general biology 1004 chapter 16 lecture handout, summer ...dfrisby/downloads/ch16.pdf · general...

General Biology 1004 Chapter 16 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005Dr. Frisby

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Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education , Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides forEssential Biology, Second Edition & Essential Biology with Physiology

Neil Campbell, Jane Reece, and Eric Simon

Presentation prepared by Chris C. Romero

CHAPTER 16CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land

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• Coniferous forests are highly productive

BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY:THE BALANCING ACT OF FOREST CONSERVATION

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• Our demand for wood and paper is so great that clear-cut areas have become commonplace

Figure 16.1


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• The loss of coniferous forests

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• Plants

COLONIZING LAND

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• Living on land poses different problems from living in water

Terrestrial Adaptations of PlantsStructural Adaptations


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Figure 16.2

PlantLeafperforms photosynthesis

Cuticlereduces water loss; stomata allow gas exchange

Shootsupports plant (and may perform photosynthesis)

Alga Surrounding water supports the alga

Whole algaperformsPhoto-synthesis;

absorbswater, CO2,

and minerals from the water

Rootsanchor plant;absorb water and mineralsfrom the soil (aided by fungi)

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• Most plants have mycorrhizae, symbiotic fungi associated with their roots

Figure 16.3

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• Leaves

Figure 16.4


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• Other types of vascular tissue are found in the roots and shoots of plants

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• Plants produce their gametes in protective structures called gametangia

Reproductive Adaptations

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• In plants, but not algae, the zygote develops into an embryo while still contained within the female parent


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Figure 16.5

Ovary of flower

Embryo

Maternal tissue

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The Origin of Plants from Green Algae

• The move onto land and the spread of plants to diverse terrestrial environments were incremental

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• Molecular comparisons and other evidence place a group of green algae called charophyceans closest to plants

Figure 16.6


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• The history of the plant kingdom is a story of adaptation to diverse terrestrial habitats

PLANT DIVERSITY

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Highlights of Plant Evolution

• The fossil record chronicles four major periods of plant evolution

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Figure 16.7

Cen

ozoi

cM

esoz

oic

Pale

ozoi

c Cha

roph

ycea

ns(a

gro

up o

f gre

en a

lgae

)

Bry

ophy

tes

(e.g

., m

osse

s)

Seed

less

vas

cula

r pla

nts

(e.g

., fe

rns)

Gym

nosp

erm

s (e

.g.,

coni

fers

)

Ang

io-

sper

ms

Origin of plants

Early vascular plants

First seed plants

Diversification of flowering plants


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• The first period

• The second period

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• The third period

• The fourth period

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Bryophytes

• Mosses

Figure 16.8


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• Mosses display two key terrestrial adaptations

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• Mosses have two distinct versions of the plant

Figure 16.9

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• The life cycle of a moss exhibits an alternation of generations


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Figure 16.10

Sporesn Mito

sis

Sporophyte2n

Mitosis

Gametes (sperm and

eggs)n

Fertilization

Zygote2n

Mitosis

Spore capsule

Meiosis

Gametophyten

Haploid

Diploid

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Ferns

• Ferns

Figure 16.11

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• During the Carboniferous period, about 290–360 million years ago, ferns formed swampy forests that covered much of what is now Eurasia and North America

Figure 16.12


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Gymnosperms

• A drier, colder climate at the end of the Carboniferous period favored the evolution of gymnosperms, the first seed plants

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• Conifers

Conifers

Figure 16.13

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• Conifers and most other gymnosperms have three terrestrial adaptations

Terrestrial Adaptations of Seed Plants


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• The first adaptation is a greater development of the diploid sporophyte compared to the haploid gametophyte generation

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Figure 16.14

Gametophyte (n)

Sporophyte (2n)

(a) Sporophytedependent on gametophyte (e.g., mosses)

Sporophyte (2n)

Gametophyte (n)

(b) Large sporophyte and small, independent gametophyte (e.g., ferns)

Sporophyte (2n)

Gametophyte (n)

(c) Reduced gametophyte dependent on sporophyte(seed plants)

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

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• A pine tree of other conifer is actually a sporophyte with tiny gametophytes living in cones

