general anatomy & physiology—introduction to the human body

GENERAL ANATOMY & GENERAL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY—Introduction to PHYSIOLOGY—Introduction to

the Human Bodythe Human Body

How to use the Course How to use the Course PowerPointsPowerPoints

A good way to study the course material is A good way to study the course material is to follow the powerpoint while having the to follow the powerpoint while having the text open to the chapter. The pictures, text open to the chapter. The pictures, diagrams and tables are listed in the diagrams and tables are listed in the powerpoints. powerpoints.

LP1 Introduction to the Human LP1 Introduction to the Human BodyBody

This powerpoint corresponds to Chapter 1 in This powerpoint corresponds to Chapter 1 in the text. the text.

IntroductionIntroduction

Understanding ordersWriting reports

Communicating with other health care workers

Understanding how the body works

These are all examples of why it is important to learn anatomy and physiology.

Let’s start by looking at the definitions of anatomy and physiology…….

Anatomy--the study of the the study of the structurestructure of the human of the human body. body.

Physiology—the study of the function of the human body.

When studying anatomy and physiology it is always a good idea to think of how the structure of something affects its function……..

LearningLearning

How will you study for this course?How will you study for this course?

Any Suggestions?Any Suggestions?

This will depend on your learning style.

To find your learning style, go to:

www.vark-learn.com

If you are a visual learner…………

You may wish to use:

Pictures

Diagrams

Charts

Anatomy coloring book

If you are an auditory learner……

You may wish to use……

Tapes of notes or lectures

Discuss in study group

Recitation

If you are a kinesthetic learner…….

You may wish to use…..

Models

Dissections

If you are a Read-Write learner:

You may wish to use:

Hand-written notes

Texbook

Lab Manual

LearningLearning

Study TipsStudy Tips– Use anatomical terminology as often as Use anatomical terminology as often as

possible. (new language)possible. (new language)– Form small study groups. Form small study groups. – Repetition.Repetition.– Look at pictures and diagrams from other Look at pictures and diagrams from other

sources and try to name the parts. sources and try to name the parts.

Question:Question:

How would you define a living system?How would you define a living system?

What is the difference between living and What is the difference between living and non-living systems?non-living systems?

LifeLife

Characteristics of lifeCharacteristics of life– Movement Movement

– ResponsivenessResponsiveness

– GrowthGrowth

– ReproductionReproduction

– RespirationRespiration

– DigestionDigestion

– AbsorptionAbsorption

– CirculationCirculation

– AssimilationAssimilation

– ExcretionExcretion

Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life

MovementMovement– Change in position of organism or parts of organismChange in position of organism or parts of organism

ResponsivenessResponsiveness– Reaction to change (inside or outside of body)Reaction to change (inside or outside of body)

GrowthGrowth– Increase in size without change in shapeIncrease in size without change in shape

RespirationRespiration– Use of oxygenUse of oxygen

DigestionDigestion– Breakdown of food substances into simpler formsBreakdown of food substances into simpler forms

Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life

AbsorptionAbsorption– Passage of substances through membranes and into Passage of substances through membranes and into

body fluids.body fluids.

CirculationCirculation– Movement of substances throughout bodyMovement of substances throughout body

AssimilationAssimilation– Changing absorbed substances into chemically Changing absorbed substances into chemically

different formsdifferent forms

ExcretionExcretion– Removal of waste productsRemoval of waste products

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Homeostasis is the ability of an entity to Homeostasis is the ability of an entity to respond to it’s environment and maintain respond to it’s environment and maintain stability. stability.

HomeostasisHomeostasis

In order to maintain homeostasis the body In order to maintain homeostasis the body uses feedback loops. There are 2 types of uses feedback loops. There are 2 types of feedback loops: feedback loops: – NegativeNegative– PositivePositive

Feedback SystemFeedback System

A feedback system must have 3 parts: A feedback system must have 3 parts:

1. Something to sense the environment—a sensor.

2. A control mechanism that monitors and processes the information from the sensor.

3. A response mechanism that responds to the control mechanism.


The feedback system can produce 2 types The feedback system can produce 2 types of respones: of respones:

It can have an opposite response to the stimulus.

OR

It can have the same kind of response as the stimulus.


The 2 types of responses are known as: The 2 types of responses are known as:

1. Negative feedback 1. Negative feedback

2. Positive feedback2. Positive feedback

Can you figure out which is which?

