gender and energy for sustainable development: fueling...
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GenderGender andand EnergyEnergy for for SustainableSustainable DevelopmentDevelopment: : FuelingFueling thethe FightFight AgainstAgainst
PovertyPoverty
Susan McDadeSusan McDadeManager
Sustainable Energy ProgrammeUnited Nations Development Programme
1. Gender and Energy Overview
2. Multifunctional Platform Project– Concept– How it works– Impacts– Challenges
3. Toolkit Policy Recommendations
Background Materials
Generating Opportunities: Case Studies on Women and Energy
Gender and Energy for Sustainable Development: A Toolkit and Resource Guide
1. Overview: Why Energy matters1. Overview: Why Energy matters
Energy affects all dimensions of sustainable development
Energy is essential enginefor economic growth:
• Commercial energy use is growing(about 1.7% in industrialised and
3.8% in developing countries)
Economic
Social
Environmental
High level of inequity in distribution of services
• 2 billion without electricity• 2 billion cook on traditional fuels
• Energy-linked poverty & drudgery women
Current energy systems are polluting and unsustainable• 80% of total energy consumption
comes from fossil fuelsused in conventional ways
• Local and global impacts on environment
Coal 18%
Nuclear9%
Oil42%
Natural Gas 21%
Hydro 6%
Biomass4%
Hydro7% Coal
25%
Oil33%
Natural Gas12%
Biomass 22%
Nuclear1%
Primary Energy Consumption
Industrialized Countries Developing Countries
Population: 1.34 billion% of fossil fuels: 81%
Energy = 6,701 x 106 toe
5.0 toe/capita
Population: 4.56 billion% of fossil fuels: 70%
Energy = 3,861 x 106 toe
0.85 toe/capita
Energy ServicesEnergy ServicesFrom the point of view of the user the From the point of view of the user the benefit produced by energy is what’s benefit produced by energy is what’s important = important = SERVICESERVICE
Energy for illuminationEnergy for illuminationEnergy for cooking and heatingEnergy for cooking and heating
Energy for pumping and grindingEnergy for pumping and grindingEnergy for transport/communicationsEnergy for transport/communications
Energy for business developmentEnergy for business development
Two Distinct Energy IssuesTwo Distinct Energy Issues
ElectricityElectricity–– Key for providing services such as lighting, access to Key for providing services such as lighting, access to
communication tools (radio, phones, internet), communication tools (radio, phones, internet), mechanical power etc.mechanical power etc.
Clean fuelsClean fuels–– Household uses: heating and cooking servicesHousehold uses: heating and cooking services–– Productive purposes: many uses and servicesProductive purposes: many uses and services–– Social, environmental and economic benefits Social, environmental and economic benefits
Fuels for CookingFuels for Cooking
Respiratory disease from Respiratory disease from cooking on traditional fuels cooking on traditional fuels kills over 1.6 million people kills over 1.6 million people
annually, womenannually, womenin particularin particular
Energy
MDG 1: Eradicateextreme poverty
and hunger
MDG 2: Achieve universal primary
education
MDG 3: Promote gender equality and
empower women
MDG 4: Reducechild mortality
MDG 5: Improvematernal health
Energy and the MDGs
MDG 8: Develop global
partnership
MDG 6: CombatHIV/AIDS, malariaand other diseases
MDG 7: Ensureenvironmentalsustainability
Gender and EnergyGender and Energy
Energy is needed for developmentEnergy is needed for developmentAll people need energy servicesAll people need energy services
Women and men are impacted differently by Women and men are impacted differently by lack of serviceslack of services
Women are responsible for the collection, Women are responsible for the collection, transport and generation of traditional energytransport and generation of traditional energy
Rural Energy: Traditional FuelsRural Energy: Traditional Fuels
Women and EnergyWomen and Energy
Lack of access to energy affects women and Lack of access to energy affects women and girls disproportionatelygirls disproportionately–– Health: carrying tens of kilos of fuelwood over Health: carrying tens of kilos of fuelwood over
long distances; indoor air pollutionlong distances; indoor air pollution–– Literacy: girls are kept from schoolLiteracy: girls are kept from school–– Fertility: illiteracy increases family size Fertility: illiteracy increases family size –– Safety: household fires, personal attackSafety: household fires, personal attack–– Future economic participation of womenFuture economic participation of women(see (see Generating Opportunities, UNDP 2001Generating Opportunities, UNDP 2001))