Figure 16.15


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• A second adaptation of seed plants to dry land was the evolution of pollen

• A pollen grain

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• The third terrestrial adaptation was the development of the seed

• A seed consists of a plant embryo packaged along with a food supply within a protective coat

Figure 16.16

Integuments

Spore

(a) Ovule

Haploid ( n)Diploid (2n)

Pollen tube

Pollen grain(male gametophyte)

Female gametophyte

Egg nucleus

Discharged sperm nucleus

(b) Fertilized ovule

Seed coat (derived from integuments)

Food supply (derived from female gametophyte tissue)

Spore case

Embryo(new sporophyte)

(c) Seed

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Angiosperms

• Angiosperms

• More efficient water transport and the evolution of the flower help account for the success of the angiosperms


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• The dominant stage of the angiosperms is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers

Flowers, Fruits, and the Angiosperm Life Cycle

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Figure 16.17

Stamen

Anther

Filament

Ovule

Petal

CarpelStigma

Style

Ovary

Sepal

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• The life cycle of an angiosperm


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Mature sporophyteplant with flowers

Germinated pollen grain (male gametophyte) on stigma of carpel

Anther at tip of stamen

Pollen tube growing down style of carpel

Ovary (base of carpel)

Embryo sac (female gametophyte)

Egg

Sperm nuclei

Fertilization

Endosperm

Zygote

Embryo (sporophyte )

Fruit (develops from ovary)

Seed (develops from ovule)

Seed

Germinating seed

Sporophyteseedling

Haploid ( n )

Diploid (2 n )

Ovule

Figure 16.18

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• The seed being enclosed within an ovary distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms

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• A fruit

Figure 16.19


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• Angiosperms

Angiosperms and Agriculture

• Agriculture

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Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource

• The exploding human population is extinguishing plant species at an unprecedented rate

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• Humans depend on plants for thousands of products including food, building materials, and medicines


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Table 16.1

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• Preserving plant diversity is important to many ecosystems as well as humans

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• Fungi are extremely important to ecosystems because they decompose and recycle organic materials

FUNGI


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• Fungi

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• A gallery of diverse fungi

Figure 16.20

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Characteristics of Fungi

• In this section, the structure and function of fungi are described


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• Fungi are heterotrophs

Fungal Nutrition

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• The bodies of most fungi are constructed of structures called hyphae

Fungal Structure

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• The hyphae


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Figure 16.21

Hyphae

Reproductive structure

Spore-producing structures

Mycelium

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• Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either sexually or asexually

Fungal Reproduction

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The Ecological Impact of Fungi

• Fungi


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• Fungi and bacteria

Fungi as Decomposers

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• Molds

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• Of the 100,000 known species of fungi, about 30% make their living as parasites

Parasitic Fungi

Figure 16.22


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• About 50 species of fungi are known to be parasitic in humans and other animals

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• Fungi are commercially important

Commercial Uses of Fungi

Figure 16.23

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• Some fungi produce antibiotics

Figure 16.24


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• Interdependence between species, or symbiosis, is an evolutionary product

EVOLUTION CONNECTION:MUTUAL SYMBIOSIS

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• Lichens

Figure 16.25


Chapter 16 Study Objectives

1. Describe the value, uses of, and threats to coniferous forests.2. Distinguish between algae and plants. Describe the functions of the following terrestrial

adaptations: stomata, cuticle, lignin, vascular tissue, and gametangia.3. Describe the process by which algae likely evolved onto land.4. Describe the four major periods of plant evolution.5. Describe the life cycle and two key terrestrial adaptations of mosses.6. Explain how ferns differ from and are similar to mosses. Describe how ancient ferns

became today’s fossil fuels.7. Describe the environmental conditions that favored the evolution of gymnosperms.

Describe the three additional adaptations to life on land that first appeared ingymnosperms.

8. Describe the parts and functions of a flower. Explain how flowers are adapted to attractpllinators.

9. Describe the reasons for the ongoing loss of plant diversity and its likely cost to humans.10. Describe the structure, feeding, reproduction, and ecological roles of fungi.11. Distinguish between parasitic and mutualisitic relationships, and give examples of each

involving a fungus.

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