general anatomy of urinary system
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General Anatomy ofGeneral Anatomy of
Urinary SystemUrinary System
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URINARY SYSTEM ORGANSURINARY SYSTEM ORGANS
Kidneys (2)Kidneys (2)
Ureters (2)Ureters (2)
Urinary bladder Urinary bladder UrethraUrethra
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KIDNEY FUNCTIONSKIDNEY FUNCTIONS
Control blood volume and compositionControl blood volume and composition
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KIDNEY FUNCTIONSKIDNEY FUNCTIONS
Filter blood plasma, eliminate astesFilter blood plasma, eliminate astes !e"ulate blood volume, pressure!e"ulate blood volume, pressure !e"ulate fluid osmolarity!e"ulate fluid osmolarity
Secrete reninSecrete renin Secrete erythropoietin (#$%)Secrete erythropoietin (#$%)
!e"ulate $!e"ulate $C%C%22, Acid&'ase balance, Acid&'ase balance
Synthesie calcitriol (itamin *)Synthesie calcitriol (itamin *)
*eto+ify free radicals, dru"s*eto+ify free radicals, dru"s Gluconeo"enesisGluconeo"enesis
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EXCRETIONEXCRETION
Removal of wastesRemoval of wastes !espiratory system!espiratory system
C%C%22, ater , ater
nte"umentary systemnte"umentary system -ater, salts, lactic acid, urea-ater, salts, lactic acid, urea
*i"estive system*i"estive system -ater, salts, C%-ater, salts, C%22, lipids, bile pi"ments, cholesterol,, lipids, bile pi"ments, cholesterol,
etc.etc. Urinary systemUrinary system
/etabolic astes, to+ins, dru"s, hormones, salts, 0/etabolic astes, to+ins, dru"s, hormones, salts, 011,,ater ater
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KIDNEY ANATOMYKIDNEY ANATOMY
Protecte !" t#ree co$$ect%ve t%ss&eProtecte !" t#ree co$$ect%ve t%ss&ela"ersla"ers
!enal fascia!enal fascia Attaches to abdominal all Attaches to abdominal all
Adipose capsule Adipose capsule Fat cushionin" idneyFat cushionin" idney
!enal capsule!enal capsule Fibrous sacFibrous sac $rotects from trauma and infection$rotects from trauma and infection
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KIDNEY ANATOMYKIDNEY ANATOMY
Gross a$atom"Gross a$atom"
!enal sinus!enal sinus
!enal parenchyma!enal parenchyma
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KIDNEY ANATOMYKIDNEY ANATOMY
Re$al s%$&sRe$al s%$&s
Surrounded by renal parenchymaSurrounded by renal parenchyma
Contains blood 3 lymph vessels, nerves,Contains blood 3 lymph vessels, nerves,urine&collectin" structuresurine&collectin" structures
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KIDNEY ANATOMYKIDNEY ANATOMY
Re$al 'are$c#"maRe$al 'are$c#"ma
Glandular tissueGlandular tissue
Forms urineForms urine 4o ones4o ones
%uter corte+%uter corte+
nner medullanner medulla
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KIDNEY ANATOMYKIDNEY ANATOMY
Re$al 'are$c#"maRe$al 'are$c#"ma !enal pyramids!enal pyramids
#+tensions of corte+ (renal columns) divide medulla#+tensions of corte+ (renal columns) divide medullainto 5 6 78into 5 6 78 renal pyramidsrenal pyramids
$yramid 1 overlyin" corte+ 9 :obe$yramid 1 overlyin" corte+ 9 :obe $oint of pyramid 9 $apilla$oint of pyramid 9 $apilla $apilla nested in cup (minor caly+)$apilla nested in cup (minor caly+) 2 6 ; minor calices2 6 ; minor calices /a
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KIDNEY ANATOMY( NEP)RONSKIDNEY ANATOMY( NEP)RONS
Ne'#ro$sNe'#ro$s
Functional units of idneyFunctional units of idney
=7.2 million per idney=7.2 million per idney 4hree main parts4hree main parts
'lood vessels'lood vessels
!enal corpuscle!enal corpuscle !enal tubule!enal tubule
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NEP)RONSNEP)RONS
*loo vessels serv%c%$+ ,%$e"*loo vessels serv%c%$+ ,%$e"
Supplied by renal arterySupplied by renal artery
=27> or cardiac output=27> or cardiac output (/ass in only = 8.?>)(/ass in only = 8.?>)
Afferent arterioles Afferent arterioles
Capillary cluster ("lomerulus)Capillary cluster ("lomerulus)
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NEP)RONSNEP)RONS
*loo vessels serv%c%$+ ,%$e"*loo vessels serv%c%$+ ,%$e" GlomerulusGlomerulus
Fenestrated capillariesFenestrated capillaries
Capillary filtration in "lomerulus initiates urineCapillary filtration in "lomerulus initiates urineproductionproduction
Filtrate lacs cells 3 proteinsFiltrate lacs cells 3 proteins *rained by efferent arteriole*rained by efferent arteriole
$eritubular capillaries$eritubular capillaries !enal vein!enal vein
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NEP)RONSNEP)RONS
Re$al cor'&scleRe$al cor'&scle Glomerulus plus capsuleGlomerulus plus capsule Glomerulus enclosed in to&layered "lomerularGlomerulus enclosed in to&layered "lomerular
capsulecapsule @@'omans capsuleB'omans capsuleB Fluid filters from "lomerular capillariesFluid filters from "lomerular capillaries
@@Glomerular filtrateBGlomerular filtrateB
Fluid collects in capsular spaceFluid collects in capsular space Fluid flos into renal tubuleFluid flos into renal tubule
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NEP)RONSNEP)RONS
