general english for competitive examinations. articles a/ an are called the indefinite articles...
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GENERAL ENGLISH FOR COMPETITIVE
EXAMINATIONS
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Articles
‘A’/ ‘An’ are called the indefinite articles because they refer to indefinite person or thing
‘The’ is called the definite article because it refers to the definite person or thing
Indefinite articles can be used before singular count noun
Definite article is used before singular count nouns as well as non-count nouns
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USE OF ‘A’ AND ‘AN’
Use of ‘a’ before a word beginning with a consonant sound and use of ‘an’ before a vowel sound
In the numerical sense of ‘one’With units and rates
When someone is unknown to the person addressedTo make common noun a proper noun
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USE OF ‘A’ AND ‘AN’
When two articles or objects are thought as one unit
With certain expression of quantity
Before singular nouns in all of sudden exclamatory expressions
‘An’ is used before word beginning with silent ‘h’
Alphabets with vowel sound used in abbreviation
M. A.
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USE OF ‘THE’
With the name of a particular person or thing already referred toWhen the singular noun represents the whole classNote: Man and Woman can be used in general sense without articlesWith the names of oceans, rivers, canals, deserts, group of islands, mountain-ranges, religious books, musical instruments
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USE OF ‘THE’
With natural objects
With superlative degree and double comparative degree
With ordinals
With an adjective when noun is understood
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OMISSION OF ARTICLES
Before the name of substances and abstract nouns, plural countable nouns
Before most proper nouns
Before languages, school, college, university, religious places, history
Before the names of relations
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SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Singular subject must have singular verb
Plural subject must have plural verb
Two or more nouns or pronouns joined by ‘and’ require a plural verb
If nouns joined by ‘and’ suggest one idea or unit, or refer to suggest one person or thing, the verb should be singular
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SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Words joined to a singular subject by ‘with’, ‘as well as’ are parenthetical. The verb should be according to the former subject
Subjects joined by ‘or’ or ‘nor’ require a verb depending upon the subject nearer the verb
Each, every, one, none, somebody, someone, anybody, nobody, either, neither, any, many a, such indefinite pronouns always take singular verbs
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SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Two nouns qualified by ‘each’ or ‘every’ connected by ‘and’ require a singular verb
Collective nouns require singular verb when the group works as a unit, therefore take singular verbs; but if members of the group are acting individually, they require plural verb.
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SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Certain words such as news, measles, mumps, end in –s but represents a single thing. These words need singular verbs.
Some words such as scissors, trousers, spectacles, shorts –end in –s , seem to represent a single unit ,take plural verb.
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SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Title of the books need singular verbs.
If the subject is ‘the number of-----’ singular verb should be used.
If the subject is ‘a number of------’ plural verb should be used.
Nouns with adjectives such as ‘much, more, little, less take singular verb.
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NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
A noun is a word used as a name of a person , place or thing
Nouns which are used in singular form
Scenery, luggage, information, furniture, advice, machinery, stationery, news, poetry, business, mischief, fuel, issue, repair, bedding, physics, economics, classics, ethics, athletics, innings, gallows, brick, bread, fruit, word (promise)
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NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
Nouns which are used in plural formCattle, police, poultry, people, gentry, peasantry, artillery, scissors, trousers, stockings, spectacles, shorts, alms, remains, riches, goods, measles, mumps etc. Words like dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million, preceded by a numeral take singular form of verbs.
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NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
Certain expressions always use singular form of noun as well as verb
Nouns used both in singular and plural forms
Deer, sheep, fish, apparatus, wages, jury, public, team, audience, committee, government, congregation, orchestra etc.
One, any, none are followed by ‘of’ followed by plural words.
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SOME COLLECTIVE NOUNS
Garland of beadsBouquet of flowersBunch of grapesPile of booksLibrary of booksHerd of cowsFlight of birds
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SOME COLLECTIVE NOUNS
Pack of wolves
Group of people
Crowd of people
Mob of angry people
Swarm of bees
Crew of sailors
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SOME COLLECTIVE NOUNS
Army of soldiers
hoarde of nomads
Band of musicians
Orchestra of musicians
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PRONOUNS
Pronoun is a word which is used to replace noun or noun groups already mentioned.
The pronoun ‘one’ must be followed by “one’s”
When one means one in number, the pronoun for it is third person singular pronoun
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PRONOUNS
Each, every, anyone anybody must be followed by the singular pronoun of their person
Let, but, except are followed by pronoun in the objective case
‘Such as’ is followed by subjective pronoun
Verbs like enjoy, avail, pride, resign, apply, acquit, assert, are followed by reflexive pronouns.
