general science and technology · 12.refraction by lenses 42 13.the camera and the eye 43 14....

$: General Science and Technology · 12.Refraction by Lenses 42 13.The Camera and the Eye 43 14. Colour Vision 44 15.Colour of Objects 44 16.Defects of Vision and their Correction44$
General Science and Technology

Topic-wise Strategy

Part A: Physics

1. Nature and Scope of Physics 1

1. Introduction to Physics 12. Major Branches of Physics 13. Four Fundamental Forces in Nature 2Self–Evaluation Test 3

2. Matter and its Characteristics 4

1. What is Matter? 42. Properties of Matter 43. Density and Relative Density 44. Pressure 5

4.1 Other Applications of Bernoulli’s Theorem 55. Properties of Solids 66. Properties of Liquids 77. Properties of Gases 88. Molecular Motion in the Three

States of Matter 98.1 Solid 98.2 Liquid 98.3 Gas 9

Self–Evaluation Test 9

3. Kinematics 10

1. Physical Quantities 102. Concept of Motion and Rest 113. Terms Related to Motion 114. Relative Velocity 125. Types of Motion 12

5.1 Translatory Motion 125.2 Rectilinear Motion 135.3 Rotatory Motion 13

5.4 Circular Motion 135.5 Oscillatory Motion 13

6. Newton’s Laws of Motion 136.1 Pulley Dynamics 146.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion 146.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 146.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 14

7. Force 15 8. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces 159. Types of Forces in Nature 1510. Uniform Circular Motion 1511. Rigid Body and its Rotation 17

11.1 Torque of a Rigid Body 1711.2 Everyday examples of torque 17

12. Couple of a Rigid Body 1813. Centre of Gravity 1814. Friction 18

14.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Frictional Forces 19

15. Gravitational Laws 1915.1 Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion 1915.2 Newton’s Law of Gravitation 19

16. Central Forces 20 17. Einstein’s Theory of Relativity 20Self–Evaluation Test 20

4. Work, Energy and Power 21

1. Work 212. Energy 213. Different Forms of Energy 214. Conservation of Energy 225. Engines 22

General Science and Technology 1-316

Contents

6. Power 227. Collisions 22Self–Evaluation Test 23

5. Heat 24

1. Nature of Heat 242. Measuring Heat Intensity 24

2.1 Temperature 242.2 Triple Point of Water 25

3. Types of the Thermometer 254. Effects of Heating 25

4.1 Expansion of Solids 254.2 Expansion of Liquids 264.3 Unusual Behaviour of Water 264.4 Expansion of Gases—The Gas Law 26

5. Thermal Equilibrium 266. Laws of Thermodynamics 267. SpecificHeat 278. Change of State 279. Laws of Boiling 2810. Kinetic Theory 2811. Relative Humidity 28 12. Evaporation, Condensation

and Sublimation 2812.1 Evaporation 2812.2 Condensation 2912.3 Sublimation 29

13. Transmission of Heat 2913.1 Conduction 2913.2 Convection 2913.3 Radiation 29


6. Waves 31

1. Nature of Waves 312. Mechanical Waves 313. Properties of Waves 314. Electromagnetic Radiation 32 5. Propagation of Electromagnetic

Waves in Atmosphere 32Self–Evaluation Test 33

7. Sound 34

1. Production and Propagation of Sound 34

2. Nature of Sound Waves 343. Speed of Sound 344. Types of Sound Waves 34

4.1 Infrasonic 344.2 Ultrasonic 34

5. Characteristics of Sound 356. Reflection of Sound-Echo 357. Resonance 358. Doppler Effect 359. Supersonic and Subsonic 36Self–Evaluation Test 36

8. Light 37

1. What is Light? 372. Properties of Light 373. Nature of Light 374. Sources of Light 375. Speed of Light 37

5.1 Waves or Particles 375.2 Quantum Mechanics 38

6. Rectilinear Propagation 387. Reflection andMirrors 388. Shadows and Eclipses 389. Images in Mirrors 39

9.1 Image Formation in Plane Mirror 399.2 Applications of Plane Mirror 399.3 Image Formation in Spherical Mirrors 399.4 New Cartesian Sign Convention 409.5 Mirror Formula and Magnification

in Spherical Mirrors 409.6 Applications of Spherical Mirrors 40

10. Absorption 4011. Refraction 40

11.1 Laws of Refraction 4111.2 Refractive Index 4111.3 EffectsofRefractionofLight 4111.4 TotalInternalReflection(TIR) 4111.5 ConditionsforTotalInternalReflection 4111.6 Applications of Refraction 4211.7 EffectsofRefraction 42