Negative FeedbackNegative Feedback

Negative feedback is when the response is Negative feedback is when the response is opposite to the stimulus. opposite to the stimulus.

Let’s see an example!

Okay, it’s on the next slide…..

A good example of negative feedback is the cruise control in my car.

A good thing to use if you have a “heavy foot!!”

The cruise control has a sensor that senses the speed of the car as well as a control mechanism that processes the information from the sensor. It then adjusts the speed of the car by manipulating the accelerator.

Okay but where is the negative part?

If I go downhill the car naturally speeds up a bit. The sensor senses this and the controller decreases the speed by easing up on the accelerator.

Can you see that the response (slowing down) is opposite to the stimulus (speeding up)?

It’s getting clearer.

Likewise is the car goes uphill and slows down a bit. The cruise control works the accelerator to increase the speed.

Again the response (speeding up) is opposite of the stimulus (slowing down).

This is negative feedback in action.

Positive FeedbackPositive Feedback

Positive feedback is where the response is Positive feedback is where the response is the same as the stimulus. the same as the stimulus.

In positive feedback the response can be In positive feedback the response can be magnified. magnified.

A good example of positive feedback is the feedback you hear from sound systems in concerts.

In this example the stimulus (sound going into microphone) is processed to produce a magnified response (sound coming out of the speakers).

Sometimes the microphone picks up sound from the speakers and continues to magnify it until it is out of control (the feedback that hurts your ears).

Hopefully you are getting a feel for positive and negative feedback.

If so, maybe you can tell whether the following examples relate to positive versus negative feedback.

1.1. You are driving and your car veers to the You are driving and your car veers to the right, you then slightly pull the steering right, you then slightly pull the steering wheel to the left. wheel to the left.

Is this positive or negative feedback. Is this positive or negative feedback.

Negative—the response is opposite of the stimulus.

2. You pull the starter cord on your 2. You pull the starter cord on your lawnmower to start it. lawnmower to start it.


Positive feedback—the lawnmower engine magnifies the stimulus of pulling the starter cord.

3. You are washing your hands and adjust 3. You are washing your hands and adjust the temperature so it is just right. the temperature so it is just right.


Negative feedback—you are turning on cold water when too hot and hot water when too cold.

You should be getting a handle on the concept of feedback systems.

Next we’ll take a look at the levels of organization of the human body.

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

The body is organized according to levels of The body is organized according to levels of complexity. The lowest level of complexity complexity. The lowest level of complexity is the atom. The highest level of is the atom. The highest level of complexity is the organism. complexity is the organism.

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Here are the levels from lowest to highest Here are the levels from lowest to highest complexity: complexity:

Atom

Molecule

Macromolecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

System

Organism

Lets start with body divisions and cavities…..

The body is divided into the axial portion (head, neck and trunk) and the appendicular portion (upper and lower extremities).

There are 2 main cavities in the body that are divided into sub cavities.

The ventral cavity is subdivided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

The dorsal cavity is subdivided into the cranial cavity and the spinal canal.

The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated by the diaphragm.

The cranial cavity contains the brain.

The spinal canal contains the spinal cord.

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

AxialAxial– Dorsal cavityDorsal cavity

Cranial cavity (brain)Cranial cavity (brain)Vertebral canal (spinal cord)Vertebral canal (spinal cord)

– Ventral cavityVentral cavityThoracic (lungs and mediastinum)Thoracic (lungs and mediastinum)

– Mediastinum (area separating right and left containing Mediastinum (area separating right and left containing heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland)heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland)

AbdominopelvicAbdominopelvic– Stomach, liver, spleen, urinary bladder, intestines Stomach, liver, spleen, urinary bladder, intestines

(abdominal portion)(abdominal portion)– Large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs. Large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs.

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated by the Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated by the diaphragm.diaphragm.

Besides the large cavities, there are some Besides the large cavities, there are some smaller cavities in the body. smaller cavities in the body.

Smaller Body CavitiesSmaller Body Cavities

Oral (teeth, tongue)Oral (teeth, tongue)

Nasal (sinuses)Nasal (sinuses)

Orbital (eyes and associated muscles, Orbital (eyes and associated muscles, nerves)nerves)

Middle ear (middle ear bones)Middle ear (middle ear bones)

Next we will provide an overview of all of the Next we will provide an overview of all of the body systems. body systems.

