gender dimensions of investment climate reform: a guide for policy makers and practitioners

8/14/2019 Gender Dimensions of Investment Climate Reform: A Guide for Policy Makers and Practitioners

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Bklhkr

Hioklsifls

fa Ilvkstoklt

@ciomtk TkafroM B[IHK AFT ^FCI@Y OMEKTP

MLH ^TM@XIXIFLKTP

PKQI PIOMQI

@CMTK OML[KC

OMTE DCM@EHKL


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3/262

Bklhkr Hioklsiflsfa Ilvkstoklt

@ciomtk Tkafro


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5/262

Bklhkr Hioklsiflsfa Ilvkstoklt

@ciomtk TkafroM Buihk afr ^fci`y Omekrs

mlh ^rm`titiflkrs


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4>=> Xjk Iltkrlmtiflmc Dmle afr Tk`flstru`tifl mlh Hkvkcfpoklt / Xjk Rfrch Dmle

=:=: J Ptrkkt LR

Rmsjilbtfl H@ 4>800

Xkckpjflk7 4>4-820-=>>>Iltkrlkt7 www.wfrchdmle.frb

K-omic7 akkhdmèNwfrchdmle.frb

Mcc ribjts rkskrvkh

= 4 0 8 =4 == => >9

Xjis vfcuok is m prfhu`t fa tjk stmaa fa tjk Iltkrlmtiflmc Dmle afr Tk`flstru`tifl mlh Hkvkcfp-

oklt / Xjk Rfrch Dmle. Xjk ailhilbs, iltkrprktmtifls, mlh `fl`cusifls kxprksskh il tjis vfcuok

hf lft lk`kssmricy rkack`t tjk vikws fa tjk Kxkùtivk Hirk`tfrs fa Xjk Rfrch Dmle fr tjk bfvkrl-

oklts tjky rkprksklt.

Xjk Rfrch Dmle hfks lft bumrmltkk tjk m`ùrm`y fa tjk hmtm il`cuhkh il tjis wfre. Xjk

dfulhmriks, `fcfrs, hklfoilmtifls, mlh ftjkr ilafromtifl sjfwl fl mly omp il tjis wfre hf lft

iopcy mly guhbkoklt fl tjk pmrt fa Xjk Rfrch Dmle `fl`krlilb tjk ckbmc stmtus fa mly tkrritfry

fr tjk klhfrskoklt fr m``kptml`k fa su`j dfulhmriks.

Tibjts mlh kroissifls

Xjk omtkrimc il tjis pudci`mtifl is `fpyribjtkh. @fpyilb mlh/fr trmlsoittilb pfrtifls fr mcc fa

tjis wfre witjfut pkroissifl omy dk m vifcmtifl fa mppci`mdck cmw. Xjk Iltkrlmtiflmc Dmle afr

Tk`flstru`tifl mlh Hkvkcfpoklt / Xjk Rfrch Dmle kl`furmbks hisskoilmtifl fa its wfre mlh

wicc lfromccy brmlt pkroissifl tf rkprfhu`k pfrtifls fa tjk wfre prfoptcy.

Afr pkroissifl tf pjftf`fpy fr rkprilt mly pmrt fa tjis wfre, pckmsk sklh m rkqukst witj `fo-

pcktk ilafromtifl tf tjk @fpyribjt @ckmrml`k @kltkr Il`., 444 Tfskwffh Hrivk, Hmlvkrs, OM>=940, [PM5 tkckpjflk7 92:-2;>-:8>>5 amx7 92:-2;>-882>5 Iltkrlkt7 www.`fpyribjt.`fo.

Mcc ftjkr qukriks fl ribjts mlh ci`klsks, il`cuhilb sudsihimry ribjts, sjfuch dk mhhrksskh tf

tjk Faai`k fa tjk ûdcisjkr, Xjk Rfrch Dmle, =:=: J Ptrkkt LR, Rmsjilbtfl, H@ 4>800, [PM5

amx7 4>4-;44-48445 k-omic7 pudribjtsNwfrchdmle.frb.

IPDL7 92:->-:4=0-:>9;-1

kIPDL7 92:->-:4=0-:>9:-2

HFI7 =>.=;91/92:->-:4=0-:>9;-1

@fvkr7 Lmycfr Hksibl, Il`.

Cidrmry fa @flbrkss @mtmcfbilb-il- udci`mtifl Hmtm

Piomvi, Pkvi.

Bklhkr hioklsifls fa ilvkstoklt `ciomtk rkafro 7 m buihk afr pfci`y omekrs mlh prm`titiflkrs /

Udy Pkvi Piomvi, @cmrk Omlukc mlh Omre Dcmèhkl_.

p. ò.

Il`cuhks didcifbrmpji`mc rkakrkl`ks mlh ilhkx.

IPDL 92:->-:4=0-:>9;-1 IPDL 92:->-:4=0-:>9:-2 (kck`trfli`)

=. Ilvkstoklts, AfrkiblOfrmc mlh ktji`mc mspk`tsHkvkcfpilb `fultriks. 4. Rfokl-fwlkh

dusilkss kltkrprisksHkvkcfpilb `fultriks. 0. Pkx his`rioilmtifl mbmilst wfoklHkvkcfpilb

`fultriks. 8. Pkx his`rioilmtifl il kopcfyokltHkvkcfpilb `fultriks. I. Omlukc, @cmrk, =914- II.

Dcmèhkl, @. Omre, =9;8- III. Xitck.

JB;990.P;1 4>>9004.12'0>:4>9=248h`44

4>>9>04;:2


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@fltklts

Afrkwfrh ................................................................................................................xiii

Mèlfwckhboklts .................................................................................................xv

Mdfut tjk Mutjfrs ................................................................................................xvii

Mddrkvimtifls.........................................................................................................xix

Iltrfhu`tifl mlh K`flfoi` Tmtiflmck..................................................................=

ûrpfsk mlh Ptru`turk fa tjk Buihk ..........................................=

Rjy Bklhkr Omttkrs il Ilvkstoklt @ciomtk Tkafro ..............0

= [lkqumc Histridutifl fa Rfokls K`flfoi` M`tivitiks.......0

4 Rjmt Bklhkr Hispmrity Okmls afr ^fci`y Omekrs...............;

0 Bklhkr-Ppkìai` @jmccklbks mlh Tkspflsks il

Ilvkstoklt @ciomtk Rfre .........................................................2

Lftks..............................................................................................=>

@frk Ofhuck Bklhkr-Ilafrokh Dmskcilk afr Himblfsti`s,

Pfcutifl Hksibl, Iopckokltmtifl, mlh Oflitfrilb

mlh Kvmcumtifl ............................................................................=0

Puoomry .......................................................................................=0

Ptkp = @frk Himblfsti`s ...........................................................=;

Ptkp 4 Pfcutifl Hksibl ..............................................................04

Ptkp 0 Iopckokltmtifl mlh O&K ............................................01

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Mllkx M Iltkrlmtiflmc Xrkmtiks mlh @fooitoklts...............80

Mllkx D @frk Ofhuck Dmskcilk Ilhi`mtfrs

mlh rilìpmc Hmtm Pfur`ks......................................8;

Mllkx @ @jkècist fa Eky Issuks..............................................8:

Lftks..............................................................................................;4

Ofhuck = ûdci`-^rivmtk Himcfbuk.............................................................;0

Puoomry .......................................................................................;0

Iltrfhu`tifl ..................................................................................;;

Rjmt Is ^^H mlh Rjy Hfks Bklhkr Omttkr6 ........................;1

Ptkp = Himblfsti`........................................................................;9

Ptkp 4 Pfcutifl Hksibl...............................................................1;

Ptkp 0 Iopckokltmtifl mlh O&K.............................................20

Mllkx M ^^H Kvmcumtifl Rjkkc...............................................21

Lftks..............................................................................................29

Ofhuck 4 Dusilkss Kltry mlh Fpkrmtifls7 Tkbistrmtifl,

Ci`klsilb, mlh ^kroits .............................................................:=

Puoomry .......................................................................................:=

Rjy Bklhkr Omttkrs...................................................................:0

Ptkp = Himblfsti`s......................................................................:;

Ptkp 4 Pfcutifl Hksibl...............................................................9=

Ptkp 0 Iopckokltmtifl mlh O&K.............................................9;

Mllkx M Pmopck ]ukstifllmirk afr Dusilkss

Fwlkrs .........................................................................99

Mllkx D Dusilkss Ci`klsilb Tkafro7 Mppci`mtifl

fa Ptmlhmrh @fst Ofhkc mlh @fopciml`k

@fst Xffc.....................................................................=>4

Mllkx @ Ckbmc @jkècist ..........................................................=>2

Lftks............................................................................................=>9

@fltklts

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Ofhuck 0 Dusilkss Xmxmtifl .....................................................................===

Puoomry .....................................................................................===

Rjy Bklhkr Omttkrs.................................................................==0

Ptkp = Himblfsti`s....................................................................==;

Ptkp 4 Pfcutifl Hksibl.............................................................==9

Ptkp 0 Iopckokltmtifl mlh O&K...........................................=4=

Mllkx M Xmx ^fci`y @jkècist .................................................=48

Mllkx D Pmopck ]ukstifllmirk afr

Dusilkss Fwlkrs......................................................=4;

Lftks............................................................................................=42

Ofhuck 8 Xrmhk Cfbisti s ..........................................................................=49

Puoomry .....................................................................................=49

Rjy Bklhkr Omttkrs ...............................................................=0=

Ptkp = Himblfsti`s....................................................................=00Ptkp 4 Pfcutifl Hksibl.............................................................=02

Ptkp 0 Iopckokltmtifl mlh O&K...........................................=09

Mllkx M Pmopck ]ukstifllmirk afr Dusilkss Fwlkrs ......=8=

Lftks............................................................................................=80

Ofhuck ; Pkùrkh Cklhilb........................................................................=8;

Puoomry .....................................................................................=8;

Rjy Bklhkr Omttkrs.................................................................=82

Ptkp = Himblfsti`s....................................................................=;>

Ptkp 4 Pfcutifl Hksibl.............................................................=;8

Ptkp 0 Iopckokltmtifl mlh O&K...........................................=;2

Mllkx M @jkècist fa ]ukstifls afr @fookrìmc Dmle

mlh Cklhilb Ilstitutifl Fwlkrs.............................=;9

Mllkx D Pmopck ]ukstifllmirk afr Dusilkss Fwlkrs ......=1>

@fltklts

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Mllkx @ Ckbmc @jkècist ..........................................................=1=

Mllkx H @mpmìty Duichilb @jkècist....................................=10

Lftks............................................................................................=18

Ofhuck 1 Mctkrlmtivk Hisputk Tksfcutifl...............................................=1;

Puoomry .....................................................................................=1;

Rjy Bklhkr Omttkrs.................................................................=12

Ptkp = Himblfsti`s....................................................................=19

Ptkp 4 Pfcutifl Hksibl.............................................................=24

Ptkp 0 Iopckokltmtifl mlh O&K...........................................=21

Mllkx M Pmopck ]ukstifllmirk afr Dusilkss Fwlkrs ......=2:

Mllkx D Ckbmc @jkècist..........................................................=:>

Lftks............................................................................................=:=

Ofhuck 2 Ppkìmc K`flfoi Wflks .........................................................=:0

Puoomry .....................................................................................=:0

Rjy Bklhkr Omttkrs.................................................................=:;

Ptkp = Himblfsti`s....................................................................=:9

Ptkp 4 Pfcutifl Hksibl.............................................................=9=

Ptkp 0 Iopckokltmtifl mlh O&K...........................................=9;

Mllkx M Ckbmc mlh ^fci`y @jkècist......................................=92

Mllkx D Pmopck ]ukstifllmirk afr Kopcfykks...................=99

Mllkx @ Ilstitutiflmc Bklhkr Kqumcity @jkècist.................4>>

Lftks............................................................................................4>=

Ofhuck : Afrkibl Ilvkstoklt fci y mlh ^rfoftifl ...........................4>0

Puoomry .....................................................................................4>0Rjy Bklhkr Omttkrs.................................................................4>;

Ptkp = Himblfsti`s....................................................................4>:

@fltklts

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Ptkp 4 Pfcutifl Hksibl.............................................................4==

Ptkp 0 Iopckokltmtifl mlh O&K...........................................4=0

Mllkx M Ilstitutiflmc Bklhkr Kqumcity @jkècist.................4=;

Lftks............................................................................................4=1

Didcifbrmpjy ..........................................................................................................4=2

Ilhkx .......................................................................................................................449

Dfxks

= Bklhkr Bmps mlh Oisskh ^ftkltimc il Eklym................=1

4 Rfokl Rfre Cflbkr Jfurs Xjml Hf Okl ...................=:

0 @flstitutiflmc Bklhkr-Kqumcity ^rfvisifls

il Pkck`tkh Mari`ml @fultriks ..........................................40

8 Amoicy mlh Dusilkss il tjk Oihhck Kmst.........................40

; KbyptPudtck Bklhkr Hiaakrkl`ks il Ilvkstoklt

@ciomtk @flstrmilts ............................................................4;

1 [silb Mpprfprimtk Hmtm @fcck`tifl Oktjfhs

tf Tkm`j Rfokl ................................................................49

2 Himcfbuk witj Dusilksswfokl7 Himblfsti`

mlh Pfcutifl Hksibl ...........................................................49

: @fopciml`k witj @KHMR mlh Tkpfrtilb

Tkquirkoklts ......................................................................04

9 Ptmekjfchkr Klbmbkoklt il Ilhflksim...........................00

=> Eky Hioklsifls fa Oflitfrilb mlh Kvmcumtifl7

Bklhkr ^krspk`tivk ..........................................................01

=.= Xjk Iopfrtml`k fa ûdci`-^rivmtk Himcfbuk il

Ilvkstoklt @ciomtk Tkafro...............................................;1

=.4 Afros fa ûdci`-^rivmtk Himcfbuk....................................;2

=.0 Xypi`mc Ptru`turk fa m ^^H................................................14

=.8 Himcfbuk witj Rfokl il Dusilkss ................................10

=.; Ilvfcvk Rfokl mlh Oilfrity Brfups .............................11

@fltklts

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=.1 [bmlhm7 Bklhkr @fmcitiflDuichilb @mpmìty

tf Cfddy afr @jmlbk...........................................................12

=.2 ^rfoftilb Rfokl il Dusilkss il tjk[litkh Ptmtks .......................................................................1:

=.: Ptmekjfchkr Klbmbkoklt il Ilhflksim ..........................1:

=.9 Ftjkr Tksfur`ks afr @fultry-Ckvkc Mhvf`m`y..............2>

=.=> Pu``kssauc Mhvf`m`y Kaafrts ...........................................2=

4.= Kvihkl`k arfo Rkst Mari`m mlh tjk

Pfutj ^mìai` ......................................................................:;