12. Refraction by Lenses 4213. The Camera and the Eye 4314. Colour Vision 44 15. Colour of Objects 44 16. Defects of Vision and their Correction 4417. Colour: Dispersion and Spectrum 45 18. Scattering, Interference and

Diffraction of Light 4519. Polarisation 4520. Optical Instruments 4621. Laser 46Self–Evaluation Test 46

9. Magnetism 47

1. What is Magnetism? 47 2. History of the Study of the

Magnetism 473. Properties of Magnets 474. Causes of Magnetism 475. Magnetic Field and Lines of Forces 486. Classification ofMagneticMaterials 487. Earth’s Magnetism 48Self–Evaluation Test 49

10. Electricity and its Effects 50

1. Conductors, Insulators,Semi-conductors 50 2. Capacitors and Capacitance 50 3. Electric Current 504. Ohm’s Law 515. Piezo-Electric Effect 516. Thermoelectricity 517. Electric Fields 518. Heat and Power 529. Electricity and Magnetism 5210. Transformer 5311. Alternating Current 5312. Lighting 5413. Electrochemistry 5414. Types of Cell 54Self–Evaluation Test 55

11. Nuclear Physics 56

1. Nucleus and Nuclear Forces 56

2. Radioactivity, Radioisotope, Radioactive Decay Law 56

3. Radioisotopes 574. Nuclear Energy 58 5. Applications of Nuclear Energy 59 6. Basic Terms in Nuclear Sciences 59 7. India’s Nuclear Energy

Programme (Three Stage) 60Self–Evaluation Test 60Practice Set 61

Part B: Chemistry

1. Introduction to Matter 65

1. Chemistry in Everyday Life 652. Branches of Chemistry 653. Matter and Energy 674. Classification ofMatter 67

4.1 PhysicalClassification 674.2 ChemicalClassification 674.3 Pure Substances 674.4 Mixture 694.5 Separation of Mixtures 704.6 Alloys 70

5. Atomic Theory of Matter 71 6. Atoms and Molecules 71Self–Evaluation Test 73

2. Radioactivity 74

1. Introduction 741.1 Discovery of Radioactivity 74

2. Nuclear Disintegration 742.1 Types of Radioactive Disintegration 75

3. Nuclear Fusion 754. Nuclear Fission 755. Nuclear Reactor 766. Applications of Radioactive Isotopes 76

6.1 Medical Uses 766.2 Agricultural Uses 766.3 Industrial Uses 776.4 Archaeology and Geology 77


3. Periodic Classification of Elements 78

1. Introduction 782. Mendeleev’s Periodic Law 783. Modern Periodic Table 78

3.1 Arrangements of Elements in Groups and Periods 78

4. Noble Gases 81Self–Evaluation Test 81

4. Chemical Reactions, Oxidation and Reduction 82

1. Introduction 821.1 Reversible and Irreversible Reactions 82

2. Types of Chemical Reactions 82 3. Energies Involved in a Reaction 83 4. Other Forms of Energies

Involved in Reactions 835. Electrochemical Cells 846. Oxidation and Reduction 85Self–Evaluation Test 85

5. Non-Metals and Metals 86

1. Non-Metal 862. Properties ofNon-Metals 863. Hydrogen 86

3.1 Uses of Hydrogen 873.2 Liquid Hydrogen 873.3 Hard Water and Soft Water 87

4. Oxygen 875. Sulphur and its Compounds 886. Nitrogen and Its Compounds 887. Phosphorus 898. Silicon 899. Halogens 8910. Occurrence of Metals 8911. Properties of Metals 8912. Metallurgy 9013. Important Compounds of Metals 92Self–Evaluation Test 93

6. Carbon and its Compounds 94

1. Allotropy of Carbon 941.1 Uses of Diamond 94

1.2 Uses of Graphite 941.3 Charcoal 95

2. Inorganic Carbon Compounds 953. Organic Compounds 96

3.1 Hydrocarbons 963.2 Some Organic Compounds 97

4. Aldehyde 985. Acetone 996. Amino Acid 997. Alkaloids 998. Cellulose 999. Properties 10010. Some Inorganic Carbon Compounds 10011. Additional Input 100Self–Evaluation Test 101

