general rules on use of antimicrobial agents
DESCRIPTION
General Rules On Use of Antimicrobial Agents. By: Prof. A.M.Kambal. Consultant Microbiologist & Head of the Bacteriology. ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS. ANTIBIOTICS: NATURAL COMPOUNDS PRODUCED BY MICROORGANISM WHICH INHIBIT THE GROWTH OF OTHER . CHEMOTHERAPY: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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General Rules On Use of General Rules On Use of Antimicrobial AgentsAntimicrobial Agents
Consultant Microbiologist & Head of the Bacteriology
By: Prof. A.M.Kambal By: Prof. A.M.Kambal
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ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
ANTIBIOTICS:ANTIBIOTICS:
NATURAL COMPOUNDS PRODUCED BY NATURAL COMPOUNDS PRODUCED BY MICROORGANISM WHICH INHIBIT THE GROWTH MICROORGANISM WHICH INHIBIT THE GROWTH OF OTHER .OF OTHER .
CHEMOTHERAPY:CHEMOTHERAPY:
SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS.SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS.
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SELECTIVE TOXICITY:SELECTIVE TOXICITY: THE ABILITY TO KILL OR INHIBIT THE THE ABILITY TO KILL OR INHIBIT THE
GROWTH OF MICROORGANISM WITHOUT GROWTH OF MICROORGANISM WITHOUT HARMING THE HOST CELLS.HARMING THE HOST CELLS.
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BACTERICIDALBACTERICIDAL: : KILLS BACTERIAKILLS BACTERIA
BACTERIOSTATICBACTERIOSTATIC:: PREVENTS MULTIPLICATIONPREVENTS MULTIPLICATION..
SPECTRIM OF ACTIVITYSPECTRIM OF ACTIVITY::
BROAD SPECTRUM: G+VE& G-VEBROAD SPECTRUM: G+VE& G-VE NARROW SPECTRUM: SELECTIVE ORGANISM.NARROW SPECTRUM: SELECTIVE ORGANISM.
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THERAPEUTIC INDEX:THERAPEUTIC INDEX:
THE RATIO OF THE DOSE TOXIC TO THE HOST TO THE RATIO OF THE DOSE TOXIC TO THE HOST TO THE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC DOSE.THE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC DOSE.
EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:
PENICILLIN: HIGH PENICILLIN: HIGH AMINOGLYCOSIDES: LOW AMINOGLYCOSIDES: LOW POLYMYXIN B: THE LOWEST POLYMYXIN B: THE LOWEST
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MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF ANTIMICROBIALSANTIMICROBIALS
1) INHIBITION OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS.1) INHIBITION OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS.
2) ALTERATION OF CELL MEMBRANES2) ALTERATION OF CELL MEMBRANES
3) INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHSIS3) INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHSIS
4) INHIBITION OF NUCLEIC ACID4) INHIBITION OF NUCLEIC ACID
5) ANTIMETABOLIC OR COMPETITEVE ANTAGONISM.5) ANTIMETABOLIC OR COMPETITEVE ANTAGONISM.
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MECHANISMS OF ACTIONMECHANISMS OF ACTION
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ANTIMICROBIALS THAT INHIBIT ANTIMICROBIALS THAT INHIBIT CELL WALL SYNTHESISCELL WALL SYNTHESIS
BETA LACTAMSBETA LACTAMS
PENICILLINSPENICILLINS CEPHALOSPORINSCEPHALOSPORINS CARBAPENEMSCARBAPENEMS MONOBACTAMMONOBACTAM
VANCOMYCINVANCOMYCIN BACITRACINBACITRACIN
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- LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS:- LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS:
BETA LACTAM RING &ORGANIC ACID.BETA LACTAM RING &ORGANIC ACID. NATURAL &SEMISYNTHETICNATURAL &SEMISYNTHETIC CIDAL ACTIONCIDAL ACTION BIND TO PBP, INTERFERES WITH BIND TO PBP, INTERFERES WITH
TRANSPEPTIDATION REACTIONTRANSPEPTIDATION REACTION
TOXICITYTOXICITY:: HYPERSENS. HYPERSENS. ANAPHYLAXIS, ANAPHYLAXIS, DIARRHOEA, ..ETC.DIARRHOEA, ..ETC.
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ANTIBIOTICS THAT INHIBIT PROTIEN ANTIBIOTICS THAT INHIBIT PROTIEN SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
AMINOGLYCOSIDESAMINOGLYCOSIDES
TETRACYCLINESTETRACYCLINES
CHLORAMPHENICOLCHLORAMPHENICOL
MACROLIDESMACROLIDES
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ANTIMICROBIALS THAT ACT ON NUCLEIC ACIDANTIMICROBIALS THAT ACT ON NUCLEIC ACID
RIFAMOICINRIFAMOICIN
QUINOLONESQUINOLONES
METRONIDAZOLEMETRONIDAZOLE
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ANTIMETABOLITES:ANTIMETABOLITES:
SULFONAMIDESSULFONAMIDES
TRIMETHOPRIMTRIMETHOPRIM
COMBINATION: BACTRIM/ SEPTRINCOMBINATION: BACTRIM/ SEPTRIN
BLOCK SEQUENTIAL STEPS IN FOLIC ACID SYNTHESISBLOCK SEQUENTIAL STEPS IN FOLIC ACID SYNTHESIS
NOCARDIA,CHLAMYDIA,PROTOZOA,P.CRANIINOCARDIA,CHLAMYDIA,PROTOZOA,P.CRANII
UTI LRTI, OM..UTI LRTI, OM..