CONSIDERATIONS
Availability of modern fuels and mechanical power are very important for women
Fuels: cooking, heating, boiling, agricultural processing
Mechanical power: water pumping, food grinding, agricultural processing
Labour saving devices
Key Questions:1. Who uses energy (women/men)2. What energy do they use (source)3. What does it produce (service)4. How much does it cost5. How is it delivered6. What can people (men/women) pay
2. Case Study
Mali Multi Function Platform
Multifunctional Platform Project
Started in early 1990’s in MaliTo-date, about 400 platforms operational in Mali (~800 clients per month per platform)In 1999, a regional project commenced to cover Burkina Faso, Senegal, Guinea andCote d’Ivoire
The ContextA rural woman’s working day in Africa is extremely arduous and this hectic schedule leaves her neither time nor energy for herself or her children. There is certainly no time left to develop any kind of profitable business activity.
Lightening the arduous work of village women is therefore a priority in order to effectively reduce poverty.
Time saved can be devoted to education, health and child care, as well as to generating extra income to engage in these productive activities.
The conceptThe Multifunctional Platform:
Provides reliable, affordable energy services
Fee for Service
Reduces women’s/girls’workload
Frees up women’s/girls’ time
Creates opportunities for income generating activities.
The Multifunctional Platform supports a simple diesel engine that can power different tools : cereal grinding mills, de-huskers, oil presses, joinery and carpentry tools …
Oil pressSaws…
Grinding millDe-huskerBattery charging
Engine
The Multifunctional Platform also provideswater distribution and lighting.
The advantages of the engine are its simplicity, sturdiness and multiple uses - a perfect example of appropriate technology.
The Platform process at the community levelDemand-driven: Women’s group to request
Participatory Pre-feasibility and Feasibility assessments
Decision on specific configurations of a multifunctional platform that fits community’s needs
Establishing ownership and management mechanism by women
Capacity building for women and operators of the multifunctional platform
Business implementation using a multifunctional platform-based rural energy enterprise
Local capacity building for private artisans
Monitoring and Evaluation
Participatory Feasibility Studies
The Participatory Feasibility Study helps each village define the components of its Platform on the basis of its priorities and its technical and financial capacities. It also helps the project identify specific baseline indicators (economic, technical and social) for each community. Results are then measured with a reference to those baseline indicators.
Results and ImpactsTime saved
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Hushking/ sorting
Grinding
Dry cooking
Mortar pounding
Milling
Treshing Processing of shea nuts
WITHOUT THE PLATFORM = Total linear time : 8 hours 15 min
Processing of shea nuts
WITH THE PLATFORM =
Total linear time : 4 hours 30 minutes
The time saved in shea nuts crushing process is about 3 hours and 45 minutes.
Increase of income of MFP users through the increased production
of agricultural products.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Beurre obtenu
Productioncommercialisée
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Beurre obtenu
Productioncommercialisée
Marketed
production
Butter obtained
Marketed
production
Butter obtained
SHEA BUTTER PRODUCTION
BEFORE installation of platform - AFTER installation of platform
182 kg
136 kg
540 kg
405 kg
Annual income per woman from shea butter sales
23,800
70,875
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
FCFA
After the Platform
70 875 Fcfa
Before the Platform
23 800 Fcfa
Impact of the platform on girls’ education
Girls handle domestic chores (cereals grinding) generally from age eight and even earlier for water carrying.
In the two villages located in the same cultural and geographical area (Dogons, Mali), girls’ school performances in the village of Anakagawith a platform are a lot better than that of the village of Ouo (without a platform).