7. Solutions 102

1. Components of a Solution 1022. Concentration of Solutions 1023. Solubility of Gases 1034. Osmosis 103

4.1 Osmotic Pressure 103Self–Evaluation Test 104

8. Acids, Bases and Salts 105

1. Acid and Base 1052. Acidity and Basicity 105

2.1 Types of Bases 1052.2 Types of Acids 105

3. Uses of Acids and Bases 1053.1 Strength of Acid 105

4. Salts 1054.1 Uses of Salts 106

5. pH 1065.1 Importance of pH values 106

6. The pH Scale 1067. Buffer Solutions 107Self–Evaluation Test 107

9. Petroleum and Other Fuels 108

1. Introduction 1082. CalorificValue of Fuels 1083. Petroleum 109

4. Refining of Petroleum 1095. Cracking and Reforming 1096. Knocking Property 1097. Quality of Petrol 1108. Petrochemicals and their Applications 1109. Ethanol Blending 11110. LPG and CNG 111Self–Evaluation Test 111

10. Chemistry in Everyday Life 112

1. Fertilizers and Pesticides 1121.1 Fertilizers 1121.2 Pesticides 112

2. Rocket Propellants 1122.1 ClassificationofPropellants 112

3. Fire Extinguishers 1134. Cement 113

4.1 Manufacture 1134.2 Uses 113

5. Glass 1135.1 Properties of Glass 113

6. Soaps and Synthetic Detergents 1146.1 Soaps 1146.2 Synthetic Detergents 1146.3 Preparation of Detergent 1156.4 Advantages of Synthetic Detergents

over Soaps 1156.5 Cleansing Action of Soaps and Detergents 115

7. Chemistry in Medicine and Health Care 1167.1 Types of Drugs 1167.2 Chemical Composition of Hormonal

Contraceptives 1177.3 ClassificationofHormonalContraceptives 1177.4 Mode of Action of Hormonal

Contraceptives 1178. Natural Rubber 1179. Plastics 11710. Chemicals and Cosmetics 11911. Important Terms and Facts 11912. Some Eminent Chemists and

Their Discoveries 122

13. Some Important Reagents and Mixtures 123

Self–Evaluation Test 124Practice Set 125

Part C: Biology

1. The Science of Life 129

1. LivingandNon-living 129Self–Evaluation Test 132

2. The Cell: Basic Unit of Life 132

1. Introduction 1322. Theories of Cell 1323. Types of cells 1334. Structure of the Cell 133

4.1 Protoplasm 1334.2 Vacuoles 1374.3 Cell Wall 138

5. Cell Division 138Self–Evaluation Test 139

3. Organization of the Living Organisms 140

1. Complex Organization 1402. Plant Tissues 1403. Morphology and Anatomy:

Roots, Stems, and Leaves 1413.1 Root System 1413.2 Stems 1423.3 Leaves 143

4. Organization in Animals 1434.1 Animal Tissues 1434.2 Skeletal Tissues 1454.3 Vascular tissues 145


4. Classification of Living Organisms 147

1. Nomenclature 1472. Bacteria 147

2.1 Shapes and Sizes 1482.2 Vital Processes in Bacteria 148

3. Fungi 1503.1 General Characteristics 1503.2 Fungal Structure and Growth 1503.3 Some Fungi and their Impacts 150

4. Plant Kingdom 1514.1 Thallophyta 1514.2 Lichens 1524.3 Conifers 153

5. Animal Kingdom 1545.1 Protozoa 1545.2 Porifera(Sponges) 1555.3 Cnidaria(Coelenterata) 1555.4 Ctenophora 1555.5 Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) 1555.6 Nemathelminthes or Aschelminthes

(Round-worms) 1555.7 Annelida(SegmentedWorms) 1555.8 Mollusca 1555.9 Arthropods 1555.10 Enchinodermata 1565.11 Hemichordata 1565.12 Chordates 156


5. Nutrition in Plants & Animals 158

1. Food 1582. Types of Foodstuffs 1583. Nutrition in Plants 1594. Photosynthesis 1625. Nutrition in Animals 162

5.1 Mode of Nutrition 1625.2 The Holozoic Nutrition 162

6. Digestion in Humans 1626.1 Organs Involved and their Functions 1626.2 Hormonal Control of Digestion

in Human 1637. Enzymes 1638. Digestive Disorder 166Self–Evaluation Test 166

6. Respiration in Plants & Animals 167

1. What is Respiration? 1672. Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration 167

3. Respiration in Plants 1674. Respiration in Animals 1675. Human Respiratory System 168

5.1 Movement of Air During Respiration 168Self–Evaluation Test 170

7. Transportation 171

1. Transportation in Plants 1711.1 Conduction of water 171

2. Transportation in Animals: Circulation 172

3. Human Blood and Circulatory System 172

4. The Lymphatic System 1764.1 Disorder of Circulatory System 176


8. Excretion in Plants & Animals 178

1. What is Excretion? 1782. Excretion in Plants 1783. Excretion in Animals 1784. Human Excretory or Urinary System 1795. Diseases of the Excretory System 179Self–Evaluation Test 180

