general overview of communism & the russian revolution ap world history chapter 22 “the rise...
TRANSCRIPT
General Overview of General Overview of Communism & the Russian Communism & the Russian
RevolutionRevolution
AP World HistoryAP World History
Chapter 22Chapter 22
““The Rise and Fall of World The Rise and Fall of World Communism” (1917 – Communism” (1917 –
Present)Present)
Communism: A General Communism: A General OverviewOverview
Socialism = the belief that the economy should be Socialism = the belief that the economy should be controlled by society, either directly or controlled by society, either directly or through the through the governmentgovernment Believe in: a classless society, equal distribution Believe in: a classless society, equal distribution
of wealth, gender equality, etc.of wealth, gender equality, etc. How is communism different?How is communism different?
It really isn’t very different It really isn’t very different think of think of communists as “extreme socialists”communists as “extreme socialists”
Socialists believe their ideal society can be Socialists believe their ideal society can be achieved slowly through progression and achieved slowly through progression and evolution of the governmentevolution of the government
Communists believe this society can only be Communists believe this society can only be achieved by overthrowing the governmentachieved by overthrowing the government
Communism: A General Communism: A General OverviewOverview
Cold War = 1946 – 1991Cold War = 1946 – 1991 Global rivalry between the Global rivalry between the
Soviet Union and the U.S.Soviet Union and the U.S. Capitalism vs. CommunismCapitalism vs. Communism Divided continents, Divided continents,
countries, and citiescountries, and cities Spawned the space raceSpawned the space race Spawned a dangerous Spawned a dangerous
arms race focused on arms race focused on nuclear weaponsnuclear weapons
Communism: A General Communism: A General OverviewOverview
The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union Eastern EuropeEastern Europe ChinaChina North KoreaNorth Korea North VietnamNorth Vietnam
LaosLaos CambodiaCambodia CubaCuba AfghanistanAfghanistan
Major countries/regions in the communist “bloc”:
Communism: A General Communism: A General OverviewOverview
During the Cold War, the During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and its Soviet Union and its allies were brought allies were brought together by:together by:
Warsaw Pact = military Warsaw Pact = military alliance designed to alliance designed to counter NATOcounter NATO
Council on Mutual Council on Mutual Economic Assistance = Economic Assistance = tied together the tied together the economies of the Soviet economies of the Soviet Union and those of Union and those of Eastern European Eastern European countriescountries
The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution(1917)(1917)
Pre-Revolutionary RussiaPre-Revolutionary Russia Only true autocracy left in Only true autocracy left in
EuropeEurope No type of representative No type of representative
political institutionspolitical institutions Nicholas II became czar in Nicholas II became czar in
18841884 Last ruler from the Romanov Last ruler from the Romanov
familyfamily Believed he was the Believed he was the
absolute ruler anointed by absolute ruler anointed by GodGod
Russo-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War (1904) = defeat for Russia (1904) = defeat for Russia in this war led to political in this war led to political instabilityinstability
Russia in WWIRussia in WWI Suffered harsh defeatsSuffered harsh defeats Shortages of both food Shortages of both food
and weaponsand weapons Morale in the Russian Morale in the Russian
army = hit rock bottomarmy = hit rock bottom Russian civilians Russian civilians
suffering at home toosuffering at home too All supplies & food went All supplies & food went
to the army, not themto the army, not them Demanded: “PEACE AND Demanded: “PEACE AND
BREAD!”BREAD!” These losses in WWI These losses in WWI
made Czar Nicholas II made Czar Nicholas II veryvery unpopular unpopular
Russian soldiers running from advancing German
troops
The March Revolution of The March Revolution of 19171917
People organized strikes People organized strikes and protests demanding and protests demanding food and fuelfood and fuel
Soldiers who were sent to Soldiers who were sent to stop the protests ended stop the protests ended up joining the protestorsup joining the protestors
Czar Nicholas II abdicated Czar Nicholas II abdicated (gave up) his power on (gave up) his power on March 15, 1917March 15, 1917 End of the 300-year End of the 300-year
Romanov dynasty in Romanov dynasty in RussiaRussia
The Provisional GovernmentThe Provisional Government
Russian masses wanted 3 things:Russian masses wanted 3 things:
1) Immediate peace & withdrawal from WWI1) Immediate peace & withdrawal from WWI
2) Transfer of land to the peasants2) Transfer of land to the peasants
3) Control of factories by workers3) Control of factories by workers Provisional government did Provisional government did notnot pull Russia pull Russia
out of the war and did out of the war and did notnot enact any social enact any social reformsreforms Lost popularityLost popularity Led to its downfallLed to its downfall
The BolsheviksThe Bolsheviks
Bolsheviks = radical Bolsheviks = radical revolutionary group in revolutionary group in RussiaRussia Wanted a socialist society in Wanted a socialist society in
RussiaRussia Led by: Vladimir LeninLed by: Vladimir Lenin Slogan = “Peace, land, and Slogan = “Peace, land, and
bread!”bread!”