GIT.HEPATITIS, BM DEPRESSIN, HYPERSENSITIVITYGIT.HEPATITIS, BM DEPRESSIN, HYPERSENSITIVITY
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ANTITUBERCULOUS AGENTS
FIRST LINEFIRST LINE: INH: INH RIFAMPICINRIFAMPICIN ETHAMBUTOLETHAMBUTOL PYRAZINAMIDEPYRAZINAMIDE
SECOND LINE:STREPTOMYCIN PASA CYCLOSERINE,CAPREOMYCIN
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ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN BACTERIAANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN BACTERIA
INDISCRIMINATE USE OF ANTIMICROBIALSINDISCRIMINATE USE OF ANTIMICROBIALS SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE OF ANTIBIOTICSSELECTIVE ADVANTAGE OF ANTIBIOTICS
TYPES OF RESISTANCE:TYPES OF RESISTANCE:
PRIMARYPRIMARY::
INNATE eg. STREPT. &ANAEROBES RESISTANT TO INNATE eg. STREPT. &ANAEROBES RESISTANT TO GENTAMICINGENTAMICIN
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ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN BACTERIA (Continue)ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN BACTERIA (Continue)
AQUIRED:AQUIRED: 1-MUTATION: MTB R TO SRTEPTOMYCIN1-MUTATION: MTB R TO SRTEPTOMYCIN
2- GENE TRANSFER: PLASMID MEDIATED OR 2- GENE TRANSFER: PLASMID MEDIATED OR TRANSPOSONESTRANSPOSONES
CROSS RESISTANCECROSS RESISTANCE: : R TO ONE GROUP CONFER R TO OTHER OF THE R TO ONE GROUP CONFER R TO OTHER OF THE
SAME GROUPSAME GROUP EG ERYTHROMYCIN & CLINDAMYCINEG ERYTHROMYCIN & CLINDAMYCIN
DISSOCIATE RDISSOCIATE R:: R TO GENTA. DOES NOT CONFER R .TO R TO GENTA. DOES NOT CONFER R .TO
TOBRAMYCINTOBRAMYCIN
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MECHANISMS OR RESISTANCEMECHANISMS OR RESISTANCE
1-PERMIABILITY CANGED1-PERMIABILITY CANGED
2-MODIFICATION OF SITE OF ACTION, EG. 2-MODIFICATION OF SITE OF ACTION, EG. MUTATIONMUTATION
3-INACTIVATION BY ENZYMES.EG. BETA 3-INACTIVATION BY ENZYMES.EG. BETA LACTAMASE, AMINOGLYCOSIDES INACTIVATING LACTAMASE, AMINOGLYCOSIDES INACTIVATING ENZYMESENZYMES
BYPASSING BLOCKED METABOLIC REACTION EG. BYPASSING BLOCKED METABOLIC REACTION EG. PABAPABA FOILC ACID BY PLASMID MEDIATED FOILC ACID BY PLASMID MEDIATED
DFR.DFR.
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PRINCIPLES OF ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY:PRINCIPLES OF ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY:
INDICATIONINDICATION CHOICE OF DRUGCHOICE OF DRUG ROUTEROUTE DOSAGEDOSAGE DURATIONDURATION DISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTION EXCRETIONEXCRETION TOXICITYTOXICITY COMBINATIONCOMBINATION PROPHYLAXIS:PROPHYLAXIS:
SHORT TERM:SHORT TERM: MENINGITISMENINGITISLONG TERM:LONG TERM: TB, UTI , RHEUMATIC TB, UTI , RHEUMATIC
FEVERFEVER
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All anaerobes are susceptible to flagyl All Streptococci are resistant to aminoglyclosides All anaerobes are resistant to aminoglycosides
e.g. Gentamicin. All anaerobes EXCEPT Bacteriodes fragilis are susceptible to
penicillin. All gram negative organisms are resistant to vancomycin. All gram positive organisms are susceptible to vancomycin
EXCEPT Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE).
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Pseudomonas are resistant to all antibiotic EXCEPT:
a) Aminoglycosides
b) Third generation cephalosporins
e.g. ceftazidime
c) Quinolones e.g. ciprofloxacin
d) Ureidopenicillin. E.g. pipericillin
e) Carbapenems e.g. imipenem and meropenem
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Flucloxacillin/cloxacillin is the best therapy for methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, first generation cephalosporins e.g. cephalex, cephidine can be used for the same purpose.
