UNIT-I

PART-A

1. Classify the types of the energy available on the earth? 2. Briefly mention about primary sources of energy? 3. What is renewable energy and list at least three renewable energy sources? 4. Name the five states in India, where coal production is concentrated. 5. Define Reserve to ‘Production Ratio’? 6. How do you define ‘Final Energy Consumption’? 7. What is greenhouse gas effect? 8. What are the key greenhouses gases driving global warming? 9. List down at least three effects of acid rain? 10. Differentiate between Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency? 11. What is the basis for aim of Energy Security for any country? 12. List down the major sources of pollutants in Air? 13. List five forms of energy with examples.14. What is energy intensity and what does it indicate?15. List 5 positive forces of a force field analysis in support of the goal: “Reduce energy

consumption per unit production”.

PART-B

1. List the strategies for better energy security of the nation?

2. Mention some of the long-term energy strategies available for the better energy secured nation?

3. How do an Industry, nation and globe would benefit from energy efficiency programs?

4. How energy pricing is done in India? 5. Briefly describe the economic reforms in Coal, oil and natural gas and electricity

sectors.

6. Explain the difference between energy conservation and energy efficiency, and state one example where energy costs are reduced but energy consumption goes up.

7. Discuss the difference between energy conservation and energy efficiency.8. The following table shows the import bill of fossil fuels in million metric tons

(MMT) and its cost in Crores Rupees over the last eight years.(i) Calculate the average annual percentage increase of fossil fuel imports.(ii) Calculate the average annual percentage increase of the import bill

(iii) Calculate the average costs for the last eight years, in Rs. Per metric ton of imported fossil fuels.

Import bill of fossil fuelsYear Quantity (MMT) Value (Rs.Crore)

1996-97 33.90 18,3371997-98 34.49 15,8721998-99 39.81 19,9071999-00 57.80 40,0282000-01 74.10 65,9322001-02 84.90 80,1162002-03 90.00 85,0422003-04 95.00 93,159

9. What do you understand by energy security? Mention a few strategies to ensure energy security.

10. Answer the following a. Differentiate between renewable and nonrenewable energy with example. b. How acid rain is formed? And what is its impact. c. List two designated consumers as mentioned in EC Act 2001 d. Explain briefly about Clean Development Mechanism? 11. An agency is implementing energy efficiency measures in municipal water pumping

under ESCO route. The investment is Rs. 5 Crores. Present annual electricity bill is Rs. 4 Crores. The expected savings are 20%. (Cost of electricity = Rs. 4/ kWh, Annual maintenance cost -10% of investment) The expected CDM revenues would be Rs. 50 Lakhs/ year. Calculate IRR for this project over a 10 year period, after including the CDM benefit.

12. Write short notes on the following with reference to Energy Conservation Act 2001 a. Standards and labeling of equipment and appliance

b. Designated consumer13. In a carbonation of a soft drink, the total quantity of Carbon dioxide required is the

equivalent of 4 volumes of gas to one volume of water at 0 oC and atmospheric pressure. Calculate (I) the mass fraction and (II) the mole fraction of Carbon dioxide in the drink. Ignore all components other than carbon dioxide and water. Take gas constant = 0.08206

14. In a pumping system the motor efficiency is 90% and pump efficiency is 80%. The pump discharge is throttled causing 20% loss; moreover 28% are lost through friction in pipe fittings. The motor draws 34 kW. Calculate the net water power available at the end of the piping system.

15. Assume that the annual per capita electricity consumption of India is 606 kWh and the population is 1.078 Billion people.

(i) If the installed power capacity is 118,419 MW, calculate the average plant load factor of the power mix at 606 kWh per capita consumption.

(ii) Calculate annual per capita consumption 30 years later if electricity consumption in India goes up by 6% each year, and population growth is 1.2% annually.

(iii) How many years will it take to reach the per capita consumption of the USA at 13,500 kWh under a business as usual scenario as in (ii)?

