Elimination of Nanoparticlesgenerated byDieselEngines

A.MayerMilano 1.Feb.2008

A.Mayer - TTM Independent Consultant Emission Reduction of IC-Engines

TTM is responsible on behalf of BAFU&SUVA

- VERT Verification of Particle Filter Systems- Quality Control of Filter Retrofits in Switzerland- Research and Development in International Projects - Implementation of Emission Reduction Measures

(Germany, Austria, Poland, Italy, California, Canada, Chile, Korea, Japan, Czechia ..),

- Organization of Seminars and Conferences: HDT and ETH-NPC- 2 books published 2004/5 on “Elimination of

Combustions Generated Particles”- SAE-fellowship 2004- Award of Swiss Cancer Ligue 2006

Rudolf DIESEL1893 Patent - 1.Motor 1897 26.2 % Efficiency (today 60% with big Diesels)

• 1910 - Turbocharging (Büchi) • 1936 – Direct Injection (Saurer)

• 1993 - Problems NOx und Russ• 2000 • + Elektronic Engine Management• + High Pressure Injection ( 2000 bar -common rail)• + Exhaust Aftertreatment with Filter and SCR • + Low Sulphur Diesel Fuel < 10 ppm

• 2008 – EURO 5 with Filter zero emission

Aerosol Size DistributionZürich Downtown and Zürich Rural

10 100 1000 1000010-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

Urban Area: (Downtown Zürich)

Day (SMPS) Night (SMPS) Day (OPC) Night (OPC)

dN/d

(logD

) (c

m-3)

Dp (nm)10 100 1000 10000

Rural Region:(Zürcher Oberland)

Day (SMPS) Night (SMPS) Day (OPC) Night (OPC)

Bukowiecki et al., Atmospheric Environment, 2002

6 November 2001

Transit Road Schimmelstrasse Zürich

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 240

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

Partikelanzahl

Schimmelstrasse Zeughaushof Differenz

Par

tikel

anza

hl [c

m-3]

Uhrzeit

Particle number

Parti

cle

num

ber[

cm-3

]

Hour

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 240

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Stickoxide (NOx)

Schimmelstrasse Zeughaushof Differenz

NO

x [µg

m-3]

UhrzeitHour

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 240

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

PM10 Schimmelstrasse Zeughaushof Differenz

PM10

[µg

m-3]

UhrzeitHour

PM10

Average CH-Compositions in WinterZürich (January)

Reiden (February)

Payerne (January)

9%

75%

2%

9%

4% 1%

18%

45%

8%

16%

9%4%

11%

32%

15%

27%

1%

14%

7%

34%

10%

34%

14%1%

7%

36%

9%

34%

13%1%

Black CarbonOrganic massNitrateSulfateAmmoniumChloride

Roveredo (December)

Massongex(December)

Milan 27.June 2007

6%

8%

7%1%

48%

30%

Milano20.7 °C06:08:00 - 10:28:00

Black CarbonOrganic massNitrateSulfateAmmoniumChloride

11 October 2004

Soot Particles on a 5µm Filter Fiber

Size-Distributionof Diesel-Particles

Quelle: METZ, BMW

Macrophages in vitro: Laser Scanning Microscopy

78-nmPolystyrene particles

1-µmPolystyrene particles

B. Rothen-RutishauserIn: Geiser et al., EHP(in press)

Fractional Deposition of Inhaled Particles (Oberdörster)

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 1000.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Diameter (µm)

% R

egio

nal D

epos

ition Nasal, Pharyngeal, Laryngeal

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 1000.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Diameter (µm)

% R

egio

nal D

epos

ition

Alveolar

Figure courtesy of J.Harkema

London Smog 1952

Tote

Schwefeloxid

Feinstaub

London SmogLondon Smog

Mortality due to Ultrafines

6-Cities-StudyUSA 1978-9315‘000 casesCorrelation onlywith ultrafineParticles

(Quelle: Dockery NEJM 1993 )

Death by Heart Attacts depending on Distance to Road

Querschnittstudie mit 3399 Personen 45-75 jährig aus Essen, Deutschland

Risiko OR

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

> 200 100-200 50-100 < 50 mDistanz

Hoffmann 2006

Particle-Emissions EURO 3/4/5 bei 1400 U/minEURO4: EGR+PM-Kat; EURO5: SCR - no DPF in Europe

The classic CORNING wall flow ceramic Substrate Source CORNING 1982

High Efficiency SiC-Filters Courtesy Pirelli Ambiente

Final Filter Unit in a Metal CanCourtesy Pirelly Ambiante

Exhaust Gas downstream of the Filter is cleaner than Ambient Air !