9. Control and Co-ordination 181

1. The Skeleton 1812. Functions of Skeleton 1813. Movement of the Skeleton 1814. Nervous System 182

4.1 Central Nervous System 1824.2 Peripheral Nervous System 183

5. Endocrine System 1836. Sense Organs 186Self–Evaluation Test 187

10. Reproduction in Plants & Animals 188

1. Types of Reproduction 1882. Sexual Reproduction in Plants 1893. Pollination 189

3.1 Agents of Pollination 1904. Reproduction in Human Beings 190Self–Evaluation Test 192

11. Heredity and Variations 193

1. The Science of Heredity 1932. Principles of Heredity:

Mendel’s Experiments 1932.1 CrossingOver(GeneticRecombination) 194

3. Sex Linked Inheritance 1943.1 Sex Determination 194

4. Variations 1954.1 Genetic Variation 195

5. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 1955.1 Structure of DNA 1955.2 RNA 196


12. Plants and Animals Diseases 197

1. Plant Diseases and Their Control 1971.1 Seed-borneDiseases 1971.2 Soil-borneDiseases 1971.3 Air-borneDiseases 1981.4 Insect-borneDiseases 198

2. General Measures of Disease Control in Plants 198

3. Animal Diseases and Their Control 1993.1 Bacterial Diseases 1993.2 Viral Diseases 1993.3 Fungal Diseases 1993.4 Protozoan Diseases 200

4. Common Diseases of Poultry 200Self–Evaluation Test 201

13. Human Diseases and Their Prevention 202

1. Introduction 2022. Communicable Diseases 2023. Diseases Caused by Helminths 2024. Diseases Caused by Fungi 2035. Non-CommunicableDiseases 203

5.1 Diseases of the Heart 2035.2 OtherNon-CommunicableDisease 205

6. Genetic Defects 2056.1 Autosomal Abnormalities 2056.2 Abnormalities of the Sex Chromosomes 206

6.3 Other Chromosomal Abnormalities 2066.4 Autosomal Recessive 2066.5 Autosomal Dominant 2066.6 X-LinkedRecessive 2076.7 Sex-InfluencedInheritance 207

7. Immunization 2078. Allergy 2079. Human Diseases and their

Prevention 2089.1 Zika Vaccine 208

10. Chikungunya Virus 20811. Dengue 208

11.1 Transmission 20811.2 Characteristics 20811.3 Treatment 20911.4 Immunization 20911.5 Prevention and Control 209

12. Injectable Polio Vaccine (IPV) 20913. Japanese Encephalitis 209

13.1 Where is it most common? 20913.2 Symptoms 20913.3 Prevention 210

14. General Immunology 21014.1 Definitions 210

15. Production of Antibody in Response to Antigens 210

16. Cells of the Immunity System 210Self–Evaluation Test 211Practice Set 212

Part D: Science & Technology

1. Developments in Science and Technology 218

1. Government Agencies 2182. New Science Technology and

Innovation Policy (STI), 2013 2193. National Intellectual Property

Rights Policy 2194. National Biotechnology Development

Strategy (2015-2020) 2195. Achievements so far 220

6. Research & Development Programmes 2206.1 CSRI(CognitiveScience

ResearchInitiative) 2206.2 National Science & Technology

Entrepreneurship Development Board(NSTEDB) 220

7. Programmes for Socio-EconomicDevelopment 2217.1 National Council for Science and

TechnologyCommunication(NCSTC) 2217.2 Science For Equity Empowerment and

Development(SEED) 2218. Flagship Programmes of the

Department 2218.1 Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired

Research(INSPIRE) 2218.2 Fund for Improvement of S&T Infrastructure

in Universities and Higher Educational Institutions(FIST) 221

8.3 Promotion of University Research and ScientificExcellence(PURSE) 221

8.4 Consolidation of University Research for InnovationandExcellence(CURIE) 221

8.5 National Mission on Nano Science & Technology(NanoMission) 221

9. Schemes for Promotion of S & T 2229.1 Impacting Research Innovation and

Technology(IMPRINT) 2229.2 Science and Technology of Yoga and

Meditation(SATYAM) 2229.3 VAJRA(VisitingAdvanced

JointReasearch) 2229.4 Nidhi 2229.5 AtalInnovationMission(AIM)

and SETU 2229.6 KISAN(CropInsuranceUsingSpace

TechnologyandGeo-informatics) 22310.Autonomous Scientific Institutions 22311. New Initiatives 224Self–Evaluation Test 225