UNIT-IIPart A

1. Write a note on various forms of energy with examples. 2. What are the various grades of energy with an example 3. What are the characteristics of Direct current and Alternating current? 4. What is ‘Reactive power’ and ‘Active power’? 5. Differentiate between ‘contract demand’ and ‘maximum demand’? 6. Define the term ‘Load Factor’ with an example? 7. Explain the importance of TOD (time of the day) tariff? 8. A 250 W sodium vapour lamp is installed on a street. The supply voltage for a street

light is 230 V and it operates for around 12 hours in a day. Considering the current of 2 amps and power factor 0.85 calculate the energy consumption per day

9. A three phase induction 75 kW motor operates at 55 kW. The measured voltage is 415 V, current is 80 amps. Calculate the power factor of the motor?

10. Define ‘Law of conservation of matter’. 11. Differentiate the terms ‘specific heat’ and ‘heat capacity’?

12. What are the principles of energy management? 13. What do you mean by energy audit? 14. Give any four bench marking parameters followed in equipment/utility related in

Industries. 15. What parameters are measured with the following instruments?

a ) Pitot tube b) Stroboscope c) Fyrit d) Lux Meter

PART-B

1. What is heat transfer? Briefly explain three primary modes of heat transfer. 2. What are the differences of AC current and DC current? 3. Describe the merits of using steam in industries.

4. Briefly explain with examples on fuel and energy substitution 5. Distinguish between ‘preliminary energy audit’ and ‘detailed energy audit’? 6. Give a typical energy audit reporting format. 7. List steps involved in ‘detailed energy audit’.8. (i ) What is meant by fuel substitution?

(ii)A thermal fluid heater with Furnace Oil is replaced by a Coconut chip fired boiler having the following details. Find out payback period based on the cost savings.Avg. efficiency of old system (Fuel Oil fired boiler) = 80 %Avg. efficiency of the new system (Coconut chip fired boiler) = 70%GCV of FO = 10200 kcal / kg GCV of Coconut chips = 4000 kcal / kgHeat duty = 15 Lakhs kcal / hrAnnual operating hours = 7000 Hours

Investment of new system = Rs. 100 LakhsCost of FO = Rs. 20 / literCost of Coconut chips = Rs. 3000 / TonSp. Gr. Of Fuel oil = 0.90

9. A plant is using 4 tons/day of coal to generate steam. The calorific value of the coal is 4000 kcal/ kg. The cost of coal is Rs. 2,000/ton. The plant substitutes coal with rice husks, as a boiler fuel, which has a calorific value of 3000 kcal/ kg and cost Rs. 700/ton. Calculate the annual cost savings at 300 days of operation, assuming that the boiler efficiency decreases from 78% on coal to 72% on rice husks.

10. An energy manager or energy auditor is trying to establish the power factor of a 15 HP induction motor. The instrument to measure electric parameters displays the three numbers 5 kW and 2 kVAr and PF = 92.8%. Do you fully agree with the instrument display and its correctness?

11. A 15 kW, 415 V, 27 A, 4 pole, 50 Hz, 3 phase rated squirrel cage induction motor has a full load efficiency and power factor of 90% and 0.86 respectively. An energy auditor measures the following operating data of the motor.

Supply Voltage = 406 VCurrent drawn = 22APF = 0.82

Find out the following at motor operating conditions: a) Power input in kW

b) % motor loading12. a) An energy auditor is trying to establish the operating power factor of a 15 HP/11.2

kW induction motor with full load efficiency of 90%.The motor is not connected with any PF correction capacitors at motor terminals. The instrument to measure input electric parameters to the motor displays the three numbers 5 kW, 2 kVAr and 0.928 PF. As an Energy Manger/Energy Auditor, do you fully agree with the instrument display of Power Factor reading and its correctness?

b) Briefly mention about primary sources of energy?

13. Steam flow from a water tube boiler is measured by measuring the feed water tank levels. In two hours there is a drop of 200 cm in level. The cross sectional area of the tank is 9 m2. Assuming no blow down, calculate the steam flow rate. The enthalpy of steam is 662 kCal/kg and feed water temperature is 80oC. The calorific value of fuel used in the above boiler was measured by a continuous flow calorimeter. The following data were obtained. Mass of fuel : 2.25 kg Inlet water temp : 30oCQuantity of water : 360 liters Outlet water temp : 84oC% heat transferred to water in bomb calorimeter : 85 % (a) Calculate the calorific value of the sample (kCal/kg).

