gene basics lecture
DESCRIPTION
Molecular biology starts with an understanding of structure and functions of genes and their components,TRANSCRIPT
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(Primer on Molecular Genetics. DOE Human Genome 1991-92 Program Report.)
The Genome at 4 Levels of Detail
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DNA Contains Four Bases that Base-Pair Complementarily
A-TG-C
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Species Genome Site (Mbp/1C)
Arabidopsis thaliana 145Oryza sativa ssp. Indica 419-463Sorghum bicolor 748-772Lycopersicon exculentum 907-1000Solanum tuberosum (2n=4X) 1597-1862Nicotiana plumbaginfolia 2287Zea mays 2292-2716Pisum sativum 3947-4397Nicotiana tabacum (2n=4X) 4221-4646Hordeum vulgare 4873Triticum aestivum (2n=6X) 15,966Tulipa sp. 24,704-30,687Homo sapiens 3500Drosophila melanogaster 165Caenorhabditis elegans 100Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4Escherichia coli 4
(Arumuganathan and Earl. 1991. Plant Mol Biol Rep 9:208-218)
Nuclear Genome Sizes
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(Cooper. 1997. The Cell. ASM Press.)
The Range of Genome Sizes
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(Lewin. 2000. Genes VII. Oxford Universiy Press.)
DNA Content of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
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(Lewin. 2000. Genes VII. Oxford Universiy Press.)
Proportion of SequenceComponents Vary in Eukaryotic Genomes
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AnthocyaninsPhobaphenes
Malonyl-CoA+coumaroyl-CoA
Chalcone
Flavan-4-ol
Flavanone
Dihydroflavonol
A1
Bz1
A1
C2C2
R/B
PI
Vp1
R/B
C1P
Flavan-3,4-diol
3-Hydroxy-anthocyanidine
(ABA)
(Doebley. 1993. Cur Op Gen Devel 3:865-872.)
Genetic Control of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Zea mays
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(Cooper. 1997. The Cell. ASM Press.)
Many Genes Exist as Families
- Different globin genes are expressed at different developmental stages.
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Nucleus
Plastid
Mitochondria
Compartmentalization of Plant Genetic Material
(Westoff et al. 1998. Molecular Plant Development. Oxford University Press.)
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(Primer on Molecular Genetics. DOE Human Genome 1991-1992 Program Report.)
Gene Expression = DNA mRNA Protein
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(Kreuzer and Massey. 1996. Recombinant DNA Technology. ASM Press.)
DNA Base Sequence Determines Protein Amino Acid Sequence
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(Kreuzer and Massey. 1996. Recombinant DNA Technology. ASM Press.)
Amino Acid Sequence Determines 3-Dimensional Protein Structure
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(Alcamo. 1999. DNA Technology, 2nd Ed. Harcourt Press.)
Sickle Cell Anemia and Protein Structure
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(Lewin. 2000. Genes VII. Oxford Universiy Press.)
Genome Sizes, Gene Numbers, and Lethal Loci
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(Ahn and Tanksley. 1993. PNAS 90:7980-7984.)
Genome Colinearity in Zea mays and
Oryza sativa
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(Kreuzer and Massey. 1996. Recombinant DNA Technology. ASM Press.)
Evolutionary Tree Basedon Amino Acid Sequence
for Cytochrome C
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TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
Regulatory Elements
Where When HowMuch
Promoter Gene Terminator
STOPGO
mRNA
Protein
Cell Receptor
DNA Encodes Genes and Contains Signals for Their Control
External Signal
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(Cooper. 1997. The Cell. ASM Press.)
Most Eukaryotic Genes Contain Introns (non-coding regions)
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(Alcamo. 1999. DNA Technology,2nd Ed. Harcourt Press.)
Restriction Enzymes
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(Alcamo. 1999. DNA Technology, 2nd Ed. Harcourt Press.)
Electrophoresis
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(Alcamo. 1999. DNA Technology,2nd Ed. Harcourt Press.)
DNA Separation byElectrophoresis and
Detection by SouthernHybridization
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Construction of Recombinant DNA Molecules
(Alcamo. 1999. DNA Technology, 2nd Ed. Harcourt Press.)
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(Alcamo. 1999. DNA Technology, 2nd Ed. Harcourt Press.)
Boyer-Cohen Experimentof 1973
Plasmids are small, circularDNA molecules that can replicate independently in a host cell.
Foreign DNA inserted intoplasmids can generate millions of copies of the inserted gene.
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(Alcamo. 1999. DNA Technology,
2nd Ed. Harcourt Press.)
DNA Technology
* Gene Cloning* Protein Expression
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(Primer on Molecular Genetics.DOE Human Genome Project1991-1992 Program Report.)
PCR:in vitro DNAAmplification
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Construction of Genomicand cDNA Libraries
(Miesfeld. 1999. Applied Molecular Genetics. Wiley-Liss, Inc.)
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(Primer on Molecular Genetics.DOE Human Genome Project1991-1992 Program Report.)
Constructing Clonesfor Sequencing
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(Primer on Molecular Genetics. DOE Human Genome 1991-1992 Program Report.)
Cloning a Gene by Chromosome Walking
![Page 29: Gene Basics Lecture](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020207/55721066497959fc0b8d1b97/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
(Primer on Molecular Genetics. DOE Human Genome 1991-1992 Program Report.)
Types of Genome Maps