2. Space Research 226

1. About Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) 2261.1 Vision of ISRO 2261.2 Mission of ISRO 2261.3 Objectives 226

2. Space Centres 2272.1 VikramSarabhaiSpaceCentre(VSSC) 2272.2 LiquidPropulsionSystemsCentre(LPSC)2272.3 SatishDhawanSpaceCentre(SDSC) 2272.4 ISROSatelliteCentre(ISAC) 2272.5 IPRC Mahendragiri 2272.6 SpaceApplicationsCentre(SAC) 2272.7 NationalRemoteSensingCentre(NRSC) 2272.8 ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command

Network(ISTRAC) 2272.9 MasterControlFacility(MCF) 2272.10 ISROInertialSystemsUnit(IISU) 2282.11 LaboratoryforElectro-Optics

Systems(LEOS) 2282.12 Development and Educational

CommunicationUnit(DECU) 2282.13 National Atmospheric Research

Laboratory(NARL) 2282.14 Semi-ConductorLaboratory(SCL) 2282.15 Antrix Corporation Limited 2282.16 NorthEastern-SpaceApplications

Centre(NE-SAC) 2283. Types of Orbits 228

3.1 Polar Orbits 2283.2 Sun Synchronous Orbit 2293.3 Geo Synchronous Orbits/

Geostationary Orbit 2293.4 LowEarthOrbit:(LEO) 2293.5 MediumEarthOrbit:(MEO) 229

4. ISRO Launchers 2304.1 SLV 2304.2 ASLV 2304.3 PSLV 2304.4 GSLV 230

5. ISRO Future Launchers 2315.1 LVM3 2315.2 RLV-TD 2315.3 Scramjet Engine – TD 231

6. Satellite Series 2326.1 Aryabhata 2326.2 Bhaskara-I 2326.3 Rohini Satellite Series 2326.4 StretchedRohiniSatelliteSeries(SROSS) 2326.5 Indian National Satellite System 2326.6 Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System 2326.7 Saral 2336.8 CrewModuleAtmosphericRe-entry

Experiment(CARE) 2336.9 Astrosat 2336.10 Satellite Navigation 2346.11 Mars Orbitor Mission 2366.12 ScientificObjectives 236

7. Future Technological Advancements of ISRO 2367.1 ADITYA – L1 2367.2 Chandrayaan-2 2367.3 ISRO’s Future Interplanetary Missions 237

8. Types of Engines Used by ISRO 2398.1 Vikas Rocket Engine 2398.2 Scramjet Engine 2398.3 Ramjet Engine 2398.4 Cryogenic Rocket Engine 239

9. ISRO Changed the Way the World Looks at India 239

10. SAARC Satellite 24010.1 Salient Features 24010.2 Significance 240

11. Why India Spending a Lot on Space Program? 240

12. Top Achievements of ISRO 24013. Thirty Metre Telescope 24114. Telescopes of India 241

14.1 Devasthal Optical Telescope 24114.2 MultiApplicationSolarTelescope(MAST)241

15. Gravitational Waves 24215.1 LIGO 24215.2 LISAPathfinder 242

16. Neutrinos 24216.1 India-basedNeutrinoObservatory(INO) 243

17. Higgs Boson and CERN Experiment 24317.1 India Becomes Member of CERN 243

18. Dark Matter and Dark Energy 24319. Noble Prizes 244

19.1 Nobel Prize for Physics, 2017 – Indian Connection 244


3. Renewable Energy and Nuclear Energy 246

1. Renewable Energy 2461.1 Importance 2461.2 India and Its Renewable Energy Sector 247

2. Solar Energy 2472.1 National Solar Mission 2472.2 Solar Energy Corporation of India Ltd 2482.3 International Solar Alliance 248

3. Wind Energy 2494. Biomass Energy 2495. Geo Thermal Energy 250

5.1 Technology for Electricity Generation 2516. Ocean Energy 251

6.1 Wave Energy 2516.2 Tidal Energy 2516.3 Current Energy 2516.4 Ocean Thermal Energy

Conversion(OTEC) 2527. Microbial Fuel Cell 252

7.1 Applications 2527.2 Algal Fuel 252

8. International Agencies on Renewable Energy 2528.1 International Renewable Energy

Agency(IRENA) 2528.2 RenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiency

Partnership(REEEP) 2529. Nuclear Energy 253

9.1 Indian Nuclear Power Industry Development 253

9.2 NPCIL 2539.3 Nuclear Power Plants in India 254

9.4 Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor at Kalpakkam 255

9.5 WhatHindersDeploymentofThorium-Fuelled Reactors In India? 255

9.6 Whatisafissilematerial? 2559.7 What is fertile material ? 2569.8 Breeding Fuel 2569.9 Whatisfissionablematerial? 2569.10 Distinction between Fissionable,