(b) If the efficiency of the boiler is 85% find out the fuel firing rate (kg/hr).

14. (a) When the same quantity of heat is added to the same mass of Iron and copper

pieces, the temperature of Iron piece rises by 15 OC. Calculate the rise in temperature of Copper piece, if the specific heat of Iron is 470 J/kgoC and that of Copper is 390 J / kg oC?

(b) The input to a textile dryer is 60 kg of wet cloth per hour with 55% moisture. If it is dried to 10% in a dryer, estimate the moisture removed per hour.

15. a) Differentiate between Dry Bulb Temperature & Wet Bulb Temperature.b) Differentiate between Specific humidity and Relative humidity.c) Differentiate between Gross Calorific Value (GCV) and Net Calorific Value.

UNIT-3

PART-A

1. Define specific power consumption with an example. 2. Why Sankey diagram is useful in energy balance calculations? 3. List any three guidelines for mass and energy balance. 4. How material and energy balance helps in energy conservation? 5. What way material and energy balance study is useful for a Top management? 6. What is the purpose of material and energy balance? 7. List any three energy loss components in chemical plant. 8. For complete combustion of 1 kg of a typical coal 12 kg of air is required. Calorific

value of coal is 4200 kCal/kg with ash content of 22%. What is the quantity (in kg) flue gas generated by burning 5 kg coal?

9. What are the various levels of mass and energy balances? 10. Why evaluation of energy and mass balance is important?11. Describe important features of a Sankey diagram.12. In a heat exchanger steam is used to heat 40 kg/ hour of furnace oil from 30o C to 90o

C. The specific heat of furnace oil is 0.22 kcal/ kgo C. How much steam per hour is needed? Latent heat of steam is 540 kcal/ kg.

13. A company consumes 1.3 x 105 kWh of electricity and 11.18 x 107 kCal of furnace oil per month. Draw the pie chart of percentage share of fuels based on consumption in kCal. (1 kWh = 860 kcal).

14. How much steam is required in a heat exchanger to heat 50 kg/ hour of a process fluid from 40O C to 100O C. The specific heat of process fluid is 0.24 kCal/kg OC and the latent heat of steam is 540 kCal/ kg.

15. In a steam heat exchanger, furnace oil at 40 kg/ hr. enters at 30oC and leaves at 90oC. Specific heat of furnace oil is 0.22 kcal/ kgoC. If the latent heat of steam is 540 kcal/ kg, find out the amount of steam required to heat the oil.

PART-B

1. Draw a typical Sankey diagram of reheating furnace.2. Discuss the procedure followed during energy and mass balance calculation. 3. A boiler is fed with soft water containing 120 mg/l dissolved solids. As per IS

standards the maximum dissolved solids in the boiler should not exceed 3500 mg/l for boilers, operating up to 2 MPa. In order to maintain the specified level, a

continuous blow down system is adopted. Find the percentage of feed water which will be blown down.

4. Production rate from a paper machine is 340 tonnes per day (TPD). Inlet and outlet dryness to paper machine is 40% and 95% respectively. Evaporated moisture

temperature is 80 °C. To evaporate moisture, the steam is supplied at 3.5 kg/cm2 (a).

Latent heat of steam at 3.5 kg/cm2(a) is 513 kCal/kg. Assume 24 hours/day operation.

i) Estimate the quantity of moisture to be evaporated ii) Input steam quantity required for evaporation (per hour) iii) Note: Consider enthalpy of evaporated moisture as 632 kcal/kg

5. In a particular drying operation, it is necessary to hold the moisture content of feed to a calciner to 15% (W/W) to prevent lumping and sticking. This is accomplishing by mixing the feed having 30% moisture (w/w) with recycle steam of dried material having 3% moisture (w/w). The dryer operation is shown in fig below. What fraction of the dried product must be recycled.