The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution November 1917November 1917 Also known as the: Also known as the:
Bolshevik RevolutionBolshevik Revolution Bolsheviks staged a coup Bolsheviks staged a coup
d’etat in St. Petersburgd’etat in St. Petersburg Overthrew the provisional Overthrew the provisional
governmentgovernment Members of the Members of the
provisional government provisional government fled or were arrestedfled or were arrested
Relatively bloodlessRelatively bloodless Bolsheviks claimed absolute Bolsheviks claimed absolute
powerpower
The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution Bolsheviks began building Bolsheviks began building
a socialist statea socialist state Ended private ownership of Ended private ownership of
propertyproperty Distributed land among the Distributed land among the
peasantspeasants Gave workers control of Gave workers control of
factories and minesfactories and mines Bolshevik Party = officially Bolshevik Party = officially
renamed the Communist renamed the Communist Party in March 1918Party in March 1918 Wanted to spread the Wanted to spread the
Communist revolution Communist revolution throughout the worldthroughout the world
Peace with GermanyPeace with Germany
Lenin’s 1Lenin’s 1stst order of order of business = get business = get Russia out of WWIRussia out of WWI
Signed peace treaty Signed peace treaty with Germany in with Germany in March 1918March 1918 Russia lost much of Russia lost much of
its western territory its western territory and 1/3 of its and 1/3 of its populationpopulationPeace Conference between
Russia and Germany
Russian Civil WarRussian Civil War
1918 – 19211918 – 1921 Communists vs. their Communists vs. their
political opponentspolitical opponents Political opponents = Political opponents =
Royalists, Liberal Royalists, Liberal Democrats, Moderate Democrats, Moderate Socialists, Landlords, Socialists, Landlords, etc.etc.
Communists = “the Communists = “the Reds”Reds”
Their opponents = “the Their opponents = “the Whites”Whites”
Russian Civil War: The Red Russian Civil War: The Red ArmyArmy
Communist Communist Army = Army = called the called the Red ArmyRed Army
Led by Leon Led by Leon TrotskyTrotsky
Russian Civil War: The Russian Civil War: The TerrorTerror
Bolsheviks imposed a policy called Bolsheviks imposed a policy called “war communism”“war communism” Took direct control over all Took direct control over all
industriesindustries Forced peasants to send food to Forced peasants to send food to
the citiesthe cities Killed the imprisoned Czar & his Killed the imprisoned Czar & his
familyfamily Set up secret police force = the Set up secret police force = the
ChekaCheka Arrested (and often executed) Arrested (and often executed)
anyone considered an “enemy of anyone considered an “enemy of the revolution”the revolution”
Placed severe restrictions on the Placed severe restrictions on the Russian Orthodox ChurchRussian Orthodox Church Communists = anti-religionCommunists = anti-religion
Russian Civil WarRussian Civil War ““Whites” surrendered in 1921Whites” surrendered in 1921
Outnumbered, disorganized, Outnumbered, disorganized, poorly equipped armiespoorly equipped armies
Lenin and the Communists then Lenin and the Communists then had complete control of Russiahad complete control of Russia
Lenin = ruled from 1921-Lenin = ruled from 1921-19241924
State of Russia = horribleState of Russia = horrible From 1914-1921 = 27 million From 1914-1921 = 27 million
Russians had diedRussians had died Economy = in shamblesEconomy = in shambles Peasants = still starvingPeasants = still starving
Lenin in PowerLenin in Power 1922 = Russia 1922 = Russia
becomes USSR = Union becomes USSR = Union of Soviet Socialist of Soviet Socialist Republics = Soviet Republics = Soviet UnionUnion
New constitution New constitution written = makes it a written = makes it a socialist statesocialist state
In theory = Soviet In theory = Soviet Union supposed to be Union supposed to be run by the workersrun by the workers But really the But really the
Communist Party didCommunist Party did
Lenin in PowerLenin in Power
Lenin died in 1924 at the age of 54Lenin died in 1924 at the age of 54
Trotsky vs. Trotsky vs. StalinStalin
Fought for power after Lenin Fought for power after Lenin dieddied
Leon Trotsky = leader of the Leon Trotsky = leader of the Red Army during the Civil Red Army during the Civil WarWar
Joseph Stalin = General Joseph Stalin = General Secretary of the Communist Secretary of the Communist PartyParty
Difference = Trotsky wanted Difference = Trotsky wanted to spread Communism all to spread Communism all over the world immediately over the world immediately & Stalin wanted to make it & Stalin wanted to make it strong in the Soviet Union strong in the Soviet Union firstfirst
