gene expression
DESCRIPTION
Gene Expression. Gene: contains the recipe for a protein. 1. is a specific region of DNA on a chromosome. 2. codes for a specific mRNA. mRNA: exits the nucleus and associates with ribosomes. 1. carries the code for a specific protein to the cytoplasm. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Gene ExpressionGene: contains the recipe for a protein
1. is a specific region of DNA on a chromosome2. codes for a specific mRNA
![Page 2: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
mRNA: exits the nucleus and associates with ribosomes
1. carries the code for a specific protein to the cytoplasm2. primary structure of a protein is encoded by the mRNA base sequences
3. sequence of mRNA bases is encoded by DNA (genes)
![Page 3: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Two processes involved:1. transcription - mRNA synthesis (copy the code)2. translation - protein synthesis (translate the code)
![Page 4: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
DNA StructureA. Rosalind Franklin
X-ray crystallographyDNA exists as a helix
![Page 5: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
B. Watson and Crick1. DNA is a double helix2. two complementary strands
![Page 6: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Nucleic AcidsA. Building blocks are nucleotides
1. 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)2. phosphate group3. nitrogenous/organic base (varies)
![Page 7: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
B. DNA is a polymer made using 4 different nucleotides- the four nucleotides differ only in their bases
![Page 8: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
D. Nucleotides are bonded via their phosphate groups 1. phosphate binds to a sugar of another nucleotide2. sugars and phosphates form a “backbone” 3. bases project from backbone (forming side chains)
![Page 10: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
4. H bonds form between bases of opposing side chainsa. DNA is double strandedb. forms a double helix
![Page 11: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Double helix:
![Page 12: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
E. Law of complementary base-pairing (Chargaff’s rules)1. adenine to thymine2. guanine to cytosine
![Page 13: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The sequence of bases in one chain (strand) determines the sequence of bases in the other chain.
![Page 14: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
F. RNA structure (3 major differences with DNA)1. sugar is ribose2. uracil instead of thymine 3. single-stranded
![Page 15: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
G. Classes of RNA1. mRNA: carries coded info to the ribosomes
![Page 16: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
G. Classes of RNA1. mRNA: carries coded info to the ribosomes2. rRNA: structural molecule of ribosomes
![Page 17: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
G. Classes of RNA1. mRNA: carries coded info to the ribosomes2. rRNA: structural molecule of ribosomes 3. tRNA: brings amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis
![Page 18: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
All three types of RNA necessary for protein synthesis.
![Page 19: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
DNA ReplicationA. Copying of DNA
done before mitosis (S phase)
![Page 20: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
DNA ReplicationB. Process
1. unzip the double helix2. each strand used as a template3. complementary strands constructed4. new DNA molecules identical to the original5. enzyme (DNA polymerase) also “proofreads”
![Page 21: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
DNA ReplicationB. Process
1. unzip the double helix2. each strand used as a template3. complementary strands constructed4. new DNA molecule identical to the original5. enzyme (DNA polymerase) also “proofreads”
![Page 22: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
TranscriptionOnly a few genes usually active at any one time in a cell.
If a gene is active, then coded info in gene must be copied onto an mRNA molecule.
Transcription = DNA-directed RNA synthesis.
![Page 23: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
A. Transcription occurs in the nucleusB. RNA polymerase
1. unzips DNA double helix2. only at area to be transcribed
![Page 24: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
3. H bonds between strands are broken4. mRNA is built using one DNA strand as template
![Page 25: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
C. Formed mRNA detaches from template DNA (gene)D. Can make many copies quickly if needed
![Page 26: Gene Expression](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56815353550346895dc164a5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
E. Post-transcriptional modifications1. removal of introns2. exons spliced together