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PRONOUNS
Reflexive pronouns are never used with verbs like ‘keep’, ’conceal’, ‘qualify’, ‘spread’, ‘rest’, ‘stay’.
When first, second and third person singular pronouns are to be used together, they should be used in the sequence of: you, he and I.
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PRONOUN
Who denotes subjectWhom denotes objects
Whose denotes possession of a personWhich denotes lifeless objects
Which denotes additional informationThat denotes explanation.
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PRONOUN
The expressions like ‘only’, ‘any’, It is’, ‘all’, superlatives’ usually take that in place of which or who
‘Each other’ is used for two persons and ‘one another’ is used for more than two persons.
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PRONOUN
Subjective Objective Possessive Reflexive
I Me My/Mine Myself
We Us Our/Ours Ourselves
You You Your/Yours Yourself
He Him His Himself
She Her Her Herself
They Them Their Themselves
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PREPOSITIONS
Definition: - A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relating the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something else.
The word preposition means ‘which is placed before’
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Preposition of Time
At: (a) with a definite point of time, (b) with festivals and special occasions
In: (a) with parts of the day, months, seasons and years, (b) with the future sense referring to the period in which an action may take place.
On: (a) with days and dates (b) to show sharp timings
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Preposition of Time By: refers to the latest time by which an action will be over
For: used with the perfect continuous tense showing the duration of an action
Since: used with the point of time when the action begins and continues.
From: refers to the starting point of action
To: refers to the ending point of action.
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Preposition of position
At: refers to an exact point.
In: refers to the larger area
Between: used for two persons or things
Among: used for more than two persons or things that begin with a consonant letter
Amongst: used for more than two persons or things that begin with a vowel letter
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Preposition of position
Above: used for higher than
Over: used for vertically above
Below: used for lower than
Under: used for vertically below
Beneath: used for lower position
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Preposition of direction
To: used to express motion to some place, destination
From: used to express the starting point
Towards: refers to the direction
Into: denotes motion towards the inside of something
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Preposition of direction
For: denotes the direction
Against: shows pressure
Off: shows separation
At: refers to the aim
About: shows nearness of time
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Other uses
Along: shows in the same line
Across: shows from one side to another
After: shows sequence
Behind: at the back of
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Other uses
Before: stands for ‘in front of’
Beyond: shows ‘on the farther side of’
Beside: means ‘by the side of’
Besides: means ‘in addition to’
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Words followed by ‘to’
Attention, objection, difference, alternative, access, approach, assent, attachment, exception, invitation, limit, reference, concession, refer, lead, listen, prefer, submit, senior, junior, superior, inferior, allot, aspire, attend, belong, contribute, yield,
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Words followed by ‘to’
detrimental, essential, exposed, indebted, favourite, beneficial, alien, agreeable, applicable, acceptable, loyal, opposite, partial, preferable, prior, profitable, suitable, restricted, hostile, equal, entitled, supplementary.
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Words followed by ‘IN’
Confidence, dressed, interested, succeed, absorbed, believe, faith, fail, write in ink, enveloped, correct, dabble, glory, indulge, involve, persist, perseverance.
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Words followed by ‘OF’
Beware, boast, complain, despair, die, disapprove, dream, taste, assurance, afraid, aware, accused, cautious, conscious, devoid, fearful, ignorant, proud,
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Words followed by ‘OF’
sure, desirous, suspicious, fond, independent, jealous, full, warn, guilty, care, complain, die, deprive, consist, acquit, dispose.
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Words followed by ‘FOR’
Affection, ambition, aptitude, sorry, anxiety, capacity, pretext, useful, fondness, need, sufficient, contempt, hope, start, canvass, feel
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Words followed by ‘FOR’
wish, yearn, desire, passion, pity, fitness, leisure, esteem, compensation, blame, motive, apology, guarantee, liking.
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Words followed by ‘WITH’
Busy, consistent, enmity, endowed, acquaintance, bargain, delighted, gifted, inspired, overcome, infected, intimacy, touched, associate, clash, comply, correspond, quarrel, sympathize, bear, coincide
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ADJECTIVES
Modifiers are adjective
Nouns as adjectives: A brick wall
Participles as adjectives: Running Water
Gerunds as adjective: A seating arrangement
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ADJECTIVES
Adverbs as adjective: The above statement
Possessives as adjectives: A volcano’s crater
Prepositional phrase as adjective: The workmen on the site
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ADVERBS
Front position Adverbs: How, when, where, why
Mid position adverbs: often, sometimes, never, usually, generally, frequently, occasionally, rarely, seldom, regularly, ever.
End position adverbs: well, at once