Trotsky vs. StalinTrotsky vs. Stalin Trotsky = closer to Lenin Trotsky = closer to Lenin
and more well-knownand more well-known Stalin = outmaneuvered Stalin = outmaneuvered
Trotsky politicallyTrotsky politically Ability to remove and Ability to remove and
appoint government officialsappoint government officials Once he gained control of Once he gained control of
the government, he exiled the government, he exiled Trotsky to Siberia in 1929Trotsky to Siberia in 1929
Trotsky eventually moved to Trotsky eventually moved to Mexico City Mexico City Stalin sent an Stalin sent an assassin there to kill himassassin there to kill him
Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin Ruled the Soviet Union from 1929 – Ruled the Soviet Union from 1929 –
19531953 Responsible for the next major Responsible for the next major
extension of communist controlextension of communist control In Eastern Europe after WWIIIn Eastern Europe after WWII Soviet military forces already Soviet military forces already
there after the war there after the war stayed stayed there to help impose communist there to help impose communist regimes per Stalin’s ordersregimes per Stalin’s orders
Stalin wanted to be surrounded Stalin wanted to be surrounded by “friendly” governments as by “friendly” governments as security against invasions from security against invasions from the Westthe West
Stalin takes control of the Stalin takes control of the EconomyEconomy
Called for a command economy – system which theCalled for a command economy – system which the government makes all economic decisionsgovernment makes all economic decisions Political leaders identify economic needs and determine howPolitical leaders identify economic needs and determine how to fulfill themto fulfill them Creates a Five Year Plan (two of them in fact) in order toCreates a Five Year Plan (two of them in fact) in order to create a goal for the nation to strive towards.create a goal for the nation to strive towards. Five year plan set unrealistically high goals – consumerFive year plan set unrealistically high goals – consumer production had to be limited to try to teach these goals,production had to be limited to try to teach these goals, causing widespread shortages of foot, housing, clothes, etccausing widespread shortages of foot, housing, clothes, etc Government controlled all aspects of people’s lives – choseGovernment controlled all aspects of people’s lives – chose jobs, assigned hours, needed permission of the police to movejobs, assigned hours, needed permission of the police to move Those who did not cooperate could be executed or sent to theThose who did not cooperate could be executed or sent to the gulagsgulags
Agricultural collectivizationAgricultural collectivization
1928 – 25 Million privately1928 – 25 Million privately owned farms seizedowned farms seized Combined into governmentCombined into government owned collective farmsowned collective farms Were told what to plant,Were told what to plant, when, etcwhen, etc Strong resistance fromStrong resistance from peasants – especially kulakspeasants – especially kulaks – – class of wealthy peasantsclass of wealthy peasants 1938 – 90% of peasants lived1938 – 90% of peasants lived on collectiveson collectives 5-10 million dead – mostly5-10 million dead – mostly from a lack of foodfrom a lack of food
Weapons of TotalitarianismWeapons of Totalitarianism
Police terror – destroyedPolice terror – destroyed enemies of Stalinenemies of Stalin Monitored telephoneMonitored telephone lines, read mail, plantedlines, read mail, planted informantsinformants Many children told onMany children told on parents for “disloyal”parents for “disloyal” commentscomments Great Purge – term usedGreat Purge – term used to describe the systematicto describe the systematic killed of many enemies ofkilled of many enemies of the state such as:the state such as: – – Bolshevik party membersBolshevik party members who helped in thewho helped in the Revolution of 1917 (freeRevolution of 1917 (free thinkers)thinkers) – – Kulaks: wealthy peasantsKulaks: wealthy peasants who deliberately destroyedwho deliberately destroyed fields rather than havefields rather than have them taken by the statethem taken by the state
COT: Russia 1917- Post COT: Russia 1917- Post WWIIWWII
Continuities Changes
IndustrialismLarge peasant(agrarian population)Russian Orthodox(although lessened)Absolute(totalitarian) War(militarism)Proletariat(working class)Large multi-ethnic empireDeep distrust of the “West”Need to increase industrialization (5 year plan)Intolerance of ethnic minorities( ex Jews)Siberia as a location for “unwanted” populationKulaks
CommunismTotalitarianism5 year plansPurgesPolitburoU.S.S.R alliancesWarsaw PactCOMINTERNPropagandaCollectivizationEnd od Czarist RussiaSuperpowerCold War