Fissile and Fertile 2569.11 Thorium Reserves in Country 257

10. Uranium Mines in India 25710.1 Advanced Heavy Water Reactor 25710.2 ITER 257

11. India and NSG 257 12. NPT, CTBT – Reasons for

India’s Refusal to Sign 258Self–Evaluation Test 259

4. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) 260

1. Meaning 2602. Generations of Computers 2603. Types of Computers 261

3.1 Supercomputer 2613.2 Mainframe Computer 2613.3 Minicomputer 2613.4 Microcomputer 261

4. Supercomputers of India 2624.1 PARAM Series 2624.2 Pratyush Supercomputer 263

5. Terms Associated with IT 2635.1 CDMA Technology 2635.2 GSM 2635.3 Wi-fi 2645.4 Internet of Things 2645.5 Big Data 2645.6 Net Neutrality 2645.7 4G 2645.8 5G 2645.9 InternetServiceProvider(ISP) 2645.10 Virtual Private Network 2645.11 Email 264

5.12 Fax 2645.13 Messaging 2645.14 Social Networking 2645.15 Blogs 264

6. Scope 2656.1 ICT in Education 2656.2 Need 2656.3 Importance 2656.4 ICT in Healthcare 2666.5 ICT in Governance for Development 266

7. ICT in India 2667.1 E-GovernanceinIndia 266

8. Cloud Computing 2679. Meghraj Cloud Initiative 26810. Digital India Programme 268

10.1 Vision of Digital India 26911. Bharat Net Project 26912. Cyber Security 269

12.1 Forms of Computer Malwares 27012.2 National Cyber Security Policy 2013 270


5. Robotics 272

1. Robotics 2722. History of Robotics 2723. Structure and Components

of Robotics 2723.1 Important Components of Robots 2733.2 The Other Main Components of Robots 273

4. Robotics - Types of Robots 2734.1 Mobile Robots 2734.2 Stationary Robots 2734.3 Autonomous Robots 2734.4 Remote-controlRobots 2744.5 Virtual Robots 2744.6 BEAM Robots 274

5. Types of Robots by Application 2746. Generations of Robots 274

6.1 First Generation 2746.2 Second Generation 2756.3 Third Generation 2756.4 Fourth Generation and Beyond 275

7. Artificial Intelligence 2757.1 Emotional Intelligence 276

8. Future of Robotics in India 2769. Role of IT in Robotics 276

9.1 Robots vs. Humans 27710. Important Robots of the World 277

10.1 KeepOn(2007–Present) 27710.2 PackBot 27710.3 BigDog 27710.4 RoboSapien 27810.5 ASIMOandHondaP-Series 27810.6 Aibo 27810.7 Predator Drone 27810.8 Roomba 27910.9 Sophia 27910.10 Molecular Robot 27910.11SAW(SingleActuatorWave-likeRobot) 279

11. Developments in Indian Robotics 28011.1 Grey Orange 28011.2 Sastra Robotics 28011.3 Milagrow 28011.4 NavStik 28011.5 I2U2 Robot 28011.6 Manav 28011.7 Mitra 28011.8 Robocop 28011.9 DRDO’s Daksh 280


6. Biotechnology 282

1. What is DNA? 2821.1 DNA vs. RNA – A Comparison Chart 282

2. Biotechnology:Definition 2832.1 Types of Biotechnology 283

3. History of Biotechnology 2834. Principles of Biotechnology 2835. Applications of Biotechnology 2846. Recombinant DNA Technology 285

6.1 Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology 2856.2 Application of Recombinant

