to sun

PARTS OF THE SUN

STARS• CONSTELLATIONS: a set of prominent stars that form an image or a pattern– Examples are the zodiac signs, big and little dipper, Orion’s belt, Pegasus etc.

• COLOR CODES– Blue: young, small, and super hot– Red: old, big, and super cool

• BLACK HOLES: dead stars with very strong gravitational pull• SIRIUS: brightest star in the night sky, also star of Isis and Sothis

ECLIPSESSUN MOON EARTHSUN MOONEARTH

SOLAR ECLIPSE

LUNAR ECLIPSE

QUICK QUIZComplete the analogiesRed: cool :: Blue : _____________: brightest star in the night sky :: Sun: biggest star in the galaxy

LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION• Ptolemy: earth is the center of the universe– Also geocentric

• Copernicus: planets revolve around the sun and rotates on its own axis at one rotation per day– Also heliocentric

• Kepler:– The planets orbit the sun in elliptical paths– The closer a planet is to the sun, the faster it moves– The ratio of the cube of a planet’s mean distance from the sun to the square of its orbital period is constant

THE EARTH• PARTS– Hydrosphere: water part of the earth, 71%– Atmosphere: envelope of gas, vapor, and aerosol particles; retained by gravity for protection– Lithosphere: outer shell of the earth– Biosphere: where the inhabitants are located

• LAYERS– Crust: 100 km deep, oxygen is the most abundant element– Mantle: molten rocks, asthenosphere, iron and magnesium– Inner and outer core: Outer is fluid, inner is solid, iron and nickel

LAYERS OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE• Troposphere: lowest layer, where weather processes occur• Stratosphere: contains ozone, free of disturbances like clouds• Mesosphere: important for ionization and blockage of radiation effects• Ionosphere/Thermosphere: many charged particles for radio waves, auroras• Exosphere: merges into interplanetary medium

QUICK QUIZWhich layer of the atmosphere is the lowest layer?A. StratosphereB. TroposphereC. IonosphereD.Thermosphere

ROCKS• Igneous– Cooling and subsequent solidification of magma– Exposed to natural processes like weathering, erosion, compaction, making sedimentary rocks

• Sedimentary– Accumulation and consolidation of mineral and particulate matter

• Metamorphic– Its original composition and texture is altered by heat and pressure deep within the earth’s crust

Sedimentary Metamorphic Degree of Metamorphismshale slate low temperatureshale phyllite high temperatureshale siltstone high temperature and pressureschist gneiss high temperature and pressurealuminum silicate andalusite Recrystallizationquartzite marble nonfoliated

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS AND THEIR METAMORPHIC COUNTERPARTS

QUICK QUIZWhich type of rock is formed by the cooling of magma? _______________Which part of the earth is considered the outer shell of the earth? ______________Which is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust? _____________

ENDOGENIC PROCESSES• Diastrophism: all crustal movements that produce ocean basins, continents, etc.• Earthquakes: vibration felt when energy is released by the sudden displacement of rocks within the earth’s crust– Tectonic: crustal movements– Volcanic: volcanism/magma flow under the crust

• Seismology: study of earthquakes• Tsunami : sea wave of local or distant origin that results from large-scale seafloor displacement associated with earthquakes

EXOGENIC PROCESSES• Weathering: responsible for disintegration and decomposition of rock in place–Mechanical : frost wedging, exfoliation– Chemical: carbonation, oxidation, hydration– Biological: root penetration, decomposition

• Erosion: removal of sediment, rock, and soil from the landscape

QUICK QUIZENDOGENIC OR EXOGENIC?1. Weathering2. Earthquake3. Tsunami4. Erosion

SOIL• top layer of most of the earth’s surface• developed when rock is broken down by weathering and material is exchanged through interaction with the environment• vary from place to place due to climate, rock type, topography, etc.• essential to development of most plants as it provides physical support and nutrients

LAYERS OF THE SOIL• Top soil : “A horizon” and rotting organic matter for biological activities• Subsoil: “B or mineral horizon”, contains materials taken from surface soil as water is absorbed downward, “Zone of Accumulation”• C Horizon: very little organic matter, weathering zone, production of regolith– Regolith: soil/loose particles covering bedrock

• Bedrock: “D horizon”

QUICK QUIZArrange the following layers of soil from top to bottom:- Mineral horizon- Bedrock- Top soil- C horizon

SOURCES• Wikipedia• Expert Guides: College Entrance Exam Review (Science + English Module) (Cel’s copy)• www.universetoday.com• http://www.siriusrising.com/sirius.htm