Re$al t&!&leRe$al t&!&le :eads from "lomerular capsule:eads from "lomerular capsule #nds at tip of medullary pyramid#nds at tip of medullary pyramid
=; cm lon"=; cm lon" Four ma
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NEP)RONSNEP)RONS
Re$al t&!&leRe$al t&!&le $ro+imal convoluted tubule ($C4)$ro+imal convoluted tubule ($C4) Arises from "lomerular capsule Arises from "lomerular capsule
:on"est, most coiled re"ion:on"est, most coiled re"ion $rominent microvilli$rominent microvilli
Function in absorptionFunction in absorption
/uch contact ith peritubular capillaries/uch contact ith peritubular capillaries
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NEP)RONSNEP)RONS
Re$al t&!&leRe$al t&!&le ephron loop (@:oop of 0enleB)ephron loop (@:oop of 0enleB) @@UB 6 shaped, distal to $C4UB 6 shaped, distal to $C4
*escendin" and ascendin" limbs*escendin" and ascendin" limbs 4hic se"ments4hic se"ments
Active transport of salts Active transport of salts 0i"h metabolism, many mitochondria0i"h metabolism, many mitochondria
4hin se"ments4hin se"ments $ermeable to ater $ermeable to ater :o metabolism:o metabolism
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NEP)RONSNEP)RONS
Re$al t&!&leRe$al t&!&le *istal convoluted tubule (*C4)*istal convoluted tubule (*C4) Coiled, distal to nephron loopCoiled, distal to nephron loop
Shorter than $C4Shorter than $C4 :ess coiled than $C4:ess coiled than $C4 ery fe microvilliery fe microvilli
Contacts afferent and efferent arteriolesContacts afferent and efferent arterioles(re"ulation imparted)(re"ulation imparted) Contact ith peritubular capillariesContact ith peritubular capillaries
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NEP)RONSNEP)RONS
Re$al t&!&lesRe$al t&!&les
Collectin" ductCollectin" duct
*C4s of several nephrons empty into a*C4s of several nephrons empty into acollectin" ductcollectin" duct
$asses into medulla$asses into medulla
Several mer"e into papillary duct (=;8 perSeveral mer"e into papillary duct (=;8 perpapilla)papilla)
*rain into minor caly+*rain into minor caly+
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URINE FORMATIONURINE FORMATION
Overv%ewOverv%ew
'lood plasma'lood plasma UrineUrine
Four stepsFour steps Glomerular filtrationGlomerular filtration
4ubular reabsorption4ubular reabsorption
4ubular secretion4ubular secretion -ater conservation-ater conservation
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URINE STORAGEURINE STORAGE
UretersUreters
Carry urine from idneys to urinaryCarry urine from idneys to urinary
bladder via peristalsisbladder via peristalsis !hythmic contraction of smooth muscle!hythmic contraction of smooth muscle
#nter bladder from belo#nter bladder from belo
$ressure from full bladder compresses$ressure from full bladder compressesureters and prevents bacfloureters and prevents bacflo
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URINE STORAGEURINE STORAGE
UretersUreters
Small diameter Small diameter
#asily obstructed or in
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URINE STORAGEURINE STORAGE
Ur%$ar" !laer Ur%$ar " !laer
/uscular sac/uscular sac
-rinles termed ru"ae-rinles termed ru"ae %penin"s of ureters common site for%penin"s of ureters common site for
bladder infectionbladder infection
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URINE E-IMINATIONURINE E-IMINATION
Uret#raUret#ra
Conveys urine from bodyConveys urine from body
nternal urethral sphincter nternal urethral sphincter !etains urine in bladder !etains urine in bladder Smooth muscle, involuntarySmooth muscle, involuntary
#+ternal urethral sphincter #+ternal urethral sphincter
$rovides voluntary control over voidin" of urine$rovides voluntary control over voidin" of urine
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URINE E-IMINATIONURINE E-IMINATION
Uret#raUret#ra
; 6 ? cm lon" in females; 6 ? cm lon" in females 'ound by connective tissue to anterior all of'ound by connective tissue to anterior all of
va"inava"ina
Urethral orifice e+its body beteen va"inalUrethral orifice e+its body beteen va"inal
orifice and clitorisorifice and clitoris
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URINE E-IMINATIONURINE E-IMINATION
Uret#raUret#ra
=7D cm lon" in males=7D cm lon" in males $rostatic urethra$rostatic urethra
E =2. cm lon", urinary bladder=2. cm lon", urinary bladder prostateprostate /embranous urethra/embranous urethra
E =8. cm, passes throu"h floor of pelvic cavity=8. cm, passes throu"h floor of pelvic cavity
$enile urethra$enile urethra
E =7 cm lon", passes throu"h penis=7 cm lon", passes throu"h penis
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URINE E-IMINATIONURINE E-IMINATION
Ur%$at%o$ .m%ct&r%t%o$/Ur%$at%o$ .m%ct&r%t%o$/ =288 ml of urine held=288 ml of urine held *istension initiates desire to void*istension initiates desire to void
nternal sphincter rela+es involuntarilynternal sphincter rela+es involuntarily Smooth muscleSmooth muscle
#+ternal sphincter voluntarily rela+es#+ternal sphincter voluntarily rela+es Seletal muscleSeletal muscle $oor control in infants$oor control in infants
'ladder muscle contracts'ladder muscle contracts Urine forces throu"h urethraUrine forces throu"h urethra