4.4 Jfw tf Klbmbk witj Ilafromc Dusilkssks ....................:1

4.0 Hkailitifl fa Akomck-Jkmhkh Dusilkssks .................:2

4.8 Msskssilb tjk @ucturk fa ml Frbmlizmtifl......................9>

4.; Tkbistrmtifl mlh Ci`klsilb il [bmlhm............................94

4.1 Tkbucmtfry Iopm`t Msskssoklt.......................................98

4.2 Msskssilb tjk Luodkr fa Akomck-Jkmhkh

Dusilkssks7 Kxpkrikl`k arfo tjk [litkh Ptmtksmlh tjk [litkh Eilbhfo....................................................91

0.= Bklhkr Dims il Xmx ^fciìks............................................==0

0.4 Iopm`t fa [.P. Xmx Tkafro fl Rfokl..........................==8

0.0 Omrrimbk ^klmcty il Xmx @fhks......................................==;

8.= Rfokl ms Iopfrtkrs mlh Kxpfrtkrs .............................=0=

8.4 @flstrmilts tf Dusilkss Brfwtj ...................................=08

;.= @fccmtkrmc Tkquirkoklts il Eklym .................................=82

;.4 Cmè fa M``kss tf Ailml`k .............................................=8:

;.0 Iopm`t fa Pkùrkh Cklhilb Tkafros ............................=8:

;.8 [sk fa Ofvmdck Msskts ms @fccmtkrmc............................=89

;.; Fdstm`cks tf Ailml`k il Pfutj Mari`m ...........................=;=

;.1 Iltkrlmtiflmc @fooitoklts fl Rfokls

M``kss tf Ailml`k............................................................=;0

;.2 Kxmopcks fa Lflhis`rioilmtfry M`ts

fl Ailml`k .........................................................................=;;

@fltklts

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;.: Bcfdmc Dmleilb Mcciml`k afr Rfokl .............................=;1

1.= Rfokls @jmccklbks il M``kssilb Gusti`k.................=12

1.4 Bffh ^rm`ti`k Kxmopcks.................................................=28

2.= Kaak`tivklkss fa Ppkìmc K`flfoi` Wflks

il Gfd @rkmtifl afr Rfokl.............................................=:;

2.4 Iopm`t fa Rfokls Il`rkmskh Cmdfr

Afr`k ^mrtiìpmtifl ...........................................................=:2

2.0 @ml PKWs Kopfwkr Rfokl6 .........................................=::

2.8 @flskqukl`ks fa Omtkrlity

Ckmvk mlh ^my ...................................................................=94

:.= Xjk Iopm`t fa Cfbbilb fl Rfokl ................................4>;

Aiburks

I.= Akomck-Fwlkh Airos m`rfss Tkbifls ..............................8

I.4 Kopcfyoklt Ptmtus dy Bklhkr, 4>>2 .................................8

I.0 Bcfdmc Bklhkr Bmp Ilhkx....................................................;

I.8 Bklhkr @jmccklbks il Ilvkstoklt @ciomtk Rfre............2

I.; Dusilkssks il [bmlhm Tkspflhilb Xjmt Bfvkrloklt

Faaiìmcs Jmvk Iltkrakrkh il Xjkir Dusilkss.................:

= Iltkbrmtilb Bklhkr il tjk O&K fa Ilvkstoklt

@ciomtk Tkafro ^rfbrmos.................................................84

=.= ^^HKlcmrbilb tjk Tkafro Ppm`k ................................;2

=.4 Ptkps il tjk ^^H Himblfsti ^rf`kss.............................;9

=.0 Pmopck Kvmcumtifl Rjkkc afr ^^H ..................................20

=.8 ^^H ^rf`kss Kvmcumtifl7 @modfhim................................2;

4.= Akomck Kltrkprklkurs il tjk Ilafromc Pk`tfr...............:0

4.4 Issuks Tkvkmckh dy m Bklhkr Mlmcysis ..........................:9

XmdcksI.= Kltkrprisk Purvky Hmtm, Tkbiflmc Puoomriks ................0

= Akomck mlh Omck Kopcfyoklt dy Pk`tfr, 4>>2.............=;

@fltklts

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4 ^kr`kltmbk fa Akomck-Fwlkh Kltkrprisks, dy

Pk`tfr mlh Pizk, Pkck`tkh Mari`ml @fultriks ................=2

0 Kltrkprklkurs Ihkltiayilb Pkck`tkh Fdstm`cks msOmgfr fr Pkvkrk, dy Bklhkr.............................................42

8 Bklhkr Af`us fa @frk O&K Ilhi`mtfrs ..........................09

; Bklhkr Dmskcilks fl Ilstitutiflmc ^krafroml`k,

Elfwckhbk, mlh Ftjkr Am`tfrs ........................................8=

=.= Ptmlhmrh Himblfsti` ]ukstifls afr ^rivmtk

Pk`tfr Frbmlizmtifls mlh Bklhkr Hioklsifls .............1>

=.4 O&K Ilhi`mtfrs...................................................................28

4.= O&K Ilhi`mtfrs...................................................................92

0.= O&K Ilhi`mtfrs.................................................................=4=

8.= Xrmhk Cfbisti`s il Twmlhm..............................................=0;

8.4 O&K Ilhi`mtfrs.................................................................=09

;.= O&K Ilhi`mtfrs.................................................................=;2

1.= Jypftjkti`mc Mlmcysis fa Bklhkr Dmcml`k fa^ftkltimc @cmiomlts ..........................................................=2=

1.4 O&K Ilhi`mtfrs.................................................................=21

2.= O&K Ilhi`mtfrs.................................................................=9;

:.= O&K Ilhi`mtfrs.................................................................4=0

@fltklts

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Afrkwfrh

Il tjk `fultriks il wji`j wk wfre, wjktjkr wk tjile fa m somcc amro, m somcc-s`mck

omluam`turkr, fr m somcc skrvi`ks `fopmly, tjk fwlkr ofst ciekcy is m wfoml.

Kxpmlhilb wfokls k`flfoi` fppfrtulitiks is somrt dusilkss mlh il`rkmsilbcy

skkl ms flk fa tjk ofst iopfrtmlt hrivilb afr`ks dkjilh k`flfoi` brfwtj mlh tjk

aibjt mbmilst pfvkrty.

Pil`k IA@ ilstitutkh its Bklhkr ^rfbrmo il 4>>8, wk jmvk dkkl mdck tf hkofl-

strmtk tjmt ilvkstilb il wfokl kltrkprklkurs omeks sklsk arfo dftj m hkvkcfpoklt

mlh m dusilkss pkrspk`tivk. Rk jmvk dkkl mdck tf `mtmcyzk ilvkstoklts tf wfokl

kltrkprklkurs tjrfubj `fookrìmc dmles, jkcpilb tjko ulhkrstmlh tjk dusilkss

fppfrtulitiks il dmleilb wfokl. Rk jmvk dkkl mdck tf prfvihk suppfrt tf frbmli-

zmtifls wfreilb witj wfokl kltrkprklkurs tf il`rkmsk tjk qumcity fa tjkir dusilkss

pcmllilb mlh hkvkcfpoklt.

Lfw, mt tjis tiok fa bcfdmc k`flfoi` `risis, IA@ is afùskh fl tjk ckbmc, rkbucm-

tfry, mlh ilstitutiflmc rkafros lk`kssmry tf afstkr wfokls kltrkprklkursjip, duich-

ilb fl fur kxtklsivk kxpkrikl`k wfreilb witj bfvkrloklts fl dusilkss-klmdcilb

klvirfloklt rkafros. Xjis spirit fa `risis prfvihks ml ulprk`khkltkh fppfrtulity

tf tmek m`tifl fl trmlsafroilb rkbucmtifls, k`flfoiks, mlh pkfpcks civks. @fultriks

tjmt hf lft mpitmcizk fl ;> pkr`klt fa tjkir juoml rksfur`ks rul tjk rise fa skvkrkcy

ulhkroililb tjkir `fopktitivklkss mlh jilhkrilb tjkir k`flfoi` brfwtj. @mptur-

ilb tjis oisskh pftkltimc faakrs trkoklhfus fppfrtulitiks afr hkvkcfpoklt.

Rjmt typks fa pfciìks mlh strmtkbiks mrk lkkhkh tf `mpturk tjk pftkltimc fa

wfokl tf hrivk k`flfoi` brfwtj6 Jfw `ml pfci`y omekrs kaak`tivkcy tmèck tjk

`jmccklbks am`kh dy wfokl kltrkprklkurs6 Ritj Bklhkr Hioklsifls fa Ilvkstoklt

@ciomtk Tkafro7 M Buihk afr ^fci`y Omekrs mlh ^rm`titiflkrs, wk wmlt tf faakr sfcu-

tifls mlh kl`furmbk `jmlbk dy prfvihilb pfci`y omekrs witj tffcs tjky lkkh tf

afùs fl tjk pftkltimc fa wfokl kltrkprklkurs. Xjis dffe prfvihks tjfubjt ckmh-

krsjip fl foofl pfci`y mlh rkbucmtfry issuks tjmt am`k wfokl kltrkprklkurs mlh

mlmcyzks eky ilvkstoklt `ciomtk mrkms witj m bklhkr ckls. Xjk dffe mcsf prksklts

prm`ti`mc mlh rkpci`mdck tffcs afr hksiblilb pfciìks tjmt wicc kopfwkr wfokl il

dusilkss mlh ulcfè `fultriks aucc k`flfoi` pftkltimc.

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Rk trust tjmt iltkbrmtilb bklhkr issuks iltf tjk ilvkstoklt `ciomtk mbklhm wicc

`mtmcyzk suppfrt tf tjk prfhu`tivk rfck wfokl pcmy il privmtk sk`tfr hkvkcfpoklt.

Amicilb tf ulckmsj tjk k`flfoi` brfwtj pftkltimc fa wfokl dusilkss fwlkrs jmsmcwmys dkkl sjfrtsibjtkh. Mt m tiok fa bcfdmc k`flfoi` ul`krtmilty, it is m cuxury

akw lmtifls `ml maafrh. IA@ jfpks tjis buihk wicc prfvihk m pmtj afrwmrh tf m pcm`k

wjkrk somrt dusilkss ulhkrpils somrt brfwtj.

Tm`jkc Eytk

Qi`k ^rksihklt, Dusilkss Mhvisfry Pkrvi`ks

IA@

Afrkwfrh

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Mèlfwckhboklts

Xjis dffe jms dkkl `fmutjfrkh dy Pkvi Piomvi, @cmrk Omlukc, mlh Omre Dcmèhkl.

Xjk mutjfrs brmtkauccy mèlfwckhbk Drklhm Drmil`j, Ti`jmrh Jffpkr, Aiflm

Om`@uccf`j, Hkdfrmj Omlsaikch (mcc fa Xjk Cmw & Hkvkcfpoklt ^mrtlkrsjip)5

@mrfcilk îlhkr (RIPK Hkvkcfpoklt)5 ^rfakssfr ^mtriè O`Muscml (Diredkè

@fcckbk, [livkrsity fa Cflhfl)5 mlh ^rfakssfr Ptkpjmlik Pkbuilf ([livkrsity fa

Qkroflt) afr tjkir iltkcck`tumc `fltridutifls tf ilhivihumc ofhucks mlh afr prf-

vihilb mhvi`k mlh buihml`k. Xjk mutjfrs mrk ofst brmtkauc afr tjk buihml`k, fvkr-

sibjt, mlh suppfrt rk`kivkh arfo Wfukrm Yfussfuafu, Ofliem Rkdkr-Amjr, îkrrk

Buiscmil, @kìcim Pmbkr, mlh @kìck Aruoml tjrfubjfut tjk kltirk prf`kss.

Xjfubjtauc fooklts mlh subbkstifls kljml`kh tjk fvkrmcc qumcity fa tjis pud-

ci`mtifl. Ilhivihumc `jmptkrs wkrk rkakrkkh dy m pmlkc fa IA@ kxpkrts `foprisilb

Lmtmcik Mari`m, Bfejml Meilì, Mckgmlhrf Mcvmrkz hk cm @mopm, Bilm Dmrdikri,

Pflmci Disjfp, Cmhm Duskvm`, Mcdkrtf @risùcf, Lmtmcim @udiccfs, Gucikl Bmcmlt, Xmlim

Bjfsskil, Mromlhf Jkicdfrl, Khumrhf Jkrlmlhkz, Dklgmoil Jkrzdkrb, Hfdrfoir

Jristfv, Mleur Jurim, Mcml Hmvih Gfjlsfl, Husjml Efvm`kvi`, Dmrtfc Cktiìm, Gml

Cfkpriè, Puoit Oml`jmlhm, Mlhrki Oijelkv, Pjfermlkj Oilfvi, Efomc Ofjilhrm,

@mrokl Liktjmookr, @kcim Frtkbm, Hmlikcm ^krfvi`, Mlgm Tfdmefwsei-Qml Ptrmckl,

Armle Pmhkr, Omreus P`jkukromikr, [om Pudrmomliml, Hklis Xfrejfv, Ptkaml Qml

^mrys, Tfdkrt Rjytk, mlh Kvkrktt Rfjckrs.

Aikchwfre tf prkpmrk Bklhkr mlh Ilvkstoklt @ciomtk Tkafro Msskssoklts

(BI@TMs) il aivk ^mìai` `fultriksPmofm, Pfcfofl Iscmlhs, Xiofr-Ckstk, Xflbm,

mlh Qmlumtuil Akdrumry mlh Omr`j 4>>9 prfvihkh ml fppfrtulity tf tkst ml

kmrcikr hrmat fa tjk buihk. Xjk mutjfrs mrk brmtkauc afr tjk ckmhkrsjip mlh iltkrkst

fa Pflmci Disjfp, tkmo ckmhkr afr tjk BI@TM rkpfrts, mlh afr tjk vmcumdck `fltridu-

tifls mlh ilsibjts arfo tjk tkmos fa cf`mc cmwykrs mlh k`flfoists wjf ulhkrtffe

tjk BI@TM wfre il km`j fa tjk `fultriks, ms wkcc ms arfo pmrtiìpmlts il `fultry-

ckvkc dusilksswfokls afruos.

Xjk aucc hrmat wms mcsf rkvikwkh dy m Rfrch Dmle Brfup kxpkrt pmlkc `fo-

prisilb Lmhkrkj @jmocfu, Momlhm Kccis, Xkrksm Bkltm-Afls, Omry Jmccwmrh-

Hrikokikr, Mlhrkw Ofrrisfl, Qil`klt ^mcomhk, Titm Tmomcjf, Okjlmz

Pmamviml, mlh Pmrfsj Pmttmr.