Ecole de AnakagaPassage en classe supérieure
1998 - 2000
86
94
89
92
0 20 40 60 80 100
Ecole de OuoPassage en classe supérieure
1998 - 2000
65
89
50
65
0 20 40 60 80 100
1999-2000
Without the Platform With the Platform
Girls Boys
1998-1999
1999-2000
1998-1999
Students scoring “pass” mark required for higher class (%)
Expanded Expanded economic economic
opportunitiesopportunities
Better Better educationeducation
EmpowermentEmpowerment
3. Policies, Gender and 3. Policies, Gender and EnergyEnergy
ProPro--women energy policies = women energy policies = policies that support energy policies that support energy
services most used and services most used and needed by womenneeded by women
Policies that address the Policies that address the energy needs of womenenergy needs of women
1. Policies to support electricity for 1. Policies to support electricity for illuminationillumination
Impacts educational attainment, literacyImpacts educational attainment, literacyPublic safety and participationPublic safety and participationIncome generating opportunitiesIncome generating opportunities
Policies that address the Policies that address the energy needs of womenenergy needs of women
2. Policies to support availability of 2. Policies to support availability of mechanical power and electricity for mechanical power and electricity for energyenergy--using productive devicesusing productive devices..
•• Decentralized rural power systemsDecentralized rural power systems•• Mechanical power for pumping and grindingMechanical power for pumping and grinding•• NonNon--farm productive employmentfarm productive employment
Policies that address the Policies that address the energy needs of womenenergy needs of women
3.3. Policies to support the availability of Policies to support the availability of cleaner fuels and enhanced markets to cleaner fuels and enhanced markets to address the thermal energy needs of address the thermal energy needs of women related to:women related to:
cookingcookingheatingheatingfood processingfood processing
Policies that address the Policies that address the energy needs of womenenergy needs of women
4.4. Policies to support technology Policies to support technology development and dissemination in sectors development and dissemination in sectors and applications where women are most and applications where women are most active.active.
Users needs and experience mattersUsers needs and experience mattersMore R&D neededMore R&D neededPumps, kilns, presses, stoves….Pumps, kilns, presses, stoves….
Policies that address the Policies that address the energy needs of womenenergy needs of women
5.5. Policies to support energy service Policies to support energy service financing and credit facilities to promote financing and credit facilities to promote energyenergy--using business opportunities.using business opportunities.
MicroMicro--credit credit Collateral and legal issuesCollateral and legal issuesTargeted lending institutionsTargeted lending institutions
Policies that address the Policies that address the energy needs of womenenergy needs of women
6.6. Policies to provide improved information Policies to provide improved information on markets and consumer demand for on markets and consumer demand for energy products to assist women in energy products to assist women in becoming energy entrepreneurs.becoming energy entrepreneurs.
Marketing and business trainingMarketing and business trainingConsumer and trade organizationsConsumer and trade organizationsInformation servicesInformation services
Policies that address the Policies that address the energy needs of womenenergy needs of women
7. Policies to support gender equity in all 7. Policies to support gender equity in all economic sectors and the participation of economic sectors and the participation of women and women’s groups in national women and women’s groups in national and local policy formation processesand local policy formation processes
Gender consideration in policy settingGender consideration in policy settingAll sectors importantAll sectors importantOrganized groups matterOrganized groups matter
Policies that address the Policies that address the energy needs of womenenergy needs of women
8.8.Policies to remove barriers to the full Policies to remove barriers to the full participation of women in economic, social participation of women in economic, social and political lifeand political life
Legal status and personal documentationLegal status and personal documentationOwnership and inheritance rightsOwnership and inheritance rightsLand tenure and propertyLand tenure and property
For more information:
Susan McDade, Manager, Sustainable Energy Programme
BDP, UNDP, New York
Email: [email protected]
Sheila Oparaocha
Coordinator, ENERGIA
Email: [email protected]
Laurent Coche, Coordinator, Regional Multifunctional Platform projectUNDP MaliE-mail: [email protected]
This mattersThis matters