6. Prepare the energy balance of a Diesel Generator based on following details and draw a Sankey diagram Calorific value of Diesel: 10,000 kCal per liter, Average energy generated by DG Set: 4.07 kWh per litre. The efficiency of the alternator is 96%. Losses:

a) 33% stack losses through flue gasesb) 24% coolant lossesc) balance radiation losses

7. a) Draw an energy balance for the DG set with following data. Diesel Generator trial gives Set 3.5 kWh per Liter of diesel. The cooling water loss and exhaust flue gas loss as percentage of fuel input are 28% and 32% respectively. Assume calorific value of diesel as 10200 kCal/kg. The Specific gravity of Diesel is 0.85. Calculate unaccounted loss as percentage of input energy.

b) Explain the following terms in heat transfer with examples. i) Conduction ii) Convection

8. A drilling machine drawing continuously 5kW of input power and with an efficiency of 50% , is used in drilling a bore in an aluminum block of 5kg of mass. How much will be the rise in temperature of the block at the end of 100 seconds. Assume 20% of the energy imparted to the block is lost to surroundings and the balance is absorbed by the block in its uniform heating, and the specific heat of aluminum block = 900 J/kg/degree K

9. A textile dryer is found to consume 4.5 m3/hr of natural gas with a calorific value of 800 kJ/mole. If the throughput of the dryer is 60 kg of wet cloth per hour, drying it from 55% moisture to 10% moisture, estimate the overall thermal efficiency of the dryer taking into account the latent heat of evaporation only.( Note: Latent heat of evaporation=2257 kJ/K, assume the natural gas to be at standard temperature and pressure at which 1 mole occupies 22.4 liters)

10. 100 numbers of fused 60 Watt incandescent light bulbs (ILB) are replaced by same numbers of 12 Watt CFL instead of new ILB. Calculate the following for 4000 hours of operation per year.

a. The annual “kWh saved”

b. The annual “kVAh saved” if the power factor of the CFL is 0.6.

c. The annual reduction in electricity costs if Rs. 4 per kWh is the energy charge and Rs. 250 per kVA per month is the demand charge.

d. The simple payback period if the ILB costs Rs. 10 and the CFL costs Rs. 100 (assume life of ILB and CFL as 1000 hours and 4000 hours respectively).

11. A 500 MW coal plant based on conventional pulverized fuel has a gross efficiency of 38%. The Gross calorific value of the coal used is 4000 kCal/kg with 40% total carbon. A supercritical unit of 500 MW replaces the plant with a gross efficiency of 40% using the same characteristic coal. Calculate the following

a. Specific coal consumption after replacementb. Amount of coal and carbon di-oxide saved during a year if the plant works for

8000 hours.12. Steam flow from a water tube boiler is measured by measuring the feed water tank

levels. In two hours there is a drop of 200 cm in level. The cross sectional area of the tank is 9 m2. Assuming no blow down, calculate the steam flow rate. The enthalpy of steam is 662 kCal/kg and feed water temperature is 80oC.The calorific value of fuel used in the above boiler was measured by a continuous flow calorimeter. The following data were obtained.Mass of fuel : 2.25 kg Inlet water temp : 30oCQuantity of water : 360 litres Outlet water temp : 84oC% heat transferred to water in bomb calorimeter : 85 % (a) Calculate the calorific value of the sample (kCal/kg). (b) If the efficiency of the boiler is 85% find out the fuel firing rate (kg/hr).

13. (a) When the same quantity of heat is added to the same mass of Iron and copper pieces, the temperature of Iron piece rises by 15 OC. Calculate the rise in temperature of Copper piece, if the specific heat of Iron is 470 J/kgoC and that of Copper is 390 J / kg oC?

(b) The input to a textile dryer is 60 kg of wet cloth per hour with 55% moisture. If it is dried to 10% in a dryer, estimate the moisture removed per hour.

14. The feed water to a boiler enters the feed water tank at 32 oC where steam from the same boiler is mixed into it. The mass of the steam mixed is 3% of steam output from the boiler. The boiler operates with 2% continuous blow down. The enthalpy of the steam is 593 kCal/kg and specific heat of water is 1 kCal/kgoC. Find out the temperature of water after the feed water tank. Neglect heat loss if any.

