general classification of vowels
DESCRIPTION
THE VOWEL SOUNDSTRANSCRIPT
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CL ASSIFICATION OF
ENGLISH VOWELS
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CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH VOWELS
Vowel sounds are classified according
to: the position of the tongue in the mouth,
the openness of the mouth, the shape of the
lips, and the length of the vowels.
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1) THE POSITION OF THE TONGUE IN THE
MOUTH
Front vowels are the ones in the
production of which the front part of the
tongue is raised the highest such as [i:] [i] [e]
[æ] [a].
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When the central part of the tongue maintains
its highest position, the vowels thus produced
are central vowels such as [3:] [Ə] and [Λ] .
If the back of the tongue is held the highest, the
vowels thus produced are back vowels such as
[u:][u]
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2)THE OPENNESS OF THE MOUTH
Close vowels: [i:] [i] [u:] and [u];
Semi-close vowels: [e] and [3;]
Semi-open vowels: [ə] and [ :] Չ
Open vowels: [æ] [a] [Λ] [ ] and [Չ α:].
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3) THE SHAPE OF THE LIPS
•Rounded vowels: All the back vowels in English
are rounded except [ :]. ɑ
•Unrounded vowels: All the front vowels and
central vowels in English are unrounded.
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4) THE LENGTH OF VOWELS
Long vowels: They are usually marked
with a colon such as[i:] and [ :] ɑ
Short vowels: other vowels in English
are short vowels such as [e],[ə] and [æ].
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GIVE THE FOLLOWING PHONETIC SYMBOLS:
Voiced palatal affr icate
Voiceless labiodental
fr icative
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Voiced alveolar stop
Front close short
Voiced bilabial stop
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GIVE THE PHONETIC FEATURES OF EACH
OF THE FOLLOWING SOUNDS
[s]
[z]
[k]
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Assimilation rules:
Word-final alveolar become dental before
dental fricatives;
not thin
ten thumps
well thought
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Bilabial and alveolar nasals /m, n/
become labio-dental before labio-
dental fricatives;
ten forks
come for me
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Word-final labio-dental fricatives may
become bilabial before bilabial plosives;
live bird
v ß
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Word-final /l/ is non-velarised if
followed by an initial vowel;
fill it
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Word-final /t/ become bilabial before
bilabial consonants /p, b,m/;
that pen /..p pen/
that boy/..p b../
that man /..p m../
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Word-final /d/ become voiced bilabial
before bilabial consonants /p, b,m/;
good pen /gub pen/
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Word-final /t,d/ become velar before
velar plosives;
that cup /..k k..
that girl /..k g../
good cup /gug k../
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Word-final /n/ becomes bilabial before
bilabial consonants;
ten pens
ten boys
ten men
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Word-final /n/ becomes velar
before velar plosives/k, g/:
Ten cups
ten girls
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Word-final /s,z/ become palato-alveolar
before palato-alveolar fricatives and the
palatal frictionless continuant/;
This ship
This year
has she
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Word-final /t,d,s,z/ become palato-
alveolar affricates (/t,d/) or
fricatives(/s,z/) before /j/ and
/j/disappears;
Would you, What you want, As yet, In case
you need it
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Word-final /d/ becomes a nasal before a
nasal, at the place of articulation of the nasal;
Word-final /v/ becomes a nasal before a nasal;
Word-final lenis fricatives become fortis before
an initial fortis consonant;