DNA Technology 286

7. Genetic Engineering 2867.1 Genetic Engineering 2867.2 Tools of Genetic Engineering 286

8. Cloning 2878.1 Applications of Animal Cloning 2878.2 Applications of Gene Cloning 287

9. Gene Library 2889.1 Importance of Gene Library 288

10. Gene Bank 28810.1 Cybrids/Cytoplasmic Hybrids 288

11. Bioremediation 28811.1 Types of Bioremediation 289

12. Plant Tissue Culture 28913. Transgenics 29014. Gene Doping 29015. Stem Cells 290

15.1 Types of Stem Cells 29016. Designer Babies 291

16.1 Three-parentBaby/ Frankenstein’s Child 291

17. Invitro Fertilization (IVF) 29117.1 Why the Procedure is Performed? 29217.2 Risks 292

18. Gene Editing (Crispr/CAS9) 29219. Surrogacy 292

19.1 Types of Surrogacy 29219.2 Why the Surrogacy Bill is

Necessary in India? 29320. Hybridoma Technology 293

20.1 Methodology 29321. DNA Fingerprinting 294

21.1 Southern Blotting Technique of DNA Fingerprinting 294

21.2 Genomics(Roderick,1986) 29422. Human Genome Project (HGP) 294

22.1 Other Projects 29523. Biosafety Regulation in India 29524. ELSI (Ethical, Legal and

Social Issues) 295Self–Evaluation Test 297

7. Applied Science 298

1. Nanotechnology 2981.1 Fundamental Concepts in

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 2981.2 Nano Mission 300

2. Graphene 3002.1 Applications 301

3. Magnetism 3013.1 Electro-Magnetism 3013.2 Applications of Electro Magnetism 302

4. Superconductivity 3034.1 What is a Superconductor? 3034.2 Applications of Superconductivity 303

5. Laser 3035.1 Applications of LASER 304

6. Optical Fibres 3057. Photoconductivity 3058. Li-Fi 305

8.1 AdvantageofLi-fioverWi-fi 3058.2 DisadvantagesofLi-fi 3058.3 ApplicationofLi-fi 305

9. Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) 306

10. Raman Effect 30610.1 Some of the Applications 306

11. 3-Dprinting 30712. Light emitting Diodes 307

12.1 Advantages of LED 30712.2 Disadvantages of LED 307

13. Maglev Technology 30713.1 Technologies used in Maglev trains 307

14. Augmented vs Virtual Reality 30814.1 How are Virtual Reality and

Augmented Reality Similar? 30814.2 How do Augmented and Virtual

RealitiesDiffer? 30815. Digital Currency 309

15.1 Crypto Currencies used Blockchain Technology 309

16. QR code 30916.1 Bharat QR Code 30916.2 HowisBharatQRCodeDifferent

from Other QR Code in Market? 309Self–Evaluation Test 310Practice Set 311

1. IntroductIon to PhysIcs

The word Physics comes from the Greek word Fusis meaning nature. In sanskrit its equivalent to Bhautika i.e. the physical world. In Physics, we attempt to explain diverse physical phenomena in terms of a few concepts and laws. The effort is to see the physical world as a manifestation of some universal laws in different domains and conditions.

In physics, we study different forms of matter, their properties and the transformations that they undergo. It is a science dealing with the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces they exert on one another and the results produced by these forces. Physics is one of the disciplines of general science like Chemistry and Biology.

Sometimes, in modern physics, a more sophisticated approach is taken that incorporates elements of the three states; it relates to the laws of symmetry and conservation, such as those pertaining to energy, momentum and charge.

2. Major Branches of PhysIcs

Acoustics: It is the study of production and properties of sound.Atomic Physics: It is the study of structure and properties of an atom.Biophysics: It applies the tools of physics to life processes.Cryogenics: It is the study of low temperature.Electrodynamics: It is the analysis of relationship between electrostatic and magnetic fields.Fluid Physics: It deals with the movement of liquid and gases.Mechanics: It deals with the behaviour of object and system to various forces.Nuclear/Modern Physics: It is concerned with structure and properties of atomic nucleus and their reactions.

Part (A) Physics

Famous Scientists and their ContributionsNames Major Contributions/Discoveries Country of OriginIsaac Newton Universal Law of Gravitation; Laws of Motion; Reflecting Telescope U.K.Galileo Galilei Law of Inertia ItalyArchimedes Principle of Buoyancy; Principle of the Lever GreeceJames Clerk Maxwell Electromagnetic Theory; Light-and Electromagnetic Wave U.K.W.K. Roentgen X-rays GermanyMarie Sklodowska Curie Discovery of Radium and Polonium; Studies on Natural Radioactivity PolandAlbert Einstein Law of Photoelectricity; Theory of Relativity Germany

Chapter 1 Nature and Scope of Physics

Physics is the study of the basic laws of nature and their manifestation in different natural phenomena. Classical Physics deals mainly with macroscopic phenomena and includes subjects like Mechanics, Electrodynamics, Optics and Thermodynamics. This chapter discusses the definition of Physics, branches, fundamental forces of physics, etc.

Through this chapter student will be able to understand:

y Introduction to Physics y Major branches of Physics

y Famous scientists and their contributions y Four fundamental forces in nature

General Science & Technology2

3. four fundaMental forces In natureThere are four fundamental forces in nature that govern the diverse phenomena of the macroscopic and microscopic world. These different types of forces are the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force. The unification of these different forces/domains in

nature is a basic quest in physics. The gravitational force is the force of mutual attraction between any two objects by virtue of their masses. It is a universal force. The electromagnetic force is the force between charged particles. The strong nuclear force is the force between protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The weak nuclear force appears only in certain nuclear processes such as the β-decay of nucleus.