15. a) Determine the amount of moisture on a wet and dry basis for a waste sludge that has 30 kg of water and 20 kg of solids.

b) Milk is evaporated in a steam jacketed kettle at atmospheric pressure. 1000 kg milk is charged per batch in the kettle. Milk is heated from 30°C to 100°C and boiled continuously till 25% of the mass is evaporated. Determine the amount of dry saturated steam at 1 kg/cm2 g required per batch excluding the heating of kettle.

Specific heat of milk – 0.9 kCal / kgOC Latent heat of evaporation of water - 540 kCal /kg Latent heat of steam at 1 kg/cm2 g - 525 kCal/ kg

UNIT-4PART-A

1. Define the term ‘project’. 2. List various steps in project management. 3. List the external source of funds during financing stage in project management. 4. List the elements to be considered during technical design of a project management.5. While screening the projects, list the criteria used to rank-order project opportunities.6. What are the different types of contracts involved in project management system. 7. Briefly explain guaranteed saving performance contract. 8. Briefly explain shared saving performance contract. 9. List guidelines used during implementation stage of projects? 10. List the steps involved in CPM project planning? 11. What are the benefits of CPM.12. Define briefly PERT 13. What are the different steps involved in PERT planning? 14. What are the benefits of PERT management.. 15. List the project planning techniques used in project

PART-B

1. Briefly explain steps in project management.2. What are the several types of contracts used in project management and explain in

brief? 3. How critical path can be identified in CPM? 4. What is CPM and list the steps in CPM project planning? 5. Explain and draw a typical Gantt chart 6. Construct a CPM diagram for the example below

Activity Precedent Time, weeks

A Start 3

B Start 4

C A 1

D A 2

E B 2

F C 3

Finish F,E,D -7. (i)Construct a CPM diagram for the data given below

(ii)Identify the critical path. Also compute the earliest start, earliest finish, latest start and latest finish of all activities

8. A company wants to invest Rs. 40 Lakhs in a project with an annual return of Rs. 8 Lakhs. The life of the project is 10 years. 1. Find out the IRR of the project.2. If the interest on capital is 10%, is it worthwhile to invest in the project.

9. An investment of Rs 1.0 Lakh is made for a variable speed drive at the beginning of the year, which is also the date of first operation. Savings expected over 4 years are Rs. 30,000, Rs. 30,000, Rs. 40,000 and Rs. 45,000 respectively. Find out the Net Present Value at the end of the 4th year, if the discount rate is 12%.

10. The details of activities for implementation of an energy efficient project is given

below:Activity Preceding activity Duration (days)

A - 10B A 9C A 4D C 7E C 2F E 3G B, D 8H D 4I F,G,H 1

Activity Precedent Time, weeks

A Start 3

B A 4

C A 1

D C 3

E Start 2

F B 2

Finish D, E, F --

a) draw a PERT chart b) find out the duration of the projectc) identify the critical path.

11. Draw PERT Chart for the following for the task, duration and dependency given below.Find out:

a) Critical Pathb) expected project duration

TaskPredecessors

Tasks  (Dependencies)

Time (Weeks)

A - 3

B - 5

C - 7

D A 8

E B 5

F C 5

G E 4

H F 5

I D 6

J G - H 4

12. The details of activities for a pump replacement project is given below:a) draw a PERT chart b) find out the duration of the projectc) identify the critical path.

Activity ImmediatePredecessors

Time(days)

A - 1

B A 2C B 4D C 6E C 3F C 5G D, E, F 8H G 7

13. Construct a PERT Diagram for the following project and find out the

critical path

Activity Duration in Days Precedent

A 2 Start

B 3 A

C 5 A

D 4 B

E 6 B

F 5 C

G 7 D

H 3 E

I 1 F, G, H

i) What is the critical path? ii) What is the total duration required to complete the project?iii) What is the available slack period in days for activity C & E?iv) If duration of activity G is reduced by 2 days by crashing, what is the new

critical path and duration?