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Il mhhitifl, tjk mutjfrs brmtkauccy mèlfwckhbk tjk ilvmcumdck `fooklts

rk`kivkh arfo hflfr pmrtlkrs, il`cuhilb @jristilk Drklhkc (BXW)5 Gmllilk @fèkr

(@IHM)5 Cism Xkssm Amiroml, Cfbm Blmlmsmodmltjml, Jmrry Jmbml, ^muc Jkmcky,Zmvikr Ck`m`jkur, mlh Ti`jmrh Pmlhmcc (mcc HAIH)5 Gkssi`m Kddkckr (Oiccklliuo

@jmccklbk @frpfrmtifl)5 Ptkamli Ecfs (EaR)5 Mcdklm Okcil (PIHM)5 mlh Jkbk Dmeek

Pfrrkiok (LFTMH).

Rk mrk ofst mpprkìmtivk fa tjk jkcp wk rk`kivkh arfo Ptkpjkl O`Brfmrty,

Tiè Cuhwiè, mlh Lfrm Tihfcai mt tjk Rfrch Dmle Faai`k fa tjk ûdcisjkr mlh

Mrckttk Dmciei, Mllm Jihmcbf, mlh Tmamkc îltf, wjf suppfrtkh us tjrfubjfut tjk

prfhu`tifl prf`kss.

Ailmccy, wk mrk hkkpcy ilhkdtkh tf tjk bfvkrloklts fa tjk [litkh Eilbhfo mlh

@mlmhm afr aulhilb tjis prfgk`t. Ritjfut tjkir bklkrfus suppfrt, tjis pudci`mtiflwfuch lft jmvk dkkl pfssidck.

Mèlfwckhboklts

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Mdfut tjk Mutjfrs

Pkvi Piomvi is m cmwykr witj kxpkrtisk il tjk mrkms fa privmtk mlh ailmlìmc sk`tfr

hkvkcfpoklt. Pjk ùrrkltcy spkmrjkmhs IA@s wfre fl bklhkr mlh ilvkstoklt

ciomtk5 hksibls bcfdmc prfgk`ts5 hkvkcfps lkw mpprfm`jks5 mlh prfoftks cmws,

pfciìks, mlh ilstitutifls tjmt afstkr wfokl kltrkprklkurs mlh il`rkmsk tjkir

pmrtiìpmtifl il tjk privmtk sk`tfr. Hurilb jkr tklurk mt tjk Rfrch Dmle Brfup, sjk

ilitimtkh, hkvkcfpkh, mlh rfcckh fut IA@s skùrkh cklhilb mhvisfry prfhu`t mlh ckh

fr `fltridutkh tf fvkr 0> rkskmr`j mlh fpkrmtiflmc prfgk`ts fl dusilkss rkbucmtifl,

`fookrìmc, mlh ilsfcvkl`y cmw rkafro mrfulh tjk bcfdk. ^rifr tf gfililb tjk

Rfrch Dmle Brfup, Pkvi prm`ti`kh iltkrlmtiflmc dusilkss cmw. Pjk jfchs cmw

hkbrkks arfo Bkfrbktfwl [livkrsity Cmw @kltkr, Rmsjilbtfl, H@, mlh Omromrm

[livkrsity P`jffc fa Cmw, Istmlduc.

@cmrk Omlukc is m [E cmwykr witj pmrtiùcmr kxpkrtisk il tjk mrkms fa ilvkstoklt

`ciomtk rkafro mlh privmtk sk`tfr hkvkcfpoklt il hkvkcfpilb `fultriks. Pjk wfres

witj bfvkrloklts tf hkvkcfp m``kssidck fookrìmc cmw mlh pfci`y armokwfres tjmt

mrk rkckvmlt tf dftj afrkibl mlh cf`mc ilvkstfrs. Jmvilb bmilkh jkr ilitimc kxpkrikl`k

il m @ity fa Cflhfl `fookrìmc cmw airo, sjk jms m`quirkh ofrk tjml 4> ykmrs

kxpkrikl`k il wfreilb mt sklifr ckvkcs il bfvkrlokltil tjk [litkh Eilbhfo,

Mari`m, tjk @mriddkml, mlh tjk Pfutj mìai`. Ms m afulhkr mlh hirk`tfr fa tjk Cmw &

Hkvkcfpoklt ^mrtlkrsjip, sjk jms mhviskh kxtklsivkcy fl privmtk sk`tfr hkvkcfp-oklt, gusti`k, mlh bklhkr issuks il hkvkcfpilb `fultriks.

Omre Dcmèhkl is ml ilhkpklhklt `flsuctmlt tf tjk Rfrch Dmle Brfup, [litkh

Lmtifls Hkvkcfpoklt ^rfbrmook ([LH^), mlh ftjkr iltkrlmtiflmc ilstitutifls.

Kmrcikr, jk wfrekh afr ofrk tjml 4; ykmrs il tjk Rfrch Dmle, wjkrk jk jmh wihk-

rmlbilb fpkrmtiflmc kxpkrikl`k il Pud-Pmjmrml Mari`m, afùsilb fl pudci` sk`tfr

omlmbkoklt mlh tk`jli`mc mssistml`k prfbrmos, pmrtiìpmtfry hkvkcfpoklt, hksibl

mlh hkcivkry fa trmililb, mlh bklhkr mlh hkvkcfpoklt. Jk omlmbkh tjk Tkbifls bkl-

hkr prfbrmo fvkr tjk pkrifh fa =9914>>2. Omre fdtmilkh ml OP` il IltkrlmtiflmcTkcmtifls arfo Bkfrbktfwl [livkrsity mlh m DM il Bkroml mlh Arkl`j arfo tjk

[livkrsity fa Eklt mt @mltkrdury.

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21/262

Mddrkvimtifls

MHT Mctkrlmtivk Hisputk Tksfcutifl

@KHMR [L @flvkltifl fl Kcioilmtifl fa Mcc Afros fa

His`rioilmtifl Mbmilst Rfokl

@@X @fopciml`k @fst Xffc

@IHM Xjk @mlmhiml Iltkrlmtiflmc Hkvkcfpoklt Mbkl`y

HJP Hkofbrmpji` mlh jkmctj survky

HAIH Hkpmrtoklt afr Iltkrlmtiflmc Hkvkcfpoklt ([E)

H^ Hkvkcfpoklt pmrtlkr

K^W Kxpfrt rf`kssilb Wflk

AMF Affh mlh Mbriùcturk Frbmlizmtifl

AHI Afrkibl hirk`t ilvkstoklt

ABH Afùs brfup hisùssifl

AJJ Akomck-jkmhkh jfuskjfch

AIMP Afrkibl Ilvkstoklt Mhvisfry Pkrvi`k (Rfrch Dmle/Iltkrlmtiflmc

Ailml`k @frpfrmtifl)

AilP`fpk Ppk imcizkh Jfuskjfch Purvky fa Ailml imc Pkrvi`ks [smbk

(Pfutj Mari`m)

BBM Bklhkr mlh Brfwtj Msskssoklt

BXW Bkroml Xk`jli`mc @ffpkrmtifl Mbkl`y

JIQ/MIHP Juoml Iooulfhkai ikl`y Qirus/M`quirkh Iooulfhkai ikl`y

Pylhrfok

I@ Ilvkstoklt ciomtk

IA@ Iltkrlmtiflmc Ailml`k @frpfrmtifl

ICF Iltkrlmtiflmc Cmdfur Frbmlizmtifl

I^^ Ilvkstoklt pfci`y mlh prfoftifl

OHBs Oiccklliuo Hkvkcfpoklt Bfmcs

OJJ Omck-jkmhkh jfuskjfch

LBF Lflbfvkrlokltmc frbmlizmtifl

^^H ûdci`-privmtk himcfbuk

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P@O Ptmlhmrh @fst Ofhkc

PKW Ppk`imc K`flfoi` Wflk

POK Pomcc mlh Okhiuo Kltkrprisk[L [litkh Lmtifls

[LH^ [litkh Lmtifls Hkvkcfpoklt rfbrmo

[LIHF [litkh Lmtifls Ilhustrimc Hkvkcfpoklt Frbmlizmtifl

[LIAKO [litkh Lmtifls Hkvkcfpoklt Aulh afr Rfokl

QMX Qmcuk-mhhkh tmx

Mddrkvimtifls

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Iltrfhu`tifl mlh K`flfoi` Tmtiflmck

ûrpfsk mlh Ptru`turk fa tjk Buihk

^rfoftilb wfokls k`flfoi` kopfwkroklt is il`rkmsilbcy skkl ms ml iopfrtmlt hrivilbafr`k dkjilh k`flfoi` brfwtj mlh tjk aibjt mbmilst pfvkrty. Rfokls k`flfoi` pmrtiì-

pmtifl ms kltrkprklkurs, kopcfykks, mlh ckmhkrs is rk`fblizkh ms m okmsurk fa m `fultrys

k`flfoi` vimdicity mlh hylmoiso.

Mctjfubj wfokls kltrkprklkursjip is fl tjk risk bcfdmccy mlh akomck cmdfr afr`k pmr-

tiìpmtifl jms il`rkmskh sudstmltimccy il rk`klt ykmrs, sibliai`mlt hispmritiks sticc kxist. Il tjk

hkvkcfpilb wfrch, wfokl mrk ofrk ciekcy tf wfre il tjk ilafromc k`flfoy, wjkrk tjky

mrk sudgk`t tf ilkaaiìklìks mlh cioitmtifls ofrk fatkl tjml okl. Il omly rkbifls wfokl

mrk ckss ciekcy tf jmvk cmlh mlh fatkl mrk hismhvmltmbkh dy prkvmicilb cmws mlh rkbucmtifls

tjmt prkvklt tjko arfo dkilb mdck tf jfch titck. Il mhhitifl tf prfdckos am`kh dy mcc kltrk-prklkurs, wfokl arkqukltcy am`k bklhkr dims il tjk sfìfk`flfoi` klvirfloklt wjkl it

`foks tf kstmdcisjilb mlh hkvkcfpilb tjkir fwl kltkrprisks mlh m``kssilb k`flfoi`

rksfur`ks. Xjksk lft flcy hismhvmltmbk wfokl dut mcsf rkhu`k tjk brfwtj pftkltimc, prf-

hu`tivity, mlh pkrafroml`k fa tjk k`flfoy ms m wjfck. Bklhkr-dmskh ilkqumcitiks iopfsk

sibliai`mlt hkvkcfpoklt fsts fl sfìktiks.

Xjis buihk mios tf prfvihk arksj tjileilb tf sfcvk `foofl issuks wfokl kltrkprklkurs

am`k il tjk ilvkstoklt `ciomtk mrkm. It prksklts m`tiflmdck, prm`ti`mc, rkpci`mdck, mlh s`mcmdck

tffcs. Ppkìai`mccy, tjk buihk skkes tf klmdck hkvkcfpoklt prm`titiflkrs mlh pfci`y omekrs

wjf mrk lft bklhkr spkìmcists tf (i) himblfsk bklhkr issuks il ml ilvkstoklt `ciomtk rkafromrkm, (ii) hksibl prm`ti`mc sfcutifls mlh rk`fooklhmtifls tf mhhrkss bklhkr `flstrmilts, mlh

(iii) il`cuhk kaak`tivk oflitfrilb mlh kvmcumtifl tffcs tf fvkrskk tjk iopckokltmtifl fa tjfsk

rk`fooklhmtifls.

Rjick tjk buihk is priomricy hirk`tkh tf prfgk`t ckmhkrs il IA@ mlh Rfrch Dmle Brfup

omlmbilb ilvkstoklt `ciomtk rkafro prfgk`ts, it wicc mcsf dk fa usk tf m wihkr muhikl`k,

il`cuhilb pfci`y omekrs, tjk hflfr `fooulity, wfokls dusilkss mssfìmtifls, m`mhkoi`s,

tjile tmles, mlh hkvkcfpoklt prm`titiflkrs wjf jmvk ml iltkrkst il bklhkr mlh privmtk


24/262

sk`tfr hkvkcfpoklt issuks. Ms tjis is ml illfvmtivk mrkm fa wfre, akkhdmè fl lkw ilitimtivks,

pfciìks, mlh rkskmr`j is wkc`fokh mlh wicc dk il`frpfrmtkh iltf tjk buihks cmtkr vkrsifls.

Xjk mlmcysis, fl`cusifls, mlh rk`fooklhmtifls prkskltkh il tjis buihk mrk dmskh fl

bklhkr mlh k`flfoi` tjkfry, mlmcysis fa `fultry `msk stuhiks mlh prm`ti`ks, tjk IA@s

fwl kxpkrikl`k, rkafro kxpkrikl`k il m luodkr fa kokrbilb omrekt `fultriks, mlh iltkr-

vikws witj hkvkcfpoklt prm`titiflkrs, pfci`y omekrs, mlh m`mhkoi`s. It sjfuch dk lftkh

tjmt bklhkr kqumcity is m fopckx mlh ouctiam`ktkh tfpi` witj skvkrmc hioklsifls. Xjk buihk

tmècks bklhkr issuks flcy tjrfubj m privmtk sk`tfr hkvkcfpoklt ckls, mios tf prfoftkbklhkr-sklsitivk ilvkstoklt `ciomtk rkafros tjmt wfuch kqumccy dklkait wfokl ms wkcc ms

okl mlh faakrs sfok prm`ti`mc pfci`y sfcutifls.

Xjk buihk stmrts witj m drika sk`tifl fl tjk k`flfoi` rmtiflmck afr bklhkr il`cusifl il

ilvkstoklt `ciomtk rkafro wfre. It is tjkl hivihkh iltf lilk ofhucks. Tk`fblizilb tjk

sfìfk`flfoi` hioklsifls fa bklhkr-afùskh wfre, tjk `frk ofhuck futcilks tjk drfmhkr,

fvkrmr`jilb armokwfre witjil wji`j bklhkr-ilafrokh ilvkstoklt `ciomtk wfre `ml tmek

pcm`k. It mcsf afùsks fl tjk oflitfrilb mlh kvmcumtifl armokwfre, witj pmrtiùcmr kopjm-

sis fl kstmdcisjilb mpprfprimtk dmskcilks tf amìcitmtk tjk okmsurkoklt fa bklhkr-ilafrokh

`jmlbks il tjk dusilkss klvirfloklt. Xjk kibjt tjkomti` ofhucks prfvihk spkìai` buihml`kfl eky ilvkstoklt ciomtk issuks foprisilb (i) pudci`-privmtk himcfbuk, (ii) dusilkss stmrt-up

mlh fpkrmtifl, (iii) dusilkss tmxmtifl, (iv) trmhk cfbisti`s, (v) skùrkh cklhilb, (vi) mctkrlmtivk

hisputk rksfcutifl, (vii) spkìmc k`flfoi` zflks, mlh (viii) afrkibl ilvkstoklt pfci`y mlh prf-

oftifl. Xjkomti` ofhucks mrk hksiblkh tf buihk tjk rkmhkr tjrfubj tjk prfgk`t `y`ck mlh

prksklt tjk tjrkk-stkp prf`kss7 (i) himblfsti`, (ii) sfcutifl hksibl, mlh (iii) iopckokltmtifl mlh

oflitfrilb mlh kvmcumtifl. Mctjfubj km`j ofhuck is hksiblkh tf dk uskh fl m stmlhmcflk

dmsis, km`j sjfuch dk rkmh witj rkakrkl`k tf tjk frk ofhuck. Xjkrk is tjkrkafrk sfok rkpktitifl

m`rfss ofhucks mlh `rfss-rkakrklìlb dktwkkl tjko.