S.N. Bose Quantum Statistics IndiaJames Chadwick Neutron U.K.Niels Bohr Quantum Model of Hydrogen Atom DenmarkErnest Rutherford Nuclear Model of Atom DenmarkC.V. Raman Inelastic Scattering of Light by molecules IndiaChristiaan Huygens Wave Theory of Light HollandMichael Faraday Laws of Electromagnetic Induction U.K.

Edwin Hubble Expanding Universe U.S.A.

Homi Jehangir Bhabha Cascade process in Cosmic Radiation India

Abdus Salam Unification of Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions Pakistan

R.A. Millikan Measurement of Electronic Charge U.S.A.

Ernest Orlando Lawrence Cyclotron U.S.A.

Wolfgang Pauli Quantum Exclusion Principles Austria

Louis Victor de Broglie Dual nature of Matter Both Wave and particle France

J.J. Thomson Electron U.K.

S. Chandrasekhar Chandrasekhar Limit, Structure and Evolution of Stars India

Lev Davidovich Landau Theory of Condensed Matter; Liquid Helium Russia

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz Electromagnetic Waves Germany

J.C. Bose Ultra Short Radio Waves India

Hideki Yukawa Theory of Nuclear Forces Japan

Werner Heisenberg Quantum Mechanics; Uncertainty Principle Germany

Victor Francis Hess Cosmic Radiation Austria

M.N. Saha Thermal Ionization India

G.N. Ramachandran Triple Helical Structure of Proteins India

Link Between Technology and Physics

Technologies Scientific Principle(s)

Steam engine Laws of Thermodynamics

Nuclear reactor Nuclear fission

Radio and Television Propagation of electromagnetic waves

Computers Digital logic gates

Lasers Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

Production of ultra high magnetic fields Superconductivity

Rocket propulsion Newton’s (2nd and 3rd) laws of motion

Electric generator Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction

Hydroelectric power Conversion of gravitational potential energy into electrical energy

Aeroplane Bernoulli’s principle in fluid dynamics

Particle accelerators Motion of charged particles in electromagnetic fields

SONAR Reflection of ultrasonic waves

3Nature and Scope of Physics

Fundamental Forces of Nature

Forces Relative Strength Ranges Operates Among

Gravitational Force 10–38 Infinite All objects in the universe (Gravitation)

Weak nuclear Force 10–13 Very short, within nuclear size (~10–15 m) Bosons

Electromagnetic Force 10–2 Infinite Photons

Strong Nuclear Force 1 Very short, within nuclear size (~10–15 m) Mesons

Basic SI UnitsLength MeterTime SecondAmount of substance MoleElectric current AmpereTemperature KelvinLuminous Intensity CanadaMass Kilogram

Progress in Unification of Different Forces/Domains in NatureName of the Physicists Years Achievements in Unification

Isaac Newton 1687 Unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics showed that the same laws of motion and the law of gravitation apply to both the domains.

Hans Christian Oersted 1820 Showed that electric and magnetic phenomena are inseparableaspects of a unified domain; electromagnetism.

Michael Faraday 1830 Worked on developing the ideas on electricity.

James Clerk Maxwell 1873 Unified electricity, magnetism and optics; showed that light is an electromagnetic wave.

Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinber

1979 Unified a mathematical theory of weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles and the prediction of the weak neutral current.

Carlo Rubbia, Simon Van Der Meer 1984 Verified experimentally the predictions of the theory of electro-weak force.

Self–Evaluation Test1. Physics can be defined as a study of:

(a) Physical properties of matter. (b) Relation between matter & energy.(c) Both a & b(d) Chemical properties.

2. High energy physics is associated with the study of:(a) Behavior of electrons.(b) Electronic charges(c) Properties and behavior of elementary particles(d) Kinematics of energetic bodies

3. Edwin Hubble is famous for finding:(a) Diameter of Moon(b) Mass of Earth

(c) Expansion of Universe(d) Distance between Earth & Sun

4. Light year is the unit of:(a) Time(b) Distance(c) Speed(d) Electromagnetic Force

5. Identify some of the basic S.I units:(a) Weber, Mole , Watt(b) Second, Meter, Watt(c) Kelvin, Watt, Celsius(d) Second, Ampere, Mole

ANSWERS

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d)

general science and technology · 12.refraction by lenses 42 13.the camera and the eye 43 14....

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