generic stylesheet for elsevier asian journals (apa guide...

Generic Stylesheet for Elsevier --- Asian Journals

(APA Guide) Last updated: 16-Mar-2015

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This style sheet applies to the following journals:

{For further information on individual journals, see the relevant Guide to

Authors online at the links given below}

American English Spelling

ANR Asian Nursing Research [www.asian-nursingresearch.com]

British English Spelling

HKJOT Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy [www.hkjot-online.com]

www.asian-nursingresearch.com

www.hkjot-online.com



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GENERAL POINTS

1. Copyediting style guide to be followed

All the page numbers referred to here are from the 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association. [But if you have the 6th edition published in July 2009, then by all means,

please refer to it.]

2. Spelling

For whether US or UK English spelling should be used, please refer to the table above, on page 1 of this

document.

3. Hyphenation rules

Follow the APA guide Section 3.11 (pp. 89–94)

When not to use hyphens (p. 92): The following common prefixes are not joined by hyphens except

when preceding a proper noun, a capitalized word, or an abbreviation: after-, anti-, bi-, co-, counter-,

equi-, extra-, infra-, inter-, intra-, macro-, mega-, meta-*, micro-, mid-, mini-, multi-, non-, over-, pre-,

post-, pro-, pseudo-, re-, semi-, socio-, sub-, super-, supra-, ultra-, un-, under-.

o Retain the hyphen if needed to avoid ambiguity or awkward spelling that could interfere with

readability: co-opt, co-occur, anti-intellectual

*But meta-analysis

The prefix, self- should always be hyphenated.

When two or more compound modifiers have a common base, this base is sometimes omitted in all

except the last modifier, but the hyphens are retained.

e.g., long- and short-term memory

2-, 3-, and 10-minute trials

4. Units usage

Use Système International (SI) units, except

- mmHg for blood pressure (no space between “mm” and “Hg”)

- cmH2O for intraocular pressure (no space between “cm” and “H2O”)

Use metric units for measurements of [if imperial units have been used, please insert an AQ to the

author]

- length (i.e., mm, cm, m, km)

- area (i.e., mm2, cm2, m2, km2)

- mass (i.e., g, kg)

- volume (i.e., mL, L, m3)

Use degrees Celsius for temperature, e.g., 37.5°C (no space between the numeral and “°C”)

Edit how “gravity” is written, e.g., change 25,000 × g to 25,000g

Use uppercase letter L for liter

Use the forward slash (/) for the quotient of SI unit symbols when used with numerals, e.g., µg/L (not

“µg·L–1” or “µg per L”)

The molar concentration unit (i.e., M, mM, µM) or normality (N) is set closed up to the number (e.g.,

1M sodium chloride, 0.5N)

Heat energy is expressed in calories (cal) or kilocalories (kcal) in place of joules (J)

Units of time (e.g., second, minute, hour, day, etc.) are always spelled out in text (except when inside a

table or figure—see Appendix 2 for the abbreviations)

Refer to the APA guide pp. 131–136 for all other points not covered here

5. Repeated units allowed?



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Yes, use repeated units, except when using an en dash, e.g.,

6. Styling for eg, vs, ie

Use the following standard Latin abbreviations only in parenthetical material; in nonparenthetical

material, use the English translation of the Latin terms (p. 106):

cf. compare i.e., that is,

e.g., for example, viz., namely,

, etc. , and so forth vs. versus, against

7. Foreign words styling

Do not use italics for foreign phrases and abbreviations common in English, e.g.,

a posterior et al.

a priori per se

ad lib vis-à-vis

8. Style for P-value

Italicized and lowercase, e.g., p < .05

p should NEVER start a sentence: “p < .05 was taken to be significant.” should be rewritten as “A p

value < .05 was taken to be significant.”

In cases like “p value < .XX” and “p value = .XX”, delete the word “value” so that it is “p < .XX” and

“p = .XX”

Space before “p” in parentheses should be deleted, i.e., ( p < .05) should be (p < .05)

p values of 1 or 1.0 or 1.00 or 1.000 should all be changed to > .99 (in text and tables and figures); then

insert note informing author of change*

p values of 0 or 0.0 or 0.00 or 0.000 should all be changed to < .001 (in text and tables and figures); then

insert note informing author of change*

*Regarding the last 2 points above, the note to the author is just to inform him/her of the change, NOT to

ask for permission or confirmation. You may use this note: “Changed because statistically speaking, it is

not possible for p to equal 1 or 0 (though it can come very close to unity or to zero) as p is the probability

of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed (assuming that the null

hypothesis is true).”