Organ SystemsOrgan Systems

IntegumentaryIntegumentary

SkeletalSkeletal

MuscularMuscular

NervousNervous

EndocrineEndocrine

LymphaticLymphatic

DigestiveDigestive

RespiratoryRespiratory

Urinary Urinary

ReproductiveReproductive


The integumentary system consists of the The integumentary system consists of the hair, skin, nails, sweat glands, and hair, skin, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Its function is sebaceous glands. Its function is protection, regulation of body temp. The protection, regulation of body temp. The integumentary system also supports integumentary system also supports sensory receptors that send information to sensory receptors that send information to the nervous system. the nervous system.


The skeletal system consists of the bones, The skeletal system consists of the bones, ligaments, and cartilage. It provides ligaments, and cartilage. It provides protection and support and produces red protection and support and produces red blood cells. It also stores chemical salts. blood cells. It also stores chemical salts.


The muscular system produces movement, The muscular system produces movement, helps to maintain posture and produces helps to maintain posture and produces heat. heat.


The nervous system consists of the brain, The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and receptors. It receive spinal cord, and receptors. It receive sensory information detects changes and sensory information detects changes and in response, stimulates muscles and in response, stimulates muscles and glands. glands.


The endocrine system is a series of glands that The endocrine system is a series of glands that secrete hormones. The endocrine system secrete hormones. The endocrine system contains many feedback systems to help contains many feedback systems to help maintain homeostasis. The glands include: maintain homeostasis. The glands include:

PituitaryPituitaryThyroidThyroidParathyroidParathyroidAdrenalAdrenalPancreasPancreasOvariesOvariesTestesTestesPineal Pineal ThymusThymusHypothalamusHypothalamus


The cardiovascular system includes the The cardiovascular system includes the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. The heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. The function of the cardiovascular system is to function of the cardiovascular system is to transport blood. transport blood.


The lymphatic system includes the lymph The lymphatic system includes the lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen.vessels, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen.


The function of the lymphatic system is to The function of the lymphatic system is to return tissue to blood as well as transport return tissue to blood as well as transport some absorbed food molecules and some absorbed food molecules and defend against infection.defend against infection.


The respiratory consists of the nasal cavity, The respiratory consists of the nasal cavity, lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. bronchi.


The digestive system includes: The digestive system includes: – MouthMouth– TongueTongue– TeethTeeth– Salivary glandsSalivary glands– PharynxPharynx– EsophagusEsophagus– LiverLiver– GallbladderGallbladder– PancreasPancreas– IntestinesIntestines


The function of the digestive system is to The function of the digestive system is to receive, break-down, and absorb food. It receive, break-down, and absorb food. It also eliminates wastes.also eliminates wastes.


The urinary system includes the: The urinary system includes the: – KidneysKidneys– UretersUreters– Urinary bladderUrinary bladder– UrethraUrethra


The function of the urinary system is to The function of the urinary system is to remove wastes, maintain water and remove wastes, maintain water and electrolyte balance, and store and electrolyte balance, and store and transport urine.transport urine.


The female reproductive system includes: The female reproductive system includes: OvariesOvaries

Uterine tubesUterine tubes

UterusUterus

VaginaVagina

ClitorisClitoris

VulvaVulva

Now that we are a little familiar with the Now that we are a little familiar with the overview of the body, let’s get into some overview of the body, let’s get into some anatomical terminology. anatomical terminology.

We’ll start with learning the anatomical We’ll start with learning the anatomical terms for the parts of the body. terms for the parts of the body.

In anatomy we always reference the body In anatomy we always reference the body with regard to anatomical position. with regard to anatomical position.

In anatomy body parts have special names In anatomy body parts have special names that differ from common names. In other that differ from common names. In other words in anatomy the knee cap is not words in anatomy the knee cap is not called the knee cap but the patella. called the knee cap but the patella.

It will take some practice to get used to It will take some practice to get used to these anatomical terms. these anatomical terms.

We will start with some regions of the body. We will start with some regions of the body. A region is a broader area such as the A region is a broader area such as the upper leg (femoral region). Although a upper leg (femoral region). Although a region may sound like an actual body part, region may sound like an actual body part, it is not. It is an area. it is not. It is an area.