Patients allergic to penicillin can be treated with microlides. e.g. Erythromycin
Staphylococcus aureus resistance to methicillin are also resistant to flucloxacillin, other penicillins, some macrolides. These are better treated with vancomycin.
β-haemolytic Streptococci – e.g. Group A,B,C etc are always susceptible to penicillin, first, second and third generation cephalosporins and of course Vancomycin.
Patients allergic to penicillin can be treated with macrolides. e.g. Erythromycin.
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Enterococci e.g. Enterococcus faecalis are generally Resistant to penicillin, but susceptible to ampicillin.
Enterococci resistant to ampicillin can be treated by vancomycin or teichoplanin.
Enterococci resistant to vancomycin (VRE) are treated by Linozolid, dalphopristin or quinopristin.
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Ceftriaxone a (3rd generation cephalosporin) is active against.
a) Streptococcus pneumoniaeb) Neisseria meningitidisc) H. influenzae
This makes it the best empirical therapy of meningitis before knowing the causative agents.
Typhoid fever is treated by:a) Amoxycillinb) Cotrimoxazole (Septrin)c) Chloramphenicol
If resistant to these, then use Ciprofloxacin or Ceftriaxone.
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Antimicrobial prophylaxis should be
a) Directed to a known organism as far as possible.
b) It should not be given for more then 3 doses.
Few exceptions are known
e.g. urinary tract infection. In site where immune system does not work well, use bactericidal
antibiotic e.g. Endocarditis Meningitis
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Choice of Antibacterial Agents According to Clinical Syndromes:
1. Infections of Skin, Soft tissue and Bone:
a) Cellulitis Uncomplicated:
Causative agents: Staph. aureus Strepto. pyogenes Strepto. agalactiae
Drugs = Cloxacillin, 1st generation cephalosporin
For MRSA = Vancomycin Complicated: e.g. in burns
Causative agents = E.coli, Pseudomonas etc.
Drugs = Piperacillin / Tazobactam, Imipenem etc.
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Choice of Antibacterial Agents According to Clinical Syndromes:
b) Bone and Joints:
Oesteomyelitis: Causative agents Staph. aureus Strepto. pyogenes
Drugs as in cellulitis
Septic arthritis Staph. aureus Haemophilus influenzae – Ampicillin, Ceftriaxone Salmonella in sickle cell disease – Ampicillin, Ceftriaxone
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Choice of Antibacterial Agents According to Clinical Syndromes:
2. Meningitis: a) Primary causatives agents in children and adults
Strept. pneumoniae N. meningitidis H. influenzae
Drugs = Ceftriaxone Or amoxycillin b) Neonatal meningitis
1. Group B β-haemolytic streptococci2. Gram negative faecal organisms
e.g. E.coli, Klebsiella etc. 3. Listeria monocytogenes
Emperic Drugs Therapy: Ampicillin + gentamicin Ampicillin + Cefotaxime sometimes (Gentamicin)
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Choice of Antibacterial Agents According to Clinical Syndromes:
Pneumonia a) Causative agents:
Community acquired Typical Strep. pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae
Drugs = Ceftriaxone Or Cefuroxime
Atypical: Mycoplasma pneumoniae Chlamydia pneumoniae Legionella pneumophilic
Empiric Drugs Therapy: Ceftriaxone and Erythromycin Or Azithromycin
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Choice of Antibacterial Agents According to Clinical Syndrome:
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia Causative agents:
Gram negative rods (Enterobactericae) MRSA Pseudomonas
Drugs = Piperacillin / Tasobactam Or Ceftazidime + Aminoglycoside + Vancomycin for (MRSA)
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Urinary Tract Infection:
Causative agents: E.coli (85% of cases) Klebsiella Proteus Enterococcus faecales
Drugs (Emperic) Ampicillin / Amoxycillin Cephalex Trimotheprim / Sulphamethaxole Others according to susceptibility testing
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Septicemia / Bacterionema: (Blood Stream Infection)
Any Organism:
Drugs Ampicillin + Aminoglycoside Ceftazidime + Aminoglycoside and (Vancomycin for gram
+ve)
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Organisms Causing Dental Infection:
There are usually members of the mouth flora:A. Streptococci
e.g. Other Viridans streptococciB. Anaerobes
Bacteroides Prevotella Viellonella
C. SpirochaetesD. Others spiral organismsE. Other organisms in immunocompromised patients
e.g. Gram negative rods
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Treatment of Dental Infection:
Generally penicillin, but now replaced by amoxycillin as it is better absorbed.
In patient allergic to penicillin useA. Clindamycin OrB. Macrolides e.g. erythromycin
In severely ill patient with severe infection vancomycin may be used plus flagyl
In severe infections in immunocompromised patients take specimens for culture and give therapy according to susceptibility testing.