9. Style for leading zero

Do not use a zero before a decimal fraction when the number cannot be > 1 (i.e., correlations,

proportions and levels of statistical significance such as Cronbach’s alpha, p, r, β, R2, B, SE, B)

e.g., r (24) = .43, p < .05

Use a zero before the decimal point for all other numbers if < 1

e.g., 0.23 cm, 0.48 s

10. Style for ordinals

Use words to express ordinals first through ninth; use numbers for ordinals greater than ninth, e.g.,

- The first and third patients treated experienced complete remissions.



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- The 10th and 22nd patients experienced severe adverse reactions. [Note: suffixes are NOT

superscripted]

In a sentence with two or more ordinals, if one of them is greater than ninth, then all should be expressed

in numeric form, e.g.,

- Children in the 5th and 10th grades were included in the survey. [Note: suffixes are NOT

superscripted]

Time-related ordinals are always expressed in numeric form, e.g.,

- In the 7th week… (NOT the seventh week)

- of 3rd-year students

11. Numbers

Numbers that begin a sentence or those < 10 (i.e., one to nine) are spelled out using letters

Laboratory parameters, time, temperature, length, area, mass, and volume are expressed using digits

Centuries and decades are written out using digits, e.g., the 1980s or 19th century [note: suffix is NOT

superscripted]

Numbers within parentheses are expressed in digits even if < 10

12. Chemical nomenclature styling

Follow the APA guide Section 3.25 (pp. 108109)

13. Drug names

The generic term for all drugs and chemicals should be used, unless the specific trade name of a drug is

directly relevant to the discussion

14. Gene nomenclature

Current standard international nomenclature for genes should be adhered to

Genes should be typed in italic font and include the accession number

For human genes, use genetic notation and symbols approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature

Committee (http://www.genenames.org/) or refer to PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez)

The Human Genome Variation Society also has a useful site that provides guidance in naming mutations

at http://www.hgvs.org/mutnomen/index.html

15. Variables styling

Please refer to the APA guide.

16. Thousand separator rules

Use commas between groups of three digits in figures of 1,000 or more, except page numbers (page

1027), binary digits (01110101), serial numbers (29086960), degrees of temperature (3071°F), and acoustic

frequency designations (2000 Hz)

17. Order of parentheses to be used

( [ {…} ] )

Use Do NOT use

(the Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]) (the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI))

was significant, F(4, 121) = 13.65, p < .01 was significant (F(4, 121) = 13.65, p < .01)

(e.g., defensive pessimism; Norem & Cantor,

1986)

(e.g., defensive pessimism) (Norem & Cantor, 1986)

[Note: Avoid back to back use of parentheses]



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18. Genus species style

Italicized

Spelled out in full at first mention in abstract or main text, e.g., Escherichia coli

Genus is subsequently abbreviated unless this may lead to confusion, e.g., E. coli [note there is a period

after “E”]

- For instance, when there are two or more binominals in the same article with the same species name

and where the genus name starts with the same letter, e.g., Acanthotrema felis and Ancyrocephalus

felis, abbreviation of the genus name results in A. felis in both cases. Therefore, in such cases, the

genus names should not be abbreviated and the relevant binominals should be given in full in all

instances.

The genus name always has an initial capital (including in titles, section titles, and when abbreviated).

19. En-dash rules

Use en dashes for:

- ranges in text

- mathematical “minus” symbol

- between words of equal weight in a compound adjective (e.g., Chicago–London flight)

20. Parenthetical dashes rule

Use closed-up em dashes

21. Quotation rules

Use double quotation marks for quotes fewer than 40 words; single quotation marks are only used for

quotes within a quote.

Display a quotation of 40 or more words in a freestanding block of typewritten lines, and omit the

quotation marks. Start such a block quotation on a new line, and indent the whole block about five

spaces from the left margin (in same position as a new paragraph).

22. Manufacturing details

Complete details of the manufacturer should be provided, e.g.,

SPSS version 11 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)

OR if the name of the product appears within parentheses:

(SPSS version 11; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)

The complete details need to be provided only the first time the manufacturer is mentioned in the text.

Subsequent mentions need only include the manufacturer’s name, e.g., SPSS Inc.