14. (a) Construct a PERT Chart diagram for the data given below

(b) Identify the critical path and compute the project duration. Also compute the

earliest finish, latest start & latest finish of all activities

15. The following are the cash flows for a simple insulation up gradation project.

YEAR 0 1 2 3 4Cash flow -18,000 -5,000 10,000 10,000 10,000

a) Calculate the NPV if the cost of capital or discount rate is 8% b) Calculate the IRR

UNIT-5

PART-A

1. Define ‘Energy Monitoring and targeting’?2. Briefly list Benefits that arise from an effective M&T system3. List down the essential elements of monitoring and targeting System?4. What are the steps involved in CUSUM analysis?5. What is the significance of calculating specific energy consumption?6. What is advantage of presenting plant data in graphical form?7. Why CUSUM technique is most useful?8. What do you understand by CUSUM?9. Name the plant utility systems that require Monitoring and Targeting?10. What is the primary aim of “energy monitoring’ in the plant?11. What are the advantages of adding production data to the specific energy

consumption chart? 12. How do we better envisage the plain energy data of a plant entered in spread sheet

form?13. How the savings can be achieved with the help of Monitoring & targeting?14. Write a formula relating production and energy consumption. 15. List at least 5 steps involved in CUSUM analysis.

Activity Precedent Time, weeksA 4B A 3C A 2D B 5E B 3F C,D 4G E,F 3

PART-B

1. Use CUSUM technique and calculate energy savings for 6 months period of 2003. For calculating total energy savings, average production can be taken as 4000MT/Month. Refer data given in table below.

2. Write Ten key steps in “ Monitoring and targeting” that you will undertake as an energy manager in your plant .

3. What are the various ways to relate the plant’s energy consumption with production?

4. Briefly explain the essential elements of monitoring and targeting system?5. Use CUSUM technique to develop a table and to calculate energy savings for 8

months period. For calculating total energy saving, average production can be taken as 7,500 MT per month. Refer to field data given in the table below.

6. Energy saving measures was implemented in a process plant prior to Jan-2008.

Use CUSUM technique and calculate energy savings for 6 months period of 2008.The company produced consistently 3000 T/month in each of the six months.

Refer the graph given in table below.The predicted Specific energy consumption for 3000 MT production is 260 kWh/MT.It may be noted that retrofits were not functioning during March & May 2008.

Month Actual SEC,

kWh/MT

Predicted SEC,

kWh/MT

May 1311 1335

June 1308 1335

July 1368 1335

Aug 1334 1335

Sept 1338 1335

Oct 1351 1335

Nov 1322 1335

Dec 1320 1335

7. Use CUSUM technique to develop a table and to calculate energy savings for a 6

months period. For calculating total energy saving, average production can be taken as 4000 MT per month. Refer to field data given in table below.

8. A foundry has an induction furnace of 5 TPH with a specific energy consumption of 620 kWh / tonne of liquid metal. The yield of the foundry castings is 60%. Further the castings are heat treated in an oil fired furnace which consumes 75 kgs of oil / tonne of castings. Find out the energy consumption per tonne of finished product in terms of oil equivalent. (GCV of oil = 10,000 kCal / kg & 1 kWh = 860 kCal)

9. A 100 tonnes per day (tpd) capacity Chloralakali plant in the year 2005-06

Month Actual SEC,

kWh/MT

Predicted SEC,

kWh/MT

Jan 252 265

Feb 238 265

Mar 287 300

Apr 287 265

May 359 310

Jun 276 265

(Reference year) produced 30,000 tonnes per annum (TPA) of caustic soda with an annual energy consumption of 90 million kWh and during the year 2007-08, the annual production was 25,000 TPA, with an annual energy consumption of 80 million kWh. Calculate the Plant Energy Performance.10. Briefly explain the rationale for monitoring, targeting and reporting.11. What is the difference between monitoring and targeting?12. Explain how a CUSUM chart is drawn with an example.13. What are the steps for cusum analysis?14. Explain about the energy consumption and production.15. Explain briefly about data information and analysis.