Diesel Emissions with and without Particle Trapvs. Ambient Air Particle Concentrations

1.00E+03

1.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

1.00E+07

10 100 1000

mobility diameter [nm]

num

ber c

once

ntra

tion

dN/d

logD

p[cm

-3]

1400 rpm/50% loadwithout trap

smoker room ambient air2 cig. smoked in 50 m3

clean room ambient air1400 rpm/50% loaddownstream of the trap

Not all Filters are good FiltersParticle Size matters

Filtrationor Emission

3 x less Filtrationoder3000 x more Emission

what counts ?ERT-

020

4060

80100

120

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

010203040506070

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Swiss New Norm

SNR 277205for the Measurement and Certification of Diesel Particle Filter Systems

with Respect to Nanoparticles and Secondary Emissions

ISO-Working Group started

VERT-tested PFS after 2000 op.hrsNumber Count Efficiency PZAG is the Standard,

Mass measurement PMAG is biased by condensation artefacts

PMAG PZAG

[%]ADASTRA FBC 89.5 99.351

AIRMEEX FBC 83.6 99.973

ARVINMERITOR Full Flow Burner 91.0 99.854

ATH Stand Still Burner 45.9 99.998

COMELA Heat Storage with twin Filter Set -382.9 98.310

DCL Electric External 81.4 99.999

DINEX Catalyzed 93.8 99.906

ECS (UNIKAT) On Board Electric 91.0 99.999

PIRELLI FBC 94,9 98.850

Manufacturer Regeneration

CRT: Passive Regeneration with NO2 > 230 °CJOHNSON MATTHEY / HJS-DES / EMINOX

CRT-Filter System Johnson Matthey Patent 1988

Full Flow- and Standstill – Diesel-BurnersDEUTZ, HUG, ARVIN MERITOR, ATH, HUSS, PHYSITRON

PFS in Locomotives, Ships and Gensets300 Locomotives 200-3000 kW – up to 50‘000 Bh

Restsauerstoff im Abgas: > 8%

Heizleistungen: 30 – 400 kWDruckluft > 5 bar: 20 Nm3/h

Dieselkraftstoff: 3 – 40 l/h

Stromversorgung: 24 VDC

FS26 spezial

Standard Filtermodul

HUSS-Standstill-Burner for small Engines

Passive Regeneration with FBC > 360 °CEMINOX / AIRMEEX / HUSS / GREENTOP / DAUGBJERG

INTECO / ETB / PIRELLI, PSA

Active Regeneration:Ignition of FE-additized SootHJS-DES/ Mann&Hummel

Active Regeneration by EMINOX

• Active Regenerationto suit– Older engine technology– Off highway applications– Low temperature – High sulphur fuel

• Robust SiC filters

• Compact designs

• Small additional parts may count

Paper-Filters (< 300°C)Endeavour, Ahlstrom – Useful Life 6’000 – 10’000 km

In Tunneling every Diesel Engine must have a VERT- certified PFS

Cleaning Air in Swiss Tunnelingby SUVA PFS-Regulation

Installation on an Excavator12000 Construction Machines; > 10‘000 operation hours

19

Peugeot with FAP since Y 20002,5 Mio Vehicles successful on the Road !

History of PFS-Retrofit in Switzerland

15‘000 Swiss Particle Filter Retrofits

How a Vehicle Tailpipe can lookafter 85‘000 km

Vehicle CabinAir Filtration

0.00E+00

5.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.50E+05

2.00E+05

2.50E+05

3.00E+05

3.50E+05

4.00E+05

4.50E+05

5.00E+05

1 144 287 430 573 716 859 1002 1145 1288 1431 1574 1717 1860 2003 2146 2289 2432 2575 2718 2861 3004 3147

time [s]

num

ber c

once

ntra

tion

(#/c

c)

outside vehicleinside

0.00E+00

1.00E+05

2.00E+05

3.00E+05

4.00E+05

5.00E+05

6.00E+05

7.00E+05

1 139 277 415 553 691 829 967 1105 1243 1381 1519 1657 1795 1933 2071 2209 2347 2485 2623 2761 2899

tim e [s]

num

ber c

once

ntra

tion

(#/c

c)

outs ide vehic leinside

Further TTM Information

• Nanopartikel-Konferenz ETH Zürich 23.June 2008www.nanoparticles.ethz.ch

• Partikelfilter-Seminar HDT TTM 5/6.June 2008www.hdt.de

• VERT Filter Listewww.environment-switzerland.ch/uv-0607-e

• Database 4500 DPF in Switzerlandwww.akpf.org

• 2 Books on DPF published 2004/5 by EXPERT www.expert.de

• 30 SAE-Papers and other technical Publications