RegionsRegions

Pes = footPes = foot

Sural= calfSural= calf

Crural = ant. LegCrural = ant. Leg

Femoral = thighFemoral = thigh

Inguinal = groinInguinal = groin

Pubic = ant. pelvisPubic = ant. pelvis

RegionsRegions

Lumbar = low backLumbar = low back

Manus = handManus = hand

Carpal = wristCarpal = wrist

Antebrachium = forearmAntebrachium = forearm

Brachium = armBrachium = arm

Thoracic = chestThoracic = chest

Cervical = neck Cervical = neck

Cephalon = headCephalon = head

RegionsRegions

Popliteal = kneePopliteal = knee

Pectoral = upper chestPectoral = upper chest

Plantar = sole of footPlantar = sole of foot

Learn about body regions at:Learn about body regions at:

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index.asp?objID=AP14904

The abdominal region is an important region The abdominal region is an important region in clinical situations. There are 2 special in clinical situations. There are 2 special ways the abdominal region can be divided. ways the abdominal region can be divided.

One way is to divide the region into 9 One way is to divide the region into 9 sections. Kind of like tic tac toe. It takes 2 sections. Kind of like tic tac toe. It takes 2 horizontal and 2 vertical planes to do this. horizontal and 2 vertical planes to do this.

Body RegionsBody Regions

Abdominal region (9 sections)Abdominal region (9 sections)– These regions are separated by planes: These regions are separated by planes:

2 horizontal planes 2 horizontal planes – TranstubercularTranstubercular– Transpyloric Transpyloric

2 vertical planes2 vertical planes– 2 parasagittal planes2 parasagittal planes

The other way to divide up the abdominal The other way to divide up the abdominal region is to use 2 planes intersecting at region is to use 2 planes intersecting at the umbilicus. the umbilicus.

Next we will learn about positional Next we will learn about positional terminology. terminology.

We use positional terminology in order to We use positional terminology in order to specify locations of anatomical structures. specify locations of anatomical structures.

The positional terms usually go in pairs. The positional terms usually go in pairs.

For example superior and inferior go For example superior and inferior go together. together.

Superior means above and inferior means Superior means above and inferior means below. below.

So you could write a statement stating that So you could write a statement stating that the head is superior to the chest or to be the head is superior to the chest or to be more specific—the cephalon is superior to more specific—the cephalon is superior to the thorax. the thorax.

AND AND

The reverse would also be true: The reverse would also be true:

The thorax is inferior to the cephalon. The thorax is inferior to the cephalon.

Here are some other terms: Here are some other terms:

Anterior means towards the front. Anterior means towards the front.

Posterior means towards the back. Posterior means towards the back.

Ex: the sternum is anterior to the heart…Ex: the sternum is anterior to the heart…

OR the heart is posterior to the sternum. OR the heart is posterior to the sternum.

Medial means toward the midline of the Medial means toward the midline of the body. body.

Lateral means away from the midline. Lateral means away from the midline.

Ex: the ears are lateral to the noseEx: the ears are lateral to the nose

AND AND

The nose is medial to the ears. The nose is medial to the ears.

Proximal means towards the trunk of the Proximal means towards the trunk of the body. body.

Distal means away from the trunk. Distal means away from the trunk.

Proximal and distal are usually used when Proximal and distal are usually used when describing structures in the extremities. describing structures in the extremities.

Ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist.Ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist.

The wrist is distal to the elbow. The wrist is distal to the elbow.

Superficial means toward the surface. Superficial means toward the surface.

Deep means under the surface. Deep means under the surface.

Ex: the skin is superficial to the stomach. Ex: the skin is superficial to the stomach.

The stomach is deep to the skin. The stomach is deep to the skin.

Ipsilateral means on the same side. Ipsilateral means on the same side.

Contralateral means on the opposite side. Contralateral means on the opposite side.

Ex: the right shoulder and elbow are Ex: the right shoulder and elbow are ipsilateral. ipsilateral.

The right shoulder and left elbow are The right shoulder and left elbow are contralateral. contralateral.

This website will help you to learn This website will help you to learn anatomical terminology…anatomical terminology…

http://learning.mgccc.cc.ms.us/science/ap/anaterm.html

Next we will look at how anatomical planes Next we will look at how anatomical planes divide the body. divide the body.

Body PlanesBody Planes

SagittalSagittal– Divides body into right and left portions.Divides body into right and left portions.

TransverseTransverse– Divides body into superior and inferior Divides body into superior and inferior

portions.portions.

CoronalCoronal– Divides body into anterior and posterior Divides body into anterior and posterior

portions. portions.

That concludes our introduction to the That concludes our introduction to the human body. human body.

general anatomy & physiology—introduction to the human body

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