The symbols ®, © or letters TM or SM should be deleted, but the initial letter of a trademarked word

should be capitalized

23. Commas: serial, compound sentence, nonrestrictive/restrictive, introductory

Follow the APA guide Section 3.33 (pp. 115–116)

Within a paragraph or sentence, identify elements in a series by lowercase letters (not italicized) in

parentheses, e.g.,

The participants’ three choices were (a) working with another participant, (b) working with a team,

and (c) working alone.

Use commas to separate three or more elements that do not have internal commas; use semicolons to

separate three or more elements that have internal commas, e.g.,

We tested three groups: (a) low scorers, who scored fewer than 20 points; (b) moderate scorers, who

scored between 20 and 50 points; and (c) high scorers, who scored more than 50 points.



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If the elements of a series within a paragraph constitute a compound sentence and are preceded by a

colon, capitalize the first word of the first item.

Separate paragraphs in a series, such as itemized conclusions or steps in a procedure, are identified by an

Arabic numeral followed by a period but not enclosed in or followed by parentheses, e.g.,

Using the learned helplessness theory, we predicted that participants would make the following

judgments of control:

1. Individuals who… [paragraph continues].

2. Non depressed persons exposed to … [paragraph continues].

3. Depressed persons exposed to … [paragraph continues].

4. Depressed and nondepressed participants… [paragraph continues].

24. Styling for lists

Refer to above point “23. Commas: serial, compound sentence, nonrestrictive/restrictive, introductory”

25. Style for seriation nouns (Day 1)

Capitalize

e.g.,

Day 1, Day 2, Day 3

Patient 1, Patient 2, Patient 3

26. Language: preferred words

Follow the APA guide Chapter 2 (pp. 61–76)

Use “individuals”, “patients”, “college students”, “children”, “respondents” or “participants” (whichever

is the most appropriate) in place of “subjects”. The term “subject” is dehumanizing and impersonal, and

should be avoided if possible (see p. 65 of the APA guide)

o The guideline is that the word “subject” when used to describe a specific patient or population of

patients dehumanizes them, so the term should be avoided if possible. This does not mean that it is a

hard and fast rule and that all instances of the word “subject” should be changed automatically to

“individuals”, “patients”, “participants” or “case” because sometimes, using the word “subject” may

be more appropriate. A recent example from the HKJOT can illustrate what I mean: the copyeditor

had changed “single-subject… research design” to “single-case… research design”. In this example,

the word “subject” is not referring to any particular patient or population but is used to describe the

research design, so using the word “subject” is correct while changing it to “case” made it incorrect

because the proper name of that particular study design is actually “Single-subject Design (SSD)”

which is a kind of research method on a few study subjects across time with different experimental

conditions. The copyeditor had flagged this change as an author query, but I think that if copyeditors

understand the thinking behind this guideline, they can use their professional judgment when

copyediting and we can reduce the number of author queries.

Use of the words “gender” and “sex”: “Sex” refers to the biological and physiological characteristics

that define men and women, while “gender” refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours,

activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women (WHO

definition). Therefore, don’t change “sex” to “gender” if the author means “sex” in the biological and

physiological sense. REMEMBER to check figures and tables as well for this.

“Before” and “Prior to”: please stop using the Find–Replace function to replace all instances of “before”

with “prior to”. Copyeditors should use their professional judgment on when to use “before” and when

to use “prior to” depending on the context. If helpful for illustrative purposes, here is an example from

the JCMA 78/3, March 2015 issue where ‘before’ was inappropriately changed to ‘prior to’, seemingly

using the ‘find and replace’ function as the resulting phrase did not make sense:

“A thick piece of Gelfoam (Pharmacia & Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) is used to cover the

craniectomy defect prior to the tissue glue dries.”



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I had to correct it back to: “A thick piece of Gelfoam (Pharmacia & Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI,

USA) is used to cover the craniectomy defect before the tissue glue dries.”

27. Time and dates [American or UK]

For time, follow the APA guide, e.g., At 12:30 a.m.

For dates, use commas according to the following examples. Commas are not used when the month and

year are given without the day, or between a holiday and its year.

March 30, 2011, was the correct date.

BUT

March 2011 was the correct month.

With units of time used as possessive adjectives, an “s” is added, e.g., 6 months’ gestation, or 6 months

of gestation, but NOT 6 months gestation

Days of the week and months are not abbreviated except in tables and figures. In tables and figures, use

3-letter abbreviations (e.g., “Mon” for Monday, “Jan” for January; see Appendix 2)

Use small caps for BC, