General Microbiology

Nickolas V. Kapp Ph.D

How to get a hold of Nick

• Office: 738-4415• E-mail: Kapp@smccd.net• FAX: 738-4499• Office 7224

• Office hours:M,W,F 9 to 11. TTh By Arrangement

The micro class

• We will normally have lecture from 9:35 till 10:50.

• See Course Outline

• Attendance and promptness will count towards your grade

What if I want to look at my plates at some other times?

• Open Lab hours are • Mon and Wed 9 to 12 • Friday 10-2• Check the notice on the lab door

• Remember you are working with live organisms and they have their own time schedule. Someone from your lab group will have to check on your materials

Looking at plates during other classes

• Mostly no• If you must make some observations during

another lab class– Don’t bother a lecture in progress– Find the instructor and ask– Be prepared for a no– You are meeting a possible instructor for your

next class

Materials required for this class.

• Text, Totora, Funke and Case Microbiology: An Introduction, 10th ed.

• Case and Johnson Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology 9th ed.

• A lab coat or a large Lab shirt to cover yourself.

• Safety Glasses• NO eating in the laboratory

As you can see

Sometimes there is a blur between what we do in lab and what we do in

class.

Evaluation

• See class outline

Grading Scale

• A 90% and above• B 80%90%• C 68%-80%• D 50%-67%• Fail below 50%

• Attendance will be taken in the first minutes of class.

• Each absence will result in the loss of points from the total possible.

Extra Credit is possible.

Participation Credit

• Joining ASM or NCMS (5pt)

• Answer question or ask one 1pt

• Enter microbe of the month 1pt

• Attend a meeting or lecture on microbiology and hand in a report (10pt)

• Field trip (to be announced) (5pt)

• Max of 15pt

While some of the lecture material will change

The Exam dates will not.

Nick Kapp Ph.D.

7384415

Kapp@smccd.net

8224

What is a Microbe

• Smaller than 0.1mm

• Includes bugs, things, germs, viruses, protozoan, bacteria, animalcules, small suckers

Nomenclature

• Carolus Linnaeus (1735)

• Genus species

• By custom once mentioned can be abbreviated with initial of genus followed by specific epithet. E. coli

• When two organisms share a common genus are related.

Why study Microbiology

• Microbes are related to all life.– In all environments– Many beneficial aspects– Related to life processes (food web, nutrient

cycling)– Only a minority are pathogenic.– Most of our problems are caused by microbes

EID’s

• Emerging infectious diseases– Weapons of mass destruction– New evolutionary features– Response to man encroaching on the

environment

• Can you name an example?

Microbes in research

• 10 trillion human cells 10x this number microbes

• Easy to grow• Biochemistry is

essentially the same• Simple and easy to

study

Biotechnology

• Use of biological systems to produce useful items

• The use of biological information to make things or improve the human condition

Diversity of Microbes

• Bacteria-single celled prokaryotes

• Protozoa-eukaryotic, single celled, colonial, many ways of nutrition

• Fungi- absorb nutrients, single celled filamentous

• Viruses-acellular entities

• Others- worms, insects

• Prokaryotes

• Peptidoglycan cell walls

• Binary fission

• For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis

Bacteria

Figure 1.1a

• Prokaryotic

• Lack peptidoglycan

• Live in extreme environments

• Include:– Methanogens– Extreme halophiles– Extreme thermophiles

Archaea:

Halobacteria not from book

• Eukaryotes

• Chitin cell walls

• Use organic chemicals for energy

• Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae

• Yeasts are unicellular

Fungi

Figure 1.1b

• Eukaryotes

• Absorb or ingest organic chemicals

• May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella

• Most free some parasites

Protozoa

Figure 1.1c

• Eukaryotes

• Cellulose cell walls

• Use photosynthesis for energy (primary producers)

• Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

• Metabolically diverse

Algae

Figure 1.1d

• Acellular

• Consist of DNA or RNA core

• Core is surrounded by a protein coat

• Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope

• Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell

Viruses

Figure 1.1e

• Eukaryote

• Multicellular animals

• Parasitic flatworms and round worms are called helminths.

• Microscopic stages in life cycles.

Multicellular Animal Parasites

Figure fluke

The Scientific Method

• Make an observation

• Make a hypothesis

• Test the hypothesis

• Draw your conclusions

• repeat

Requirements for Scientific methods

• Single variables

• Experimental controls

• How can this be used to discover things?

• Does HIV cause AIDS??? Discuss

Knowledge of microorganisms:

• Allows humans to– Prevent food spoilage– Prevent disease occurrence– Others?

• Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories.

Universal precautions set up by CDC

• Use gloves, gowns, masks and goggles• Minimize risk of needle sticks• Disinfections procedure• Preventative treatment after exposure• Reduce risk• Treat all patients the same• HBV greater risk than HIV

• The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called spontaneous generation. According to spontaneous generation, a “vital force’ forms life.

• The Alternative hypothesis, that the living organisms arise from preexisting life, is called biogenesis.

The Debate Over Spontaneous Generation

• 1668: Francisco Redi filled six jars with decaying meat.

Evidence Pro and Con

Conditions Results

3 jars covered with fine net

No maggots

3 open jars Maggots appeared

From where did the maggots come?

What was the purpose of the sealed jars?

Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

• 1765: Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled nutrient solutions in flasks.

Evidence Pro and Con

Conditions Results

Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed

No microbial growth

Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

• Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in.

The Theory of Biogenesis

Figure 1.3

Where is Microbiology currently being practiced? I.e. jobs

• Put your Choice here

A timeline of Microbiology

• Fig 1.4• Some highlights

– 1665 Hooke– 1673 van Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes– 1735 Linnaeus Nomenclature– 1798 Jenner vaccine– 1857 Pasteur Fermentation– 1876 Koch germ theory of disease

The Golden Age of Microbiology

• 1857-1914

• Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs

• Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation.

• Fermentation is the conversation of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine.

• Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food.

• Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid).

Fermentation and Pasteurization

• Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. This application of a high heat for a short time is called pasteurization.

Fermentation and Pasteurization

Figure 1.4

• 1835: Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus.

• 1865: Pasteur believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan.

• 1840s: Ignaz Semmelwise advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another.

The Germ Theory of Disease

• 1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections after looking at Pasteur’s work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.

• 1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.

The Germ Theory of Disease

• Treatment with chemicals is chemotherapy.

• Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics.

• Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes.

• Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria.

• 1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis.

• 1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized.

The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy

• 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic.

• He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus.

• 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced.

The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy

Similar to Figure 1.5

• Bacteriology is the study of bacteria.

• Mycology is the study of fungi.

• Parasitology is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms.

• Recent advances in genomics, the study of an organism’s genes, have provided new tools for classifying microorganisms.

• Proteomics is looking at the gene products

Modern Developments in Microbiology

* The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Selected Novel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine

1901* von Behring Diphtheria antitoxin

1902 Ross Malaria transmission

1905 Koch TB bacterium

1908 Metchnikoff Phagocytes

1945 Fleming, Chain, Florey Penicillin

1952 Waksman Streptomycin

1969 Delbrück, Hershey, Luria Viral replication

1987 Tonegawa Antibody genetics

1997Prusiner Prions

2003Agre, Mackirron water and ion channels

2005 Marshall, Warren Helicobacter and ulcers

2008 Hausen Papilloma and viruses

Principles of Microscopy

• Metric units (table 3.1)– Micrometer– Nanometer– angstrom

Compound light microscopy

• Basic parts– Eyepieces (ocular lens)

– Base

– Condenser

– Iris diaphragm

– Objective lens

– Body tube

– Mechanical stage

– Adjustment knobs

Magnification

• Calculation:– Objective power x ocular power = total power

• Parafocial

• Paracentric

• Microscopic measurement– Micrometer? Why must we calibrate it?

Modern Developments in Microbiology

• Diagnostics

• Prevention

• Use as a tool

• Surveys and vigilance

What you should know?

• What are microbes?

• What types of microbes?

• Some history Highlights

• The Magic Bullet

• Microbes and human Welfare

• Microbes and Human Disease

• The CDC