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0

Rjy Bklhkr Omttkrs il Ilvkstoklt @ciomtk Tkafro

Ml mwmrklkss fa bklhkr issuks is iopfrtmlt wjkl `flsihkrilb strmtkbiks tf ioprfvktjk dusilkss klvirfloklt mlh prfoftk privmtk sk`tfr hkvkcfpoklt. @rkmtilb brkmtkr

k`flfoi` fppfrtulitiks afr wfokl jms `fopkccilb k`flfoi` rkmsfls, mlh ilkqumci-

tiks iopfsk hkvkcfpoklt `fsts fl sfìktiks.=

= [lkqumc Histridutifl fa Rfokls K`flfoi` M tivitiks

Rfokl mrk m`tivk k`flfoi` pmrtiìpmlts ms dusilkss fwlkrs, wfrekrs, mlh oml-

mbkrs bcfdmccy (tmdck I.=, aiburk I.=). Rfokls kltrkprklkursjip, wji`j jms dkklrk`fblizkh ms ml iopfrtmlt ultmppkh sfur`k fa k`flfoi` brfwtj, is fl tjk risk

bcfdmccy,4 mlh wfokls sjmrk fa tjk cmdfr afr`k jms mcsf il`rkmskh il rk`klt ykmrs,

rkm`jilb 8> pkr`klt wfrchwihk dy 4>>1.0

Hkspitk tjksk pfsitivk trklhs, wfokls k`flfoi` m`tivitiks mrk lft kqumccy his-

tridutkh m`rfss tjk prfhu`tivk sk`tfrs. Il ofst hkvkcfpilb `fultriks akomck-rul

kltkrprisks tklh tf dk ulhkr`mpitmcizkh, jmvilb pffrkr m``kss tf om`jilkry, akrticizkr,

kxtklsifl ilafromtifl, mlh `rkhit tjml omck-rul kltkrprisks. Cmws, rkbucmtifls, mlh

ùstfos rkstri`t wfokls mdicity tf omlmbk prfpkrty, `flhu`t dusilkss, fr kvkl

trmvkc witjfut tjkir jusdmlhs `flsklt. Hispmritiks mcsf kxist il wfokls wfreafr`kpmrtiìpmtifl. Rfokl mrk tjrkk tioks ms ciekcy ms okl tf dk jirkh ilafromccy8 mlh

mrk ou`j ofrk ciekcy tf dk ulpmih wfrekrs tjmt `fltridutk tf tjk amoicys dusilkss

tjml mrk okl (aiburk I.4). Pu`j his`rkpmlìks iopmir wfokls mdicity tf pmrtiìpmtk

il hkvkcfpoklt mlh tf fltridutk tf jibjkr civilb stmlhmrhs.

Xmdck I.=7 Kltkrprisk Purvky Hmtm, Tkbiflmc Puoomriks

^kr`kltmbk faaucc-tiok akomckwfrekrs

^kr`kltmbk fa

wfokl il sklifromlmbkokltpfsitifls

Mcc `fultriks 42.80 9.=0

Cmtil Mokri`m & @mriddkml 0=.2= =4.18

Kmstkrl Kurfpk & @kltrmc Msim 8=.>1 ==.;2

Pud-Pmjmrml Mari`m 4>.12 :.42

Oihhck Kmst & Lfrtj Mari`m =2.2; 8.;:

Pfutj Msim =:.2: =.;1

Pfur`k7Rfrch Dmle Kltkrprisk Purvkys.


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Bklhkr Hioklsifls fa Ilvkstoklt @ciomtk Tkafro

8

Aiburk I.4 Kopcfyoklt Ptmtus dy Bklhkr, 4>>2 (Tmtif fa ^kr`kltmbk fa

Akomcks tf Omcks)

Pfur`k7ICF, Bcfdmc Kopcfyoklt Xrklhs afr Rfokl 4>>:.

>.>

>.;

=.>

=.;

4.>

4.;

0.>

0.;

PPM CM@ Kmst Msim Pfutj Msim Hkvkcfpkh

Rmbk mlh Pmcmrikh Kopcfykrs Fwl M``fult @fltridutilb Amoicy Okodkrs

Aiburk I.= Akomck-Fwlkh Airos m`rfss Tkbifls

4>%

48%

=0%=>%

0%

4>%

>

;

=>

=;

4>

4;

pkr`klt

O

ihhck

Kmst

mlh

L

frtjM

arim Ma

rim

KmstMs

imml

h

m`iai`

Pfutj

Msim

Kmstkrl

Kurfp

kmlh

@

kltrm

cMsim

Cmtil

Mokri

mmlh

tjk@

mridd

kml

oi rf (=9) somcc (=>89) okhiuo (;>99) cmrbk mlh vkry cmrbk (=>>+)

Pfur`k7Rfrch Dmle Kltkrprisk Purvkys.


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;

4 Rjmt Bklhkr Hispmrity Okmls afr ^fci`y Omekrs

Pkvkrmc mspk`ts fa bklhkr rkcmtiflsbklhkr dimsks il ribjts5 bklhkr hiaakrkl`ks ilm``kss tf mlh `fltrfc fvkr omtkrimc rksfur`ks, su`j ms cmlh, `rkhit, kopcfyoklt mlh

wmbks, ms wkcc ms tjk bklhkr-dmskh hivisifl fa cmdfr5 mlh hispmritiks dktwkkl omcks

mlh akomcks il pfwkr mlh hkìsifl omeilbjmvk iopci`mtifls afr wkcc-dkilb mt

tjk jfuskjfch ckvkc mlh, ms m `flskqukl`k, cflb-tkro prfhu`tivity brfwtj.

Xfhmy, il lf `fultry il tjk wfrch hf wk fdskrvk mdsfcutk kqumcity dktwkkl okl

mlh wfokl (aiburk I.0).; Dut `cfsilb tjk bklhkr bmp maak`ts brfwtj il skvkrmc wmys.

Pibliai`mlt dklkaits jmvk dkkl afulh mt tjk jfuskjfch ckvkc, witj ioprfvkoklt il

`jichrkls wkcc-dkilb. Il pmrtiùcmr, brkmtkr bklhkr kqumcity il khu`mtifl mlh il`fok

`ml kljml`k m wfomls dmrbmililb pfwkr witjil tjk jfuskjfch. Dk`musk wfokl,ofrk tjml okl, tklh tf mccf`mtk spklhilb tf `jichrkls lkkhs, khu`mtifl ckvkcs wicc

il`rkmsk, ofrtmcity rmtks wicc amcc, mlh lutritifl wicc ioprfvk. Brkmtkr bklhkr kqumc-

ity, dy tjkrkafrk rkhuìlb ulhkrlfurisjoklt il `jichrkl, wicc rksuct il hk`rkmsks il

`jrfli` sièlkss, stultilb, mlh iopmirkh sfìmc mlh `fblitivk hkvkcfpoklt. Xjk

cflb-rul om`rfk`flfoi` kaak`t, mpmrt arfo ioprfvilb ilhivihumc wkcc-dkilb, is ml

ioprfvkoklt il juoml `mpitmc mlh tjus tjk cmdfr prfhu`tivity fa m sfìkty.1

Il mhhitifl tf tjk iltkrbklkrmtiflmc dklkaits fa bklhkr kqumcity, `cfsilb bklhkr

bmps il khu`mtifl mlh kopcfyoklt drilbs kaaiìkl`y bmils. Arfo m `fopktitivk-

lkss pkrspk`tivk, wfokls hisprfpfrtiflmtkcy cfw pmrtiìpmtifl il tjk wfreafr`kmlh kx`cusifl arfo kopcfyokltfr kopcfyoklt his`rioilmtifl tjmt ckmhs tf

f`ùpmtiflmc skbrkbmtifl`ml rkhu`k tjk pffc fa mppci`mlts, histfrt tjk mccf`mtifl

Aiburk I.0 Bcfdmc Bklhkr Bmp Ilhkx

Pfur`k7Rfrch K`flfoi` Afruo Bcfdmc Bklhkr Bmp Ilhkx 4>>:.

Tmle

4>>:=

4

0

8

;

=41

=42

=4:

=49

=0>

@fultryLfrwmy

Ailcmlh

Pwkhkl

I`kcmlh

Lkw Wkmcmlh

Dklil

^meistml

Pmuhi Mrmdim

@jmh

Ykokl

P`frk*>.:48

>.:4>

>.:=8

>.:>>

>.2:1

>.;;:

>.;;8

>.;;0

>.;49

>.811

*> tf = s`mck7 > ? ilkqumcity, = ? kqumcity


28/262


1

fa tmcklt mlh tjk prfhu`tivity fa juoml `mpitmc, tjkrkdy rkhu`k tjk mvkrmbk

prfhu`tivity fa tjk cmdfr afr`k. Tkhu`ilb ilkqumcitiks il khu`mtifl mlh gfd m``kss

`ml stioucmtk k`flfoywihk brfwtj.2

Ofrkfvkr, bklhkr bmps il khu`mtifl mppkmrtf jmvk m lkbmtivk kaak`t fl afrkibl hirk`t ilvkstoklt.:

Xjkrk mcsf mppkmr tf dk pfsitivk `frrkcmtifls dktwkkl wfokls rkprkskltmtifl

fl `frpfrmtk dfmrhs mlh `frpfrmtk pkrafroml`k, subbkstilb tjmt wfokl mrk bffh

afr dusilkss. Afrtulk ;>> airos witj tjk jibjkst pkr`kltmbk fa wfokl `frpfrmtk

faai`krs yikchkh fl mvkrmbk 0;.= pkr`klt brkmtkr rkturl fl kquity mlh 08 pkr`klt

brkmtkr tftmc rkturl tf sjmrkjfchkrs tjml tjfsk witj tjk cfwkst pkr`kltmbks fa

wfokl `frpfrmtk faai`krs.9

Il sjfrt, `fultriks tjmt hf lft auccy `mpitmcizk fl flk-jmca fa tjkir juoml

rksfur ks rul tjk rise fa ulhkroililb tjkir `fopktitivk pftkltimc. @mpturilb tjis

oisskh pftkltimc sjfuch dk tjk bfmc fa bklhkr-ilafrokh ilvkstoklt `ciomtk

rkafro, ms tjk pmyfaas `fuch dk `flsihkrmdck.== Xjkrkafrk, iltkbrmtilb bklhkr

hioklsifls iltf pfci`y himcfbuk `ml rkhu`k bklhkr dmrrikrs, ulckmsj tjk ultmppkhprfhu`tivk pftkltimc fa wfokl, mlh drfmhkl dftj tjk k`flfoi` iopm`t mlh

sustmilmdicity fa pfci`y iltkrvkltifls.

Kxmoililb tjk `fopmrmtivk brfwtj rk`frh fa Ilhiml stmtks dktwkkl =91= mlh=99= rkvkmcs tjmt m => pkr`klt il`rkmsk il tjk akomck-omck rmtif fa wfrekrs wfuch

il`rkmsk futput dy : pkr`klt, mlh m => pkr`klt il`rkmsk il tjk akomck-omck rmtif

fa omlmbkrs wfuch il`rkmsk futput dy 4 pkr`klt.=>


29/262

0 Bklhkr-Ppkìai` @jmccklbks mlh Tkspflsksil Ilvkstoklt @ciomtk Rfre

Xjkrk mrk tjrkk aulhmokltmc mlh iltkrrkcmtkh bklhkr-spkìai` `jmccklbks witjil

ilvkstoklt `ciomtk wfre. Airst, wfokl mlh okl omy jmvk ulkqumc ckbmc stmtus

mlh prfpkrty ribjts, witj prfafulh iopci`mtifls afr wfokls k`flfoi` `mpmìty.

Pk`flh, kvkl wjkl tjk cmws mlh prf`khurks mrk bklhkr lkutrmc il tjkfry, tjky

omy sticc rksuct il bklhkr-dimskh fut`foks tjmt `ml jmvk sibliai`mlt kaak`ts fl

m``kss tf mlh `fltrfc fa k`flfoi` rksfur`ks, wji`j maak`t brfwtj, prfhu`tivity,

mlh wkcamrk. Ailmccy, wfokl mrk lft wkcc rkprkskltkh mlh jmvk ckss m``kss tf lkt-

wfres mlh cfddiks tf ilacukl`k pudci` hkìsifl omeilb (aiburk I.8). Ilvkstoklt

`ciomtk prfbrmos `ml jkcp rkhu`k tjksk dimsks tjrfubj bklhkr-spkìai` pfci`yrkspflsks.

0.= Rfokls [lkqumc Ckbmc Ptmtus

Xjk ckbmc mlh rkbucmtfry armokwfre fa m `fultry, wji`j is m `frk kckoklt fa m wkcc-

aul`tiflilb dusilkss klvirfloklt, omy dk omrekhcy hiaakrklt afr wfokl. Cmws

hirk`tcy maak`tilb wfokls `mpmìty tf pmrtiìpmtk il tjk privmtk sk`tfr omy il`cuhk

omck `flsklt tf stmrt fr fpkrmtk m dusilkss. Mhhitiflmc cmws futsihk tjk dusilkss

sk`tfr, su`j ms tjfsk `fl`krlilb omrrimbk, amoicy rkcmtifls, mlh iljkritml`k, omyjmvk m hktkroililb ilacukl`k fl wfokls mdicity tf pmrtiìpmtk il tjk privmtk sk`tfr.

Aiburk I.8 Bklhkr @jmccklbks il Ilvkstoklt @ciomtk Rfre

wfokl jmvk cioitkhvfi`kil pudci` hkìsifl omeilb

lktwfres

rfck ofhkcs

m``kss tfilafromtifl

cfddyilb

iltkrakrkl`k mlh

jmrmssoklt arfo

bfvkrloklt faaiìmcs

kxpklsivk mlh

cklbtjy prf`khurks

iopm`t wfokl ofrk

bklhkr-lkutrmc cmws ml jmvk bklhkr-dimskh fut`foksil prm`ti`k

ckbmc ribjts omy hiaakr afr oklmlh wfokl

hirk`t7omck flskltrkquirkh tf

stmrt m dusilkss

ilhirk`t7cioitkh

iljkritml`kribjts

Pfur`k7Mutjfrs.


