general chemistry faculty of allied medical sciences (mggc-101)& (grgc-101)
TRANSCRIPT
General Chemistry
Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences
(MGGC-101)&(GRGC-101)
Supervision:Prof.Dr.Shehata El-Sewedy Dr.Fatma Ahmed
Outcomes By the end of this lecture, the students will be able to
1-Understand Periodic Table and the Elements2-learn to classification of Periodic Table and the Elements3-To differentiate between Periodic properties such as Atomic radius , Ionization energy, Electron affinity and Electron negativity4-Recognize development of periodic table
What is the periodic tableWhat is the periodic table? ? What information is obtained from the tableWhat information is obtained from the table? ? How can elemental properties be predicted base on the PTHow can elemental properties be predicted base on the PT? ?
In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer (Germany) published nearly identical (Germany) published nearly identical classification schemes for elements known classification schemes for elements known to date. The periodic table is base on the to date. The periodic table is base on the similarity of properties and reactivities similarity of properties and reactivities exhibited by certain elements. Later, Henri exhibited by certain elements. Later, Henri Moseley ( England,1887-1915) established Moseley ( England,1887-1915) established that each elements has a unique atomic that each elements has a unique atomic number, which is how the current periodic number, which is how the current periodic table is organized.table is organized.
http://www.chem.msu.su/eng/misc/mendeleev/welcome.html
A map of the building block of matter.
1IA
18VIIIA
11H
1.00797
2IIA
Periodic Table 13IIIA
14IVA
15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2He
4.0026
23
Li6.939
4Be
9.0122
5B
10.811
6C
12.0112
7N
14.0067
8O
15.9994
9F
18.9984
10Ne
20.179
311
Na22.9898
12Mg24.305
3IIIB
4IVB
5VB
6VIB
7VIIB
8 9VIIIB
10 11IB
12IIB
13Al
26.9815
14Si
28.086
15P
30.9738
16S
32.064
17Cl
35.453
18Ar
39.948
419K
39.102
20Ca40.08
21Sc
44.956
22Ti
47.90
23V
50.942
24Cr
51.996
25Mn
54.9380
26Fe
55.847
27Co
58.9332
28Ni58.71
29Cu63.54
30Zn65.37
31Ga65.37
32Ge72.59
33As
74.9216
34Se78.96
35Br
79.909
36Kr83.80
537
Rb85.47
38Sr87.62
39Y
88.905
40Zr91.22
41Nb
92.906
42Mo95.94
43Tc[99]
44Ru
101.07
45Rh
102.905
46Pd106.4
47Ag
107.870
48Cd
112.40
49In
114.82
50Sn
118.69
51Sb
121.75
52Te
127.60
53I
126.904
54Xe
131.30
655Cs
132.905
56Ba
137.34
57La
138.91
72Hf
178.49
73Ta
180.948
74W
183.85
75Re186.2
76Os190.2
77Ir
192.2
78Pt
195.09
79Au
196.967
80Hg200.59
81Tl
204.37
82Pb
207.19
83Bi
208.980
84Po[210]
85At[210]
86Rn[222]
787Fr[223]
88Ra[226]
89Ac[227]
104Ku[260]
105 106 107 108 109http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html
The way the periodic table usually seen is The way the periodic table usually seen is a compress view, placing the Lanthanides a compress view, placing the Lanthanides and actinides at the bottom of the stableand actinides at the bottom of the stable..
The Periodic Table can be arrange by subshells. The Periodic Table can be arrange by subshells. The s-block is Group IA and & IIA, the p-block is The s-block is Group IA and & IIA, the p-block is Group IIIA - VIIIA. The d-block is the transition Group IIIA - VIIIA. The d-block is the transition metals, and the f-block are the Lanthanides and metals, and the f-block are the Lanthanides and Actinide metalsActinide metals
Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals
1IA
18VIIIA
12
IIA13
IIIA14
IVA15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
33
IIIB4
IVB5
VB6
VIB7
VIIB8 9
VIIIB10 11
IB12IIB
4
5
6
7
MetalsMetalsNonmetalsNonmetals
Main (Representative), Transition metals, lanthanides and actinides (rare earth)
Nonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases
Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table periodic table (rows 1-7)(rows 1-7)These elements have the same number of valence shellsThese elements have the same number of valence shells..
1IA
18VIIIA
12
IIA13
IIIA14
IVA15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
33
IIIB4
IVB5
VB6
VIB7
VIIB8 9
VIIIB10 11
IB12IIB
4
5
6
7
2nd Period
6th Period
Family:Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table Are arranged vertically down the periodic table (columns or group, 1- 18 or (columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B)1-8 A,B)These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shellThese elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shell..
1IA
18VIIIA
12
IIA13
IIIA14
IVA15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
33
IIIB4
IVB5
VB6
VIB7
VIIB8 9
VIIIB10 11
IB12IIB
4
5
6
7
Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell
Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell
Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell
Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell
Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important members:
1IA
18VIIIA
12
IIA13
IIIA14
IVA15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
33
IIIB4
IVB5
VB6
VIB7
VIIB8 9
VIIIB10 11
IB12IIB
4
5
6
7
Alkali
Alkaline (earth)
Transition MetalsTransition Metals
Noble GasNoble GasHalogenHalogen
ChalcogensChalcogens
1IA
18VIIIA
12
IIA13
IIIA14
IVA15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
33
IIIB4
IVB5
VB6
VIB7
VIIB8 9
VIIIB10 11
IB12IIB
4
5
6
7
Individual members of selected Elements & their characteristicsIndividual members of selected Elements & their characteristics
H He
Li
Na
K Ca
Mg
Fe
I
Cl
F
P SSi
ONC
Al
ZnCu
Ag
Br
B2
p1
1IA
18VIIIA
12
IIA13
IIIA14
IVA15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
33
IIIB4
IVB5
VB6
VIB7
VIIB8 9
VIIIB10 11
IB12IIB
4
5
6
7
H1s1
Li2s1
Na3s1
K4s1
Rb5s1
Cs6s1
Fr7s1
Be2s2
Mg3s2
Ca4s2
Sr5s2
Ba6s2
Ra7s2
Sc3d1
Ti3d2
V3d3
Cr4s13d5
Mn3d5
Fe3d6
Co3d7
Ni3d8
Zn3d10
Cu4s13d10
B2p1
C2p2
N2p3
O2p4
F2p5
Ne2p6
He1s2
Al3p1
Ga4p1
In5p1
Tl6p1
Si3p2
Ge4p2
Sn5p2
Pb6p2
P3p3
As4p3
Sb5p3
Bi6p3
S3p4
Se4p4
Te5p4
Po6p4
Cl3p5
Be4p5
I5p5
At6p5
Ar3p6
Kr4p6
Xe5p6
Rn6p6
Y4d1
La5d1
Ac6d1
Cd4d10
Hg5d10
Ag5s14d10
Au6s15d10
Zr4d2
Hf5d2
Rf6d2
Nb4d3
Ta5d3
Db6d3
Mo5s14d5
W6s15d5
Sg7s16d5
Tc4d5
Re5d5
Bh6d5
Ru4d6
Os5d6
Hs6d6
Rh4d7
Ir5d7
Mt6d7
Ni4d8
Ni5d8
The periodic table can be classified by the behavior of their electrons
1IA
18VIIIA
12
IIA13
IIIA14
IVA15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
33
IIIB4
IVB5
VB6
VIB7
VIIB8 9
VIIIB10 11
IB12IIB
4
5
6
7
West (South) Mid-plains East (North)METALS
AlkaliAlkaline
Transition
METALLOID NON-METALSNoble gasHalogensCalcogens
These elementstend to give up
e- and formCATIONS
These elementswill give up e- or
accept e-
These elementstend to accept
e- and formANIONS
Periodic propertiesThe periodic law states that when the elements are arranged by atomic number, their physical and chemical properties vary periodically.Among periodic properties, we will discuss 1- Atomic radius 2- Ionization energy3- Electron affinity4- Electron negativity.
Atomic RadiusAtomic Radius : :Within the groups of the periodic table, the atomic radius increases as you go down the group.
Within the periods of the periodic table, the atomic radius decreases as you move to the right.
.
Ionization potential: Ionization potential: ****ionization energy of an atom is the minimal energy needed to remove the outermost electron from the neutral atom.
Within a period, as you move from left to right across a period, first ionization energy increases. WHY? As you move across a period, the atomic radius decreases, that is, the atom is smaller. The outer electrons are closer to the nucleus and more strongly attracted to the center. Therefore, it becomes more difficult to remove the outermost electron.
Within a group, as you move down a group, first ionization energy decreases. WHY? As you move down a group, the atomic radius increases, that is, the atom is bigger. The outer electrons are farther away from the nucleus and weakly attracted to the center. Therefore, it becomes easier to remove the outermost electron.
Electron Affinity: Electron Affinity: The electron affinity EA of an atom or ion is the energy change (mainly energy released) with gaining an e by the atom in the gaseous state Cl(g) + e- → Cl-(g) EA= -439 kJ/mol
Periodic TablePeriodic Table: Map of the Building block of matterTypeType: Metal, metalloid and NonmetalGroupings: Representative or main, transition and Lanthanide/Actanides
FamilyFamily: Elements in the same column have similar chemical property because of similar valence electronsAlkali, Alkaline, chalcogens, halogens, noble gases
PeriodPeriod:: Elements in the same row have valence electrons in the same shell.
Summary
Quiz time
Arrange these elements based on their increasing Electronegativity
a-Se, Ge, Br, As b. Be, Mg, Ca, Ba
Student Question
Arrange these elements based on their increasing Electronegativity
a-Se, Ge, Br, As b. Be, Mg, Ca, Ba
1- Atomic radius 2- Ionization energy3- Electron affinity4- Electron negativity.
Arrange these elements based on their increasing and why??????????
• Cr, K, Br, Sc• Se, Ca, Cu, Kr
AssignmentsGroup A and Group BEffect of hydrogen peroxide on health شحاتة أحمد - -محمود على يوسف مروان
احمد - - مريم عبدالستار فاروق مروة عبدالغنىصبرى - - مى جمال الهرميل مى ابوالغيط محمد
- محمد- عادل هاجر رشدى صبحى مينا طايل
Effect of sulphur dioxide(SO2) on health - - حمادة عبدالسالم محمد اسالم سعودى ايةالعشرى محمد
عمرو - - محمد سعد رحاب عبداالله حميدعبدالمنعم
كمال - ايمان عبدالسالم صالح اميرةعلى - مصطفى سارة كمال جمال عمرو
Uses of Phosphoric acids - اللطيف عبد جمال ايمان حامد ممدوح خلود - - اشرف منى هانى محمد عمر عبده فتحى االء
كمال - - شيخون أحمد عبدالغنى أنور محمد محمد سها
محفوظToxic effect of hydrochloric acid الصفتى سالم وصال على عنتر عبدالحى عمر
احمد الشربينى ريهام وجية محمد مهابالسيد شريف أحمد عبدالحفيظ عبدالفتاح مروة
Group A and Group B
Applications of sulfuric acid محمد كمال العزيز عبد كريم محمد ماهر فريدةكمال
السيد صالح محمد الله عبد صابر محمدمحمد عبدالحميد طاهر محمد جابر صالح محمد
القادر عبد فايز محمد الهادى محمد عاصمعبدالمنصف فوزى محمد
Effect of nitration on health عبدالله أحمدالمقصود عبد أحمد
يحيى على أحمدبطاح هشام أحمد
مفرح محمد أالءعلى محمد اية
فونس باسممحمد الدين صالح خالد
السيد الرحمن عبدمحمد محمد السيد فاطمة
1-Raymond Chang. Chemistry. 10th ed. 20092-Zumdehl. International edition. 2009