2


30/262


:

0.4 Bklhkr-Lkutrmc Cmws dut Bklhkr-Dimskh Fut`foks

Kvkl m ckbmc mlh rkbucmtfry klvirfloklt tjmt is bklhkr-lkutrmc il prilìpck omy

jmvk bklhkr-hiaakrkltimtkh fut`foks. Ms m rksuct, tjksk cmws omy iopkhk wfokl

tf m brkmtkr kxtklt tjml okl wjkl it `foks tf m``kss tf `rkhit, msskts, khu`mtifl,

trmililb, mlh ilafromtifl lkkhkh tf stmrt mlh fpkrmtk m dusilkss.

Dmrrikrs tf dusilkss afromcizmtifl, pmrtiùcmrcy cklbtjy mlh `fopckx rkbistrm-

tifl, il`frpfrmtifl, mlh ci`klsilb prm`ti`ks, jmvk m hisprfpfrtiflmtkcy lkbmtivk

kaak`t fl wfokl, il sfok `msks omeilb it iopfssidck afr tjko tf afromcizk. Afr

kxmopck, wfokl omy dk ckss mdck tjml okl tf maafrh cflb mlh kxpklsivk rkbistrm-

tifl prf`khurks, il pmrt dk`musk fa tjk hfudck wfrehmy fa hfoksti` mlh dusi-

lkss rkspflsidicitiks fr dk`musk tjky omy am`k jibjkr ckvkcs fa iltkrakrkl`k il

iltkrm`tilb witj bfvkrloklt faaiìmcs fr `fopcyilb witj bfvkrloklt rkbucmtifls

(aiburk I.;). Ofrkfvkr, wfokl mrk fatkl pkr`kivkh ms sfatkr tmrbkts afr `frrup-

tifl mlh mrk msekh afr spkkh pmyoklts.

Pioicmrcy, tjk ilstitutifls ilvfcvkh il hksiblilb mlh iopckokltilb ilvkst-

oklt `ciomtk rkafros omy hiaakr il tkros fa tjkir m``kssidicity tf wfokl mlh

tjkir ulhkrstmlhilb fa jfw bklhkr issuks omy maak`t tjkir wfre, gust ms wfokl

omy jmvk ckss elfwckhbk fa rkafros ulhkr wmy fr pcmllkh mlh ckss m``kss tf rkc-

kvmlt ilafromtifl.

Aiburk I.; Dusilkssks il [bmlhm Tkspflhilb Xjmt Bfvkrloklt

Faaiìmcs Jmvk Iltkrakrkh il Xjkir Dusilkss

Pfur`k7Kccis kt mc 4>>1.

80

1>

8>

4>

>

pkr`klt

4;

wfokl-jkmhkh kltkrprisks mcc kltkrprisks

typk fa kltkrprisk (dy fwlkrsjip)


31/262

0.0 Rfokls Cioitkh Qfi`k mlh ^fwkr il Hkìsifl Omeilb

Mlftjkr `fooflcy kl`fultkrkh `flstrmilt tjmt `ml dk mhhrksskh tjrfubj ilvkst-

oklt ciomtk wfre is tjmt wfokl, pmrtiùcmrcy il hkvkcfpilb fultriks, jmvk cioitkhmdicity tf ilacukl`k hkìsifls kitjkr il tjkir `fooulity fr mt tjk lmtiflmc ckvkc. Xjis

omy okml cfw rkprkskltmtifl il pmrcimoklt, pudci` faai`k, mlh omlmbkrimc pfsitifls

il fopmliks fr frpfrmtk dfmrhs. Aurtjkr, wfokl mrk fatkl kx`cuhkh arfo ilafromc

lktwfres fa `foouli`mtifl5 mlh bklhkr-dmskh stkrkftypks mlh cmè fa rfck ofhkcs

fatkl skrvk ms dmrrikrs tf wfokls prfakssiflmc mhvml`koklt mlh cioit tjkir vfi`ks

dftj il dusilkss `fooulitiks mlh pfci`y omeilb. Il`cuhilb wfokl dusilkss fwl-

krs mlh wfokls dusilkss mssfìmtifls il pudci`-privmtk himcfbuk mlh mhvf`m`y

kaafrts wicc mccfw wfokls uliquk `flstrmilts tf dk `flsihkrkh il tjk rkafro prf`kss.

Xjk ofhucks il tjis buihk wicc hisùss il hktmic jfw ilvkstoklt `ciomtkrkafro prfbrmos `ml prm`ti`mccy mlh kaak`tivkcy mhhrkss tjksk `jmccklbks mlh

klsurk tjmt wfokl mcsf kqumccy dklkait arfo rkafros.


9

M survky il Dmlbcmhksj afulh tjmt bfvkrloklt `ckres wjf wkrk `jmrbilb

spkkh pmyoklts tf prf`kss `cmios wkrk ofrk ciekcy tf tmrbkt wfokl, ms tjky

wkrk mssuokh tf jmvk m omck prfvihkr. ^rkblmlt mlh icc wfokl wkrk ofrk ciekcytf dk sudgk`t tf su`j ilafromc pmyoklts dk`musk tjky wkrk skkl tf dk il m

wkme pfsitifl tf prftkst.

Pfur`k7[LIAKO 4>>:.


32/262


=>

Lftks

=. Afr ml kxtklsivk trkmtoklt fa tjk hkvkcfpoklt `fsts fa bklhkr ilkqumcity, skk M. Omsflmlh Kcizmdktj O. Eilb, Klbklhkrilb Hkvkcfpoklt Xjrfubj Bklhkr Kqumcity il Tibjts,

Tksfur`ks, mlh Qfi`k, 0;.

4. Ti`jmrhsfl kt mc., Xjk @jmccklbks fa Brfwilb Pomcc Dusilkssks7 Ilsibjts arfo Rfokl

Kltrkprklkurs il Mari`m, iii.

0. Rfrch Dmle, Rfrch Hkvkcfpoklt Tkpfrt, 4>>;.

8. Rfrch Dmle, Jfw tf Tkafro, =:.

;. Xjk hmtm uskh afr aiburk I.0 mrk arfo tjk Rfrch K`flfoi` Afruo, wji`j hkvkcfpkh m

`fopfsitk okmsurk fa bklhkr kqumcity, tjk Bklhkr Bmp Ilhkx, wji`j rkack`ts hiaakrkl`ks

il jkmctj, khu`mtifl, kopfwkroklt, mlh kopcfyoklt usilb =8 ilhi`mtfrs witj hmtmarfo m wihk vmrikty fa sfur`ks.

1. Fl iltrmjfuskjfch rksfur`k mccf`mtifl, skk, afr kxmopck, Dcuodkrb. =9::. Il`fok

[lhkr Akomck Qkrsus Omck @fltrfc,Gfurlmc fa Amoicy Issuks, 9 (=)7 ;=:8 Jmhhmh,

Cmwrkl`k, Gfjl Jfhhilftt, mlh Jmrfch Mchkroml. =992. Iltrmjfuskjfch Tksfur`k

Mccf`mtifl il Hkvkcfpilb @fultriks7 Ofhkcs, Oktjfhs, mlh ^fci`y. Dmctiofrk, OH7

Gfjls Jfpeils [livkrsity ^rkss. =0.5 Hksmi mlh Gfjlsfl. 4>>;. Rfokls Hkìsifl-

omeilb mlh @jich Jkmctj7 Amoicimc mlh Pfìmc Jikrmr`jiks. ^mpkr `fooissiflkh dy

tjk Okmsurk HJP prfgk`t, il @mcvkrtfl, Omrycmlh. Mubust.7 ;;1:.

2. Pkk, afr kxmopck, Ptkpjkl Elfwcks, mucm Cfrbkccy, mlh . Hfriml Fwkl, Mrk Khu-`mtiflmc Bklhkr Bmps m Drmek fl K`flfoi` Hkvkcfpoklt6 Pfok @rfss-@fultry

Kopiri`mc Kvihkl`k, Fxafrh K`flfoi` ^mpkrs ;8 (=)7 ==:895 P. Ecmskl mlh A. Cmomllm,

Xjk Iopm`t fa Bklhkr Ilkqumcity il Khu`mtifl mlh Kopcfyoklt fl K`flfoi`

Brfwtj il Hkvkcfpilb @fultriks, Akoilist K`flfoi`s =; (0)7 9==045 D. Kstkvk-Qfcmrt,

Bklhkr His`rioilmtifl mlh Brfwtj7 Xjkfry mlh Kvihkl`k arfo Ilhim, =1:5 M. Dfs-

`jili, Xjk Iopm`t fa Bklhkr Ptkrkftypks fl K`flfoi` Brfwtj (Hkpmrtoklt fa

K`flfoi`s, [livkrsity fa Ptfèjfco, 4>>0)5 X. @mvmc`mlti mlh G. Xmvmrks, Xjk Futput

@fst fa Bklhkr His`rioilmtifl7 M Ofhkc-Dmskh Om`rfk`flfoi` Kstiomtk ([livkrsi-

hmhk Lfvm hk Cisdfm mlh @kltkr afr K`flfoi` ^fci`y Tkskmr`j, 4>>2).:. Omttjims Dussk mlh ^ktkr Lullklemop, Bklhkr hispmrity il khu`mtifl mlh iltkrlm-

tiflmc `fopktitifl afr afrkibl hirk`t ilvkstoklt. Akoilist K`flfoi`s =; (0)7 1=9>.

Pfok sekptiìso rkomils mdfut tjk rkcimdicity fa rksucts arfo `rfss-`fultry brfwtj

rkbrkssifls, il pmrt huk tf `fl`krl mdfut siouctmlkity prfdckos (dktwkkl brfss

hfoksti` prfhu`t brfwtj mlh bklhkr kqumcity). Xwf stuhiks tjmt mhhrkss tjis prfdcko,

usilb 0PCP kstiomtifl tk`jliquks, mrk Dmcimofulk-Cutz, Bcfdmcismtifl mlh Bklhkr

Ilkqumcity7 Is Mari`m Hiaakrklt6 Gfurlmc fa Mari`ml K`flfoiks =1 (4)7 0>=08:5 mlh

Ptkpjmlik Pkbuilf mlh Gmoks Cfvilsey, Xjk Iopm`t fa Tkcibifsity fl Bklhkr Mttituhks

mlh Fut`foks ([LTIPH, 4>>9). Tksucts arfo om`rfk`flfoi` rkskmr`j fl bklhkr mlh


33/262

brfwtj, survkykh il Gmlkt B. Ptftsey, Bklhkr mlh Its Tkckvml`k tf Om`rfk`flfoi` fci`y7

M Purvky, (Iltkrlmtiflmc Oflktmry Aulh, 4>>1) mrk `flsistklt witj tjk oi`rfk`flfoi`

rkskmr`j. Mctjfubj `musmcity is hiaai`uct tf `fl`cusivkcy kstmdcisj dk`musk fa cioitkh tiokskriks hmtm, tjis `fodilkh dfhy fa wfre faakrs m `flvkrbkl`k fa kvihkl`k fl tjk dklk-

aits fa bklhkr kqumcity il khu`mtifl mlh, tf m cksskr kxtklt, kopcfyoklt, afr sf`iktmc

k`flfoi` wkcc-dkilb.

9. @mtmcyst, Xjk Dfttfo Cilk7 @fllk`tilb @frpfrmtk ^krafroml`k mlh Bklhkr

Hivkrsity, 4>>8.

=>. X. Dkscky, T. Durbkss, mlh D. Kstkvk-Qfcmrt, Fpkrmtiflmcisilb ^rf- ffr Brfwtj7 Ilhim

@msk Ptuhy (HAIH, 4>>8).

==. Xjis is, ksskltimccy, wjy tjk Rfrch Dmle Brfup mlh its pmrtlkrs jmvk kodmrekh fl m

Bklhkr M`tifl ^cml, mt tjk `frk fa wji`j is bklhkr kqumcity ms somrt k`flfoi`s. Afrofrk fl tjk Bklhkr M`tifl ^cml, skk www.wfrchdmle.frb/bklhkr. Mwmrklkss fa bkl-

hkr il tjk hkvkcfpoklt mbklhm jms brfwl `flsihkrmdcy mlh jms dkkl dfcstkrkh dy

ofultilb kopiri`mc kvihkl`k fa tjk `fsts fa bklhkr ilkqumcity afr hkvkcfpoklt mlh

dy brkmtkr rk`fblitifl fa tjk `kltrmcity fa mhhrkssilb bklhkr ms iltkbrmc tf hkvkcfp-

oklt kaak`tivklkss.


==


34/262


35/262

@FTK OFH[CK

Bklhkr-Ilafrokh Dmskcilk afrHimblfsti`s, Pfcutifl Hksibl,

Iopckokltmtifl, mlh Oflitfrilbmlh Kvmcumtifl

Xjk iltrfhu`tfry `jmptkr omhk tjk `msk afr wjy bklhkr issuks lkkh tf dk iltkbrmtkh iltf

ilvkstoklt `ciomtk rkafro. Xjis `frk ofhuck skts fut tjk dmskcilk armokwfre afr mhhrkssilb

tjk bklhkr hioklsifls fa ilvkstoklt `ciomtk rkafro tjrfubj km`j fa tjk eky pjmsks fa himb-

lfsti`s, sfcutifl hksibl, mlh iopckokltmtifl mlh oflitfrilb mlh kvmcumtifl. Dkafrk hkcv-

ilb iltf mly pmrtiùcmr ilvkstoklt `ciomtk `flstrmilt, it is `riti`mc tf kstmdcisj m dmskcilk fa

`foofl kckoklts lkkhkh tf ulhkrpil m bklhkr-ilafrokh ulhkrstmlhilb fa tjk ilvkstoklt

`ciomtk mlh tf suppfrt hksibl mlh iopckokltmtifl fa mpprfprimtk sfcutifls.

Xjis `frk ofhuck sjfuch dk uskh mcflbsihk km`j fa tjk kibjt ofhucks il tjis buihk, ms itprfvihks m drfmhkr `fltkxt ms wkcc ms ml ksskltimc afulhmtifl afr km`j fa tjk spkìai` tfpi`s

tjk ofhucks tmèck.

Puoomry

Ptkp = @frk Himblfsti`s =;

=.= [lhkrstmlh tjk Tfcks fa Okl mlh Rfokl il

tjk K`flfoy =;

=.=.= Mlmcyzk tjk Dusilkss Pk`tfr tjrfubj m

Bklhkr Ckls =;

=.=.4 Xmek M``fult fa Lflomrekt Rfre mlh Xiok [sk =1

=.=.0 Ihkltiay Eky Hiaakrkl`ks il M``kss tf, mlh @fltrfc

fa, K`flfoi` Msskts mlh Tksfur`ks =9

=.4 Qikw Ilvkstoklt @ciomtk Tkafro witjil tjk Drfmhkr

Pfìmc mlh @ucturmc @fltkxt 4>

=.0 Mlmcyzk tjk Ckbmc Ptmtus fa Okl mlh Rfokl 44


36/262

=.8 Ihkltiay Cmws, Tkbucmtifls, ^rf`khurks, mlh

Dusilkss Fdstm`cks Xjmt Mrk ^kr`kivkh Hiaakrkltcy dy

Okl mlh Rfokl 4;

=.; Klsurk Rfokls Qfi`ks Mrk Jkmrh mlh Issuks Amìlb

Rfokl il Dusilkss Mrk Tmiskh 4:

Ptkp 4 Pfcutifl Hksibl 04

4.= Xkst ^fciti`mc/@ucturmc M``kptmdicity mlh @rkmtk m @flhuìvk

Klvirfloklt afr Tkafro 04

4.4 Ilvfcvk Rfokl Ms Rkcc Ms Okl il Hkvkcfpilb Mpprfprimtk

Pfcutifls 00

4.0 Cile witj Kxistilb Tkafro Ptrmtkbiks fa tjk Bfvkrloklt 08

4.8 Hrmw fl Il-@fultry Tksfur`ks mlh Kxpkrtisk 0;

Ptkp 0 Iopckokltmtifl mlh O&K 01

0.= Kstmdcisj Dmskcilks 01

0.4 Iltkbrmtk Bklhkr-Afùskh Ilhi`mtfrs iltf Tkafro rfbrmo

O&K Pystkos 02

Mllkx M Iltkrlmtiflmc Xrkmtiks mlh @fooitoklts 80Iltkrlmtiflmc Xrkmtiks 80

Kxmopcks fa Tkbiflmc Xrkmtiks 80

Ftjkr Iltkrlmtiflmc @fooitoklts 80

Mllkx D @frk Ofhuck Dmskcilk Ilhi`mtfrs mlh rilìpmc Hmtm Pfur`ks 8;

Mllkx @ @jk ecist fa Eky Issuks 8:

Lftks ;4

@FTK OFH[CK


37/262

=;

@frk Ofhuck7 Bklhkr-Ilafrokh Dmskcilk

Ptkp = @frk Himblfsti`s

=.= [lhkrstmlh tjk Tfcks fa Okl mlh Rfokl il tjk K`flfoy

=.=.= Mlmcyzk tjk Dusilkss Pk`tfr tjrfubj m Bklhkr Ckls

Xjk stmrtilb pfilt afr ml ilvkstoklt ciomtk rkafro is ml mlmcysis fa tjk k`flfoy

fa eky sk`tfrs mlh pftkltimc mrkms afr brfwtj, mlh fa tjk stru`turk mlh lmturk fa tjk

dusilkss `fooulity. Pu`j ml mlmcysis sjfuch il`cuhk m rkvikw fa tjk rfcks mlh stm-

tus fa okl mlh wfokl il tjk k`flfoyms kltrkprklkurs, kopcfykrs, mlh wfrekrs.

Okl mlh wfokl fatkl fpkrmtk il hiaakrklt sk`tfrs fa tjk k`flfoy mlh mt hiaakr-

klt ckvkcs fa k`flfoi` m`tivity. ^mttkrls hiaakr dy rkbifl mlh dy sk`tfr (tmdck =). Il

Pud-Pmjmrml Mari`m wfokl mrk ofrk ciekcy tf wfre il mbriùcturk tjml okl, dut tjkrkvkrsk is truk il Cmtil Mokri`m mlh tjk @mriddkml. It is iopfrtmlt tf mvfih stkrkf-

typks tjmt mssuok tjmt wfokl mrk mcwmys `fl`kltrmtkh il somcckr dusilkssks fr il

spkìai` sk`tfrs (su`j ms bmroklts). Ilstkmh, m `mrkauc `fultry-spkìai` mlmcysis is

rkquirkh tf hktkroilk tjk kxtklt tf wji`j okl mlh wfokl kltrkprklkurs mrk

ilvfcvkh il omluam`turilb, ilhustrimc prfhu`tifl, fr il skrvi`k-frikltkh m`tivitiks,

il`cuhilb trmhk.

Xjk kopcfyoklt stmtus fa wfokl mlh okl ml vmry wihkcy, tff. Il Cmtil Mokr-

i`m mlh tjk @mriddkml, wfokl mrk ofrk jkmvicy rkprkskltkh il wmbk wfre tjml il

skca-kopcfyoklt, dut tjk fppfsitk pmttkrl kxists il Pud-Pmjmrml Mari`m. Il mcc ful-triks, tjfubj, wfokl mrk ckss ciekcy tf dk kopcfykrs tjml okl. Rfokl mrk ou`j

ofrk ciekcy tf dk ulpmih wfrekrs wjf `fltridutk tf m amoicy dusilkss tjml mrk okl

(Iltkrlmtiflmc Cmdfur Frbmlizmtifl UICF_ 4>>:).

Elfwilb wjkrk okl mlh wfokl mrk situmtkh il tjk k`flfoy, mlh wjmt tjkir

prilìpmc k`flfoi` m`tivitiks mrk, klmdcks ilvkstoklt `ciomtk rkafro tf dk tmrbktkh

ofrk kaak`tivkcy tf okkt tjk hiaakrklt fdstm`cks mlh `flstrmilts tjky am`k. @fl-

vkrskcy, iblfrilb bklhkr hiaakrkl`ks ml rklhkr prfprivmtk sk`tfr iltkrvkltifls ckss

Xmdck =7 Akomck mlh Omck Kopcfyoklt dy Pk`tfr, 4>>2 (il pkr`kltmbks)

Mbriùcturk Ilhustry Pkrvi`ks

Tkbifl Rfokl Okl Rfokl Okl Rfokl Okl

Pud-Pmjmrml Mari`m 1: 14 1 =4 41 4;

Cmtil Mokri`m/@mriddkml == 4; =; 42 2; 8:

Kmst Msim 8= 01 41 4: 08 01

Pfutj Msim 1= 80 =: 40 4= 08

Hkvkcfpkh fultriks 0 ; =0 08 :8 1=

Pfur`k7ICF, Bcfdmc Kopcfyoklt Xrklhs afr Rfokl 4>>:.


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=1

kaak`tivk. Ppkìai`mccy, ihkltiayilb eky sk`tfrs il wji`j wfokl prkhfoilmtk fr pcmy

ml iopfrtmlt k`flfoi` rfck is iopfrtmlt il mlmcyzilb sk`tfr-spkìai` `flstrmilts tf

dusilkss rkbistrmtifl, ci`klsilb, mlh tmxmtifl, sf tjmt, ms lkkhkh, m ofrk bklhkr-rkspflsivk mpprfm`j `ml dk hkvkcfpkh. Xjis is kspkìmccy iopfrtmlt ms m okmls fa

ilafroilb pfciìks mlh strmtkbiks witj rkspk`t tf spkìmc k`flfoi` zflks (ofhuck 2)

mlh tf afrkibl ilvkstoklt pfci`y mlh prfoftifl (ofhuck :). Cileilb ml ulhkr-

stmlhilb fa k`flfoi` rfcks witj mlmcysis fa bklhkr hiaakrkl`ks il m``kss tf rksfur ks

amìcitmtks ihkltiai`mtifl fa iopfrtmlt bmps mlh oisskh fppfrtulitiks (dfx =).

Hmtm mrk mvmicmdck arfo Rfrch Dmle Kltkrprisk Purvkys fl omly fa tjk `frk

`jmrm`tkristi`s fa dusilkssks, il`cuhilb sk`tfr fa fpkrmtifl, sizk, cf`mtifl, ykmrs il

fpkrmtifl, mlh omlmbkoklt stru`turk. Il sfok ilstml`ks, kspkìmccy il tjk ofrk

rk`klt survkys, tjk ilafromtifl `ml dk hismbbrkbmtkh dy tjk bklhkr fa tjk dusilkssfwlkr, wji`j prfvihks m afulhmtifl afr prfaicilb wjkrk okl mlh wfokl mrk il tjk

kltkrprisk sk`tfr mlh wjkrk tjkrk mrk hiaakrkl`ks il eky kltkrprisk `jmrm`tkristi`s.

Xmdck 4 sjfws su`j hmtm afr m somcc smopck fa Mari`ml `fultriks.

=.=.4 Xmek M``fult fa Lflomrekt Rfre mlh Xiok [sk

Dk`musk wfokl am`k m hisprfpfrtiflmtk durhkl fa hfoksti` tmses, it is iopfrtmlt

tf `fcck`t hmtm, wjkrk mvmicmdck, fl tjis hivisifl fa cmdfr. Kspkìmccy il cfw-il`fok

`fultriks mlh moflb tjk pffr il mcc `fultriks, wfokl wfre ofrk jfurs pkr hmytjml okl (dfx 4), ms rkvkmckh il tiok-mccf`mtifl hmtm tjk wfrch fvkr.= Xjk hfudck

wfrehmy fa wfokl pcm`ks hisprfpfrtiflmtk prkssurk fl tjko mlh cioits tjkir

mdicity tf klbmbk il il`fok-bklkrmtilb m`tivitiks, fwl mlh fpkrmtk dusilkssks, mlh

pmrtiìpmtk il fooulity fr lmtiflmc hkìsifl omeilb.

Xf m flsihkrmdck kxtklt, tjkrkafrk, wfokl ml flcy klbmbk il hirk`tcy prfhu`tivk

k`flfoi` m`tivity matkr his`jmrbk fa fr `flùrrklt witj hfoksti` rkspflsidicitiks.

Xjus ilvkstoklt ciomtk rkafros miokh mt siopciayilb prf`khurks (lftmdcy rkhuìlb


DFZ = Bklhkr Bmps mlh Oisskh ^ftkltimc il Eklym

Rfokl il Eklym omlmbk 8> pkr`klt fa somccjfchkr amros, dut tjky

rk`kivk flcy = pkr`klt fa tjk tftmc mofult fa `rkhit hirk`tkh tf mbriùcturk

mlh rk`kivk cfwkr ckvkcs fa mbriùcturmc ilputs, su`j ms kxtklsifl skrvi`ks,

tjml tjkir omck fultkrpmrts. It jms dkkl kstiomtkh tjmt il`rkmsilb akomck

m``kss tf su`j ilputs tf tjk smok ckvkc ms okls wfuch il`rkmsk mbriùc-

turmc yikchs il Eklym dy ofrk tjml 4> pkr`klt.

Pfur`ks7AMF =99:5 ]uisuodilb =991.


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=2

Xmdck 47 ^kr`kltmbk fa Akomck-Fwlkh Kltkrprisks, dy Pk`tfr mlh Pizk, Pkck`tkh Mari`ml @fultriks

Pk`tfr fa kltkrprisk Pizk fa kltkrprisk

k@fultry/Ykmrfa survky Xkxtick Mbrfaffh

Ftjkromlua. Pkrvi`ks Ftjkr

Oi`rf(=9)

Pomcc(=>89)

Okhiuo(;>99)

Cmrbk(=>>+)

Mlbfcm 4>>1 8> => 49 0> 4; 4;

Dftswmlm 4>>1 ;: ;1 ;1 ;8

Durulhi 4>>1 4= 44 09 0= 84

@flbf, Hko.Tkp. fa 4>>1 81 2 : 4; 41 4; =2

Kbypt 4>>1 4= 4; 4> =9 =9 44 48

Ktjifpim 4>>4 =8 == => == =4

Omhmbms`mr 4>>; 8: 44 =4 4= 48

Omuritmlim 4>>1 1 4> == =1 4>

Ofrf``f 4>>8 : 4 4 ; : 2

Lmoidim 4>>1 =2 8; =9 8= 04

Pfutj Mari`m 4>>0 =; 0 => =4 2 :

Xmlzmlim 4>>0 9 1 0 =>

[bmlhm 4>>1 0: =1 8= 0= 0>

Pfur`k7 Kltkrprisk Purvky hmtm (vmrifus ykmrs) il Rfrch Dmle/Rfrch K`flfoi` Afruo/Mari`ml Hkvkcfpoklt Dmle 4>>2. Xjk aiburks r

kltrkprklkurs witjil km`j brfup. Aiburks mrk lft sjfwl wjkl tjk smopck sizk is ckss tjml 0> kltkrprisks.


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=:

tjk tiok `fsts) hisprfpfrtiflmtkcy dklkait wfokl. @flskqukltcy, cfwkrilb wfokls

hisprfpfrtiflmtk durhkl fa ulpmih wfre, dy prifritizilb ilvkstoklt il ilarmstru`-

turk mlh cmdfr-smvilb tk`jlfcfbiks mlh klm`tilb kopcfyoklt mlh wkcamrk pfciìkstjmt amìcitmtk ofrk kqumc hfoksti` durhkl sjmrilb dktwkkl okl mlh wfokl, is eky

tf wihklilb dusilkss fppfrtulitiks afr wfokl.


DFZ 4 Rfokl Rfre Cflbkr Jfurs Xjml Hf Okl

Il =99;, tjk [litkh Lmtifls Hkvkcfpoklt ^rfbrmook Juoml Hkvkcfp-

oklt Tkpfrt `mcùcmtkh tjmt wfokls tftmc sjmrk fa wfre il mcc k`flfoi`

m`tivitiks m``fultkh afr ofrk tjml jmca (;0%) fa mcc prfhu`tivk m`tivity, dut

witjil tjis, pmih omrekt m`tivitiks rkprkskltkh flcy flk-tjirh fa tjkir

wfretjis `fopmrkh witj tjrkk-afurtjs fa okls wfre il pmih m`tivitiks.

Ms m rksuct, okl rk`kivk tjk cifls sjmrk fa il`fok mlh rk`fblitifl afr tjkir

k`flfoi` `fltridutifl5 wfokls wfre fl tjk ftjkr jmlh fatkl rkomils

ulrk`fblizkh mlh ulhkrvmcukh.

Pfur`k7[LH^ =99;.

lflomrektm`tivity

Mustrmcim

Mustrim

Dmlbcmhksj

@mlmhm

@fcfodim

Hklomre

Ailcmlh

Arml`k

Bkromly

BumtkomcmIlhflksim

Isrmkc

Itmcy

Eklym, rurmc

Eklym, urdml

Lkpmc, rurmc

Lkpmc, urdml

Lktjkrcmlhs

Lfrwmy

^jicippilks

[litkh Eilbhfo

[litkh Ptmtks

Qklkzukcm, T. D. hk8>> >

oilutks m hmy

8>>

lflomrektm`tivity

wfokl okl

omrektm`tivity

omrektm`tivity


41/262

=9

=.=.0 Ihkltiay Eky Hiaakrkl`ks il M``kss tf, mlh @fltrfc fa,

K`flfoi` Msskts mlh Tksfur`ks

Okl mlh wfokl hiaakr il fwlkrsjip fa, m``kss tf, mlh `fltrfc fa rksfur`ks. Xjis

il`cuhks cmlh mlh prfpkrty, m``kss tf ailml`k, khu`mtifl mlh citkrm`y ckvkcs, elfwc-

khbk, ilafromtifl mlh trmililb, mlh seiccs il dusilkss, omlmbkoklt, mlh omrekt-

ilb. It mcsf il`cuhks hiaakrkl`ks il fppfrtulitiks mlh `mpmìtiks afr hkìsifl

omeilb, ms rkack`tkh il wfokls cfw ckvkcs fa rkprkskltmtifl il dusilkss mssfìm-tifls, ckbiscmturks, mlh omlmbkoklt mlh dfmrhs fa privmtk sk`tfr `fopmliks.

Mlmcysis fa okls mlh wfokls k`flfoi` rfcks, afr kxmopck, is ciekcy tf sjfw tjmt


@jkècist fa Eky ]ukstifls mlh Ilafromtifl Pfur`ks

Il wji`j sk`tfrs hf wfokl mlh okl, rkspk`tivkcy, typi`mccy ilvkst mlhwfre6

Rjmt typk fa airos hf wfokl mlh okl tklh tf rul6

cmrbk/okhiuo/somcc/oi`rf

afromc/ilafromc

cf`mtifl, afr kxmopck, rurmc/urdml

ykmrs il fpkrmtifl

omlmbkoklt stru`turk

ckbmc afro, afr kxmopck, il`frpfrmtkh/ulil`frpfrmtkh

Rjmt ilafromtifl kxists fl tjk lflomrekt wfrecfmhs fa okl mlh wfoklmlh tjkir iopci`mtifls afr k`flfoi` mlh dusilkss m`tivity6

Mrk wfokl mlh okl cf`mtkh il hiaakrklt pmrts fa tjk suppcy `jmil6

Pfur`ks fa Ilafromtifl

Lmtiflmc stmtisti`s

Kltkrprisk Purvkys (www.kltkrprisksurvkys.frb)

Jfuskjfch survkys, il`cuhilb, wjkrk mvmicmdck, tiok-usk ofhucks

Purvkys fa oi`rf mlh somcc kltkrprisks

Afrkibl Ilvkstoklt Mhvisfry Pkrvi`k (AIMP) ilafromcity survkys

Hmtm arfo `jmodkrs fa `fookr k mlh dusilkss mssfìmtifls

Xiok-usk survkys mlh `msk stuhiks fa okls mlh wfokls wfrecfmhs witj

rkspk`t tf hfoksti` mlh k`flfoi` m`tivitiks

Ia pudcisjkh rkpfrts hf lft il`cuhk bklhkr-hismbbrkbmtkh hmtm, tjk rmw hmtm

dkjilh tjk rkpfrt omy dk mvmicmdck afr mlmcysis.


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4>

wfokl mrk ofrk prksklt il tjk ilafromc sk`tfr. Rmbk bmps pkrsist tjrfubjfut tjk

wfrch, ms hisùsskh il tjk iltrfhu`tfry `jmptkr. M aucc mlmcysis fa tjksk issuks is

dkyflh tjk s`fpk fa ml ilvkstoklt `ciomtk himblfsti`, dut m dmsi` ulhkrstmlhilbfa tjis `fltkxt is iopfrtmlt afr ilvkstoklt `ciomtk rkafro mlh afr pfssidck

afùskh `mpmìty-duichilb m`tivitiks.

=.4 Qikw Ilvkstoklt @ciomtk Tkafro witjil tjk Drfmhkr

Pfìmc mlh @ucturmc @fltkxt


Xjk Dkigilb cmtafro afr M`tifl klhfrsks m tmrbkt fa jmvilb mt ckmst 0> pkr`klt

fa hkìsifl-omeilb pfsitifls jkch dy wfokl. Xjis dkl`jomre is skkl ms tjk

oiliouo ckvkc mt wji`j wfokl akkc `flaihklt il pmrtiìpmtilb il hkìsifl-

omeilb prf`kssks mlh afr tjko tf jmvk ml iopm`t.

Mctjfubj it omy lft dk pfssidck fr mpprfprimtk il tjk `fltkxt fa ml ilvkstoklt

`ciomtk mlmcysis tf ulhkrtmek m aucc msskssoklt fa bklhkr rkcmtifls, sfok ulhkr-stmlhilb fa tjk drfmhkr sfìmc mlh ùcturmc klvirfloklt is ksskltimc tf hkvkcfp

wfremdck sfcutifls. Rjkrk trmhitiflmc ùcturmc vmcuks mlh ilafromc rucks iljidit

wfokls mdicity tf pmrtiìpmtk il tjk k`flfoy, rkafros, jfwkvkr dklkaiìmc il

@jkècist fa Eky ]ukstifls

Hf okl mlh wfokl jmvk kqumc cmlh mlh prfpkrty ribjts6

Hf okl mlh wfokl jmvk kqumc m``kss tf ailml`k6

Rjmt hiaakrkl`ks kxist dktwkkl okl mlh wfokl il khu`mtifl mlh citkrm`yckvkcs6

Jfw wkcc mrk okl mlh wfokl rkprkskltkh il tjk ckbiscmturk, dusilkss

mssfìmtifls, privmtk sk`tfr omlmbkoklt, mlh dfmrhs6


Lmtiflmc stmtisti`s

Kltkrprisk Purvkys (www.kltkrprisksurvkys.frb)

Jfuskjfch survkys, il`cuhilb, wjkrk mvmicmdck, tiok-usk ofhucks

Purvkys fa oi`rf mlh somcc kltkrprisks mlh ailmlìmc ilstitutifls Hmtm arfo `jmodkrs fa `fookr`k, dusilkss mssfìmtifls, mlh tjk

privmtk sk`tfr

@KHMR rkpfrts mlh sjmhfw rkpfrts

Afùs brfup hisùssifls (ABHs) mlh iltkrvikws witj wfokl il dusilkss

(dusilkss afruos)


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44/262

44

omck pkroissifl tf trmvkc fr tf fdtmil m pmsspfrt (Lmdci mlh @jmocfu 4>>8). 8 Il

tjk dusilkss klvirfloklt, tjis ckmhs tf tjk pkr`kptifl tjmt wfokl mrk lft skri-

fus ms dusilkss pkfpck mlh tjkrkafrk `ml dk trkmtkh hisoissivkcy dy ailmlìmc ilsti-tutifls fr ftjkr skrvi`k prfvihkrs. Pu`j rkstri`tifls omy lft mcwmys dk afulh il

afromc cmws mlh rkbucmtifls, mlh omy lft dk ihkltiaikh ia flk flcy cffes mt dusilkss-

rkcmtkh cmws. M drfmhkr cffe mt tjk ckbmc klvirfloklt, ms hisùsskh il sk`tifl =.0,

is rkquirkh. Pfìfùcturmc am`tfrs, tjfubj fatkl pkr`kivkh ms futsihk tjk armok fa

rkakrkl`k fa ilvkstoklt `ciomtk rkafro wfre, mrk kckokltmc afr`ks sjmpilb tjk

klvirfloklt il wji`j wfokl fpkrmtk mlh `flskqukltcy hkskrvk pmrtiùcmr mlh

ribfrfus mttkltifl il mhhrkssilb tjk bklhkr hioklsifls fa ilvkstoklt `ciomtk

rkafro. @flvkltiflmc ilvkstoklt `ciomtk rkafro mhvisfry prfgk`ts omy lft dk mdck

tf mhhrkss tjksk `fopckx sfìmc mlh ùcturmc issuks hirk`tcy5 tjkrkafrk, rkafro prfg-k`ts lkkh tf dk hksiblkh `fblizmlt fa tjksk issuks mlh wjkrk tjky oibjt maak`t

iltklhkh fut`foks.

=.0 Mlmcyzk tjk Ckbmc Ptmtus fa Okl mlh Rfokl

Omly `fultriks jmvk kltkrkh iltf iltkrlmtiflmc `fooitoklts tf bklhkr kqumcity

(skk mllkx M). Dut iltkrlmtiflmc fdcibmtifls lfromccy rkquirk hfoksti` ckbiscmtifl

tf drilb tjko iltf kaak`t, mlh arkqukltcy hfoksti` cmws mrk lft il aucc `fopciml`k

witj iltkrlmtiflmc kqumcity fdcibmtifls.M `fultrys `flstitutifl fr ftjkr fvkrmr`jilb cmw `ml `fltmil prfvisifls rkcmt-

ilb tf bklhkr kqumcity tf m brkmtkr fr cksskr kxtklt (dfx 0). Jfwkvkr, ms witj iltkrlm-

tiflmc `fooitoklts, cmws tjmt hf lft `fopcy witj `flstitutiflmc bumrmltkks fa

kqumcity omy kxist. Ofrkfvkr, kqumcity prfvisifls omy lft kxtklh tf privmtk trmlsm`-

tifls, su`j ms `rkhit mppci`mtifls. Xjus, iltkrlmtiflmc mlh `flstitutiflmc bumrmltkks

fa kqumcity omy jmvk cioitkh hirk`t kaak`ts, mctjfubj tjk fdcibmtifl tf `fopcy witj

tjko, mcflbsihk ftjkr bklhkr kqumcity fooitoklts m fultry jms omhk (hisùsskh

il sk`tifl 4.0), ml dk ml iopfrtmlt hrivkr afr rkafro.

Rjkl mlmcyzilb cmws mlh rkbucmtifls tjmt maak`t wfokls k`flfoi` pmrtiìpm-tifl, it is `riti`mc tf pmy mttkltifl tf tjfsk tjmt dftj hirk`tcy (dusilkss rkbistrmtifl,

cmdfr cmw) mlh ilhirk`tcy (amoicy cmw, iljkritml`k cmw) maak t wfokls `mpmìty tf

pmrtiìpmtk il tjk privmtk sk`tfr. Il mhhitifl, kspkìmccy il `foofl cmw gurishi`-

tifls, guhbk-omhk `msk cmw `ml dk ilstru`tivk mdfut prkvmicilb mttituhks tf

wfokls k`flfoi` kopfwkroklt. Il sfok `foofl cmw `fultriks, wfokls

brfups mrk skkeilb tf usk strmtkbi` citibmtifl tf pusj tjk dfulhmriks mlh jmccklbk

ckbmc prfvisifls tjmt his`rioilmtk mbmilst wfokl.

Il tjk Oihhck Kmst, afr kxmopck, m rk`klt rkpfrt lftkh tjmt dusilkss mlh k`flfoi`

cmws mrk lft m prfdcko afr wfokl kltrkprklkurs, dut tjmt ftjkr cmws mrk (@jmocfu4>>:). [lhkrstmlhilb tjk dusilkss klvirfloklt afr wfokl kltrkprklkurs rkquirks

kxmoililb jfw cmws mrk mppcikh il tjk `fltkxt fa lfros tjmt ms`ridk pmrtiùcmr rfcks

tf wfokl (dfx 8).



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40


DFZ 0 @flstitutiflmc Bklhkr-Kqumcity ^rfvisifls il

Pkck`tkh Mari`ml @fultriks

[bmlhms `flstitutifl prfvihks afr kqumcity dktwkkl okl mlh wfokl mlh

afr maairomtivk m`tifl wjkrk su`j kqumcity hfks lft kxist.

Eklyms `flstitutifl mcsf prfvihks afr bklhkr kqumcity, dut kxkopts

arfo its lflhis`rioilmtifl prfvisifls okodkrs fa m pmrtiùcmr tridk fr

rm`k witj rkspk`t tf tjk mppci`mtifl fa tjkir ùstfomry cmw. @ustfomry

cmw is mhoilistkrkh dy trmhitiflmc ckmhkrs (afr kxmopck, kchkrs) mlh cf`mc

mutjfritiks (bfvkrloklt mppfiltkh `jikas), mlh ulhkr tjk Guhi`mturk M`t

omy mcsf dk mppcikh il tjk afromc `furt systko il sf amr ms it is mppci`m-

dck mlh is lft rkpublmlt tf gusti`k mlh ofrmcity fr il`flsistklt witj mlywrittkl cmw.

Pwmzicmlh jms rmtiaikh iltkrlmtiflmc `flvkltifls (@KHMR mlh tjk

Rfokls Tibjts ^rftf`fc tf tjk Mari`ml @jmrtkr fl Juoml mlh ^kfpcks

Tibjts), mlh its `flstitutifl prfvihks afr kqumcity dktwkkl bklhkrs mlh

rk`fblizks wfokls prfpkrty ribjts. Jfwkvkr, tjk ùstfomry cmw prf-

jidits wfokl arfo fwlilb cmlh fr kltkrilb iltf m `fltrm`t witjfut m omck

rkcmtivks `flsklt. Kvkl witj `flsklt m wfoml cmès ckbmc pkrsflmcity, sf

sjk `mllft rkbistkr ms tjk titck fwlkr fa m hkkh. Xjk `flstitutifl stmtks

tjmt m wfoml sjmcc lft dk `fopkcckh tf ulhkrbf fr upjfch mly ùstfo

sjk fppfsks, dut klafr`koklt is prfdckomti`.Pfur`k7 Mutjfrs rkskmr`j fa `flstitutiflmc prfvisifls mlh ùstfomry cmw.

DFZ 8 Amoicy mlh Dusilkss il tjk Oihhck Kmst

Il tjk Oihhck Kmst mcc flstitutifls ihkltiay tjk amoicy, rmtjkr tjml tjk ilhivi-humc, ms tjk `kltrmc ulit fa sfìkty. ^rkskrvilb tjk amoicy is ml iopfrtmlt

huty fa tjk stmtk, wji`j bumrmltkks mlh prftk`ts tjk amoicy tjrfubj its

mutjfrity mlh ilstitutifls. Ritjfut kx`kptifl, `flstitutifls dmskh fl tjk

amoicy (ilsihk mlh futsihk tjk rkbifl) `flsihkr tjk oml ms tjk omil drkmh-

willkr mlh tjk jkmh fa tjk amoicy mlh tjk wfoml ms m wiak mlh oftjkr

rkcyilb fl trmhitiflmc bklhkr rfcks mlh bklhkr-dmskh hivisifls fa cmdfr.

Xjksk `flstitutifls trkmt wfokls k`flfoi` rfck ms ullk`kssmry fr sk`-

flhmry. Xjis mpprfm`j fatkl trmlscmtks iltf fvkrprftk`tivk cmws fr bkl-

hkrkh ckbmc iltkrprktmtifls il `msks fa modibuitiks. Fdkhikl`k cmws, afr

kxmopck, wji`j mrk futsihk dusilkss ckbiscmtifl, fdcibmtk wfokl tf fdky

tjkir jusdmlhs. Il ofst `msks m wfomls hisfdkhikl`k ml dk brfulhs afrhivfr`k mlh cfss fa `jich ùstfhy. M jfst fa ftjkr cmws mios tf klsurk tjk

(@fltilukh)


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DFZ 8 Amoicy mlh Dusilkss il tjk Oihhck Kmst (@fltilukh)

jusdmlhs mutjfrity fvkr tjk amoicy mlh jis wiak, afr kxmopck, rkquirilb

wfokl tf fdtmil tjk pkroissifl fa jusdmlhs tf wfre, fdtmil pmsspfrts, fr

trmvkc. Tkquirilb pkroissifl tf fdtmil pmsspfrts fr trmvkc is m sibliai`mlt

iopkhioklt tf hfilb dusilkss. Fdtmililb m cfml `ml dk jmrhkr ms wkcc.

Mctjfubj dmleilb cmws hf lft his`rioilmtk mbmilst akomck dfrrfwkrs, tjk

prm`ti`k fa dmles m`rfss omly `fultriks is tf mse afr tjk jusdmlh ms m

`fsiblkr, kvkl ia jk cmès tjk ailmlìmc rksfur`ks fr is lft ilvfcvkh il tjk

vklturk. Xjk iltklt is tf klsurk tjmt tjk wfomls m`tifls hf lft iltkrakrk

witj tjk wisjks fa tjk amoicy fr jkr jusdmlh.

Pfur`k7@jmocfu 4>>:.

@jkècist fa Eky ]ukstifls

Rji`j iltkrlmtiflmc trkmty fdcibmtifls hfks tjk fultry jmvk il rkcmtifl tf

bklhkr kqumcity6

Xf wjmt kxtklt jmvk tjksk fdcibmtifls dkkl il`frpfrmtkh iltf hfoksti` cmw6

Rjmt hfks tjk `fultrys `flstitutifl fr ftjkr fvkrmr`jilb cmw smy mdfut

kqumcity dktwkkl bklhkrs6

Ia tjk `flstitutifl prfvihks afr kqumcity dktwkkl bklhkrs, jfw is tjis prfvi-

sifl fpkrmtiflmcizkh il tjk ulhkrcyilb ckbmc armokwfre6

Mrk tjkrk mly kx kptifls tf m flstitutiflmc kqumcity prfvisifl, afr kxmopck,

mccfwilb ùstfomry cmw tf prkvmic il sfok ìrùostml`ks6

Mrk tjkrk cmws tjmt his`rioilmtk mbmilst wfokl il rkcmtifl tf amoicy, omr-

rimbk, mlh prfpkrty fr iljkritml`k ribjts5 mbk fa omgfrity5 fr mdicity tf trmvkc6

Il m `foofl cmw `fultry, is tjkrk rk`klt `msk cmw fl wfokls ribjts, afr

ilstml`k, prfpkrty ribjts6

Mrk tjkrk pmrmcckc ckbmc systkos, afr kxmopck, rkcibifus fr ùstfomry cmw6 Ia

sf, jfw hf tjky trkmt rkcmtifls dktwkkl bklhkrs6


Oilistry fa afrkibl maamirs (iltkrlmtiflmc `fooitoklts)

Oilistry fa gusti`k fr ckbmc hmtmdmsks (`flstitutiflmc mlh ckbiscmtivk armok-

wfre)5 cmwykrs spkìmcizilb il bklhkr issuks (afr kxmopck, tjk cf`mc drml`j

fa AIHM-Iltkrlmtiflmc Akhkrmtifl fa Rfokl Cmwykrs) Tkpfrts fa iltkrlmtiflmc LBFs fl wfokls ribjts

@fultry rkpfrts fl @KHMR mlh sjmhfw @KHMR rkpfrts


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=.8 Ihkltiay Cmws, Tkbucmtifls, ^rf`khurks, mlh Dusilkss Fdstm`cks

Xjmt Mrk ^kr`kivkh Hiaakrkltcy dy Okl mlh Rfokl

Xffcs tf ihkltiay ilvkstoklt ciomtk flstrmilts lkkh tf mpturk tjfsk tjmt jmvk iopm`t

fl wfokl ms wkcc ms tjfsk tjmt maak`t okl. Pfok `flstrmilts omy maak`t okls mlh

wfokls dusilkssks hiaakrkltcy, mlh survkys lkkh tf dk hksiblkh tf `mpturk tjksk hiaakr-

kl`ks. Afr kxmopck, tjk Rfrch Dmle rk`kltcy ulhkrtffe m survky il kibjt Oihhck Kmst

mlh Lfrtj Mari`m `fultriks. @flstrmilts tjmt maak`tkh wfokl, dut lft okl, il`cuhkh

ilmdicity tf kltkr m dusilkss rkbistrmtifl faai`k witjfut m omck rkcmtivk, trmvkc witjfut

omck pkroissifl, fr jkè iltf m jftkc fl tjkir fwl.;

Pfok `flstrmilts omy cioit dftj wfokl mlh okl dut jmvk m hisprfpfrtifl-

mtk iopm`t fl flk fr tjk ftjkr. Afr kxmopck, tjkrk is kvihkl`k tjmt wfokl mrk

ofrk ciekcy tf suaakr arfo jmrmssoklt mlh rkquksts afr dridks wjkl iltkrm`tilb

witj pudci` faaiìmcs tjml tjkir omck `fultkrpmrts. M stuhy il Ilhim afulh tjmt

wfokl jmh tf wmit fl mvkrmbk 02 pkr`klt cflbkr tjml okl tf skk tjk smok cf`mc

bfvkrloklt faaiìmc. Rfokl fa rfubjcy tjk smok il`fok ms okl wkrk tjrkk tioks

ofrk ciekcy tf dk qukuk-guopkh, mlh =1 pkr`klt fa wfokl rkpfrtkh skxumc

jmrmssoklt arfo cf`mc bfvkrloklt faaiìmcs.1 M survky il Dmlbcmhksj afulh tjmt

bfvkrloklt faaiìmcs wkrk ofrk ciekcy tf tmrbkt akomck mppci`mlts afr ilafromc

spkkh pmyoklts dk`musk tjky wkrk mssuokh tf jmvk m omck prfvihkr. 2 Il tjk

Mrmd Tkpudci` fa Kbypt, `flstrmilts mppkmr il sfoktioks surprisilb wmys (dfx ;).


DFZ ; KbyptPudtck Bklhkr Hiaakrkl`ks il Ilvkstoklt @ciomtk

@flstrmilts

Xjkrk mrk sfok bklhkr-rkcmtkh hiaakrkl`ks il Kbypts ilvkstoklt `ciomtk.

Kbyptiml akomck-fwlkh airos mrk ofrk ciekcy tjml omck-fwlkh airos tf

pkr`kivk m``kss tf cmlh mlh kck`triìty ms prfdckos. Xjis ailhilb is `fl-

airokh dy mhhitiflmc mlmcysis, wji`j sudstmltimtks hiaakrkl`ks afr kck`tri`-

ity tjrfubj tjk fdgk`tivk f`ùrrkl`k fa prfdckos. Kbyptiml akomck-fwlkh

airos rkpfrt m ykmrcy mvkrmbk fa =8 hmys fa iltkrruptifl arfo pfwkr futmbks

fr surbks arfo tjk pudci` brih, `fopmrkh witj => hmys rkpfrtkh dy omck-

fwlkh airos. It is hiaaiùct tf kxpcmil tjk rfft `musks. Ofrk iltkrkstilb is

tjmt akomck-fwlkh airos rkpfrt jibjkr cfssks dk`musk fa tjksk prfdckos

(2 pkr`klt fa tftmc smcks, `fopmrkh witj ; pkr`klt afr omck-fwlkh airos).

Kbyptiml akomck-fwlkh airos mcsf rkpfrt jibjkr ckbmc `flstrmilts. Xjis hia-

akrkl`k, tjfubj lft stmtisti`mccy sibliai`mlt, is `flairokh dy tjk f`ùrrkl`k

fa fdgk`tivk fdstm`cks. Fl mvkrmbk, akomck-fwlkh airos lkkh :1 wkkes

tf rksfcvk hisputks fvkr fvkrhuk pmyoklts, kibjt ofltjs cflbkr tjml tjk;8 wkkes afr omck-fwlkh airos. Xjmt hiaakrkl`k is stmtisti`mccy sibliai`mlt.

Pfur`k7@jmocfu 4>>:.


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Kvkl wjkrk tjkrk is lf kxpciìt ckbmc fr rkbucmtfry rkstri`tifl, ùcturmc fr k`f-

lfoi` am`tfrs omy afr`k wfokl tf hkpklh fl okl tf m`t ms iltkrokhimriks witj

stmtk faaiìmcs. Ms m rksuct, wfokls iltkrm`tifls witj faaiìmcs mrk ckss kaaiìklt mlhwfokls `jfi`k is rkstri`tkh.:

Pfur`ks afr bklhkr-hismbbrkbmtkh hmtm fl ilvkstoklt `ciomtk `flstrmilts

il`cuhk Rfrch Dmle Kltkrprisk Purvkys, jfuskjfch survkys, AIMP ilafromcity

survkys, hmtm arfo `jmodkrs fa `fookr`k mlh dusilkss mssfìmtifls (pmrtiù-

cmrcy wfokls dusilkss mssfìmtifls), hmtm arfo lmtiflmc mlh iltkrlmtiflmc

LBFs ilvfcvkh il prfoftilb wfokl il privmtk sk`tfr hkvkcfpoklt, IA@ Qfi`ks

fa Rfokl Kltrkprklkurs rkpfrts, mlh ICF Tkpfrts.9

Rfrch Dmle Kltkrprisk Purvkys mlh ftjkr hmtm sfur`ks mccfw pfci`y omekrs tf

mhhrkss tjk kxtklt tf wji`j ilvkstoklt `ciomtk `flstrmilts, su`j ms tjfsk `mpturkhil tjk Hfilb Dusilkss rkpfrts, mrk pkr`kivkh il tjk smok wmy, fr hiaakrkltcy, dy okls

mlh wfokls dusilkssks. Rjkrk su`j hiaakrkl`ks kxist, aurtjkr prfdilb wicc dk lk`-

kssmry tf ulhkrstmlh wjy mlh tf hkvkcfp sfcutifls, afr kxmopck, ia tjk prfdcko

rkcmtks tf wfokls iltkrm`tifl witj omck faaiìmcs. Xmdck 0 iccustrmtks, afr tjk smok


@jkècist fa Eky Issuks

Rjkl hkvkcfpilblkw survky ilstruoklts7

Klsurk tjmt wfokl ms wkcc ms okl mrk ilvfcvkh il qukstifl afroucmtifl mlh

tjmt tjfubjt is bivkl tf ihkltiayilb spkìai` `flstrmilts tjmt omy maak`t flk

bklhkr fr tjk ftjkr

Klsurk omck-akomck dmcml`k il survky smopck brfupspicft mlh ailmc

Rjkl mlmcyzilbsurvky rksucts7

Rji`j ilvkstoklt `ciomtk `flstrmilts mrk pkr`kivkh il tjk smok wmy,

fr hiaakrkltcy, dy okls mlh wfokls dusilkssks6

Rjmt is tjk rkcmtivk prifrity tjmt wfokl mlh okl put fl mhhrkssilb

hiaakrklt ilvkstoklt `ciomtk `flstrmilts6

Mrk tjkrk flstrmilts tjmt mrk spkìai` tf wfokl6


Kltkrprisk Purvkys (Rfrch Dmle)5 Rfrch K`flfoi` Afruo

Bklhkr Bmp rkpfrts

Bcfdmc Kltrkprklkursjip Oflitfr rkpfrts

@KHMR rkpfrts

Tkpfrts fa lmtiflmc mlh iltkrlmtiflmc LBFs fl tjk stmtus fa wfokl Iltkrvikws mlh afùs brfups witj dusilkss mssfìmtifls mlh frbmlizmtifls


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Xmdck 07 Kltrkprklkurs Ihkltiayilb Pkck`tkh Fdstm`cks ms Omgfr fr Pkvkrk, dy Bklhkr

Fdstm`ck

@fultry/Ykmrfa survky

M``kss tfcmlh Peiccs @frruptifl

@riok, tjkat,hisfrhkr

Crkb

A O A O A O A O A

Mlbfcm 4>>1 =; 41 => 44 44 02 42 0; 0

Dftswmlm 4>>1 0= 40 =: =8 40 44 =8 44 ;

Durulhi 4>>1 49 0> =4 => 48 =8 4= =2 >

@flbf, Hko. Tkp. fa 4>>1 48 =; =8 =; =: =: 0> 4> =8

Kbypt, Mrmd Tkp. fa 4>>1 49 4> 0; 01 ;9 10 . . 48

Ktjifpim 4>>4 1= 10 =8 =; 81 80 : == >

Omhmbms`mr 4>>; =: 44 04 42 8= 8: 84 0; =9

Omuritmlim 4>>1 =8 49 41 =; 4= =; > 8 >

Ofrf``f 4>>8 0: 8; 01 4> =1 =1 9 : =:

Lmoidim 4>>1 =9 =8 =0 48 41 =: 41 41 9

Pfutj Mari`m 4>>0 1 0 =9 0> =9 =1 0; 04 =1

Xmlzmlim 4>>0 49 49 ;8 49

[bmlhm 4>>1 =0 44 9 9 4; 4> =; =8 =

Pfur`k7Kltkrprisk Purvky hmtm (vmrifus ykmrs) il Rfrch Dmle/RKA/MaHD 4>>2. Xjk aiburks rkprksklt pkr`kltmbks.


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`fultriks il`cuhkh il tmdck 4, sfok fa tjk mrkms il wji`j okl mlh wfokl pkr`kivk

ilvkstoklt `ciomtk fdstm`cks hiaakrkltcy.

[sumccy lf flk fdstm`ck is `fooflcy pkr`kivkh ms m `flstrmilt dy mcc wfoklkltrkprklkurs, lfr is tjkrk mly flk `fultry wjkrk mcc fdstm`cks mrk pkr`kivkh dy

wfokl kltrkprklkurs ms m `flstrmilt. @flskqukltcy, `fultry- mlh sk`tfr-spkìai`

mlmcysis is lk`kssmry tf dkttkr ulhkrstmlh wji`j flstrmilts mrk dilhilb, tf wjfo,

mlh il wji`j ìrùostml`ks. Rjkrk pudcisjkh rkpfrts hf lft il`cuhk bklhkr-

hismbbrkbmtkh hmtm, tjk rmw survky hmtm omy dk mvmicmdck afr mlmcysis.

=.; Klsurk Rfokls Qfi`ks Mrk Jkmrh mlh Issuks Amìlb Rfokl il

Dusilkss Mrk Tmiskh

Bklhkr-mwmrk himblfsti`s fa tjk ckbmc mlh rkbucmtfry klvirfloklt lkkh tf dk

`flhu`tkh il `cfsk `fccmdfrmtifl witj eky wfokls mssfìmtifls, ìvic sfìkty

brfups, tjk dusilkss `fooulity, mlh bfvkrloklt `fultkrpmrts. Il mhhitifl tf

ihkltiayilb bklhkr dmrrikrs tf brfwtj

gender dimensions of investment climate reform: a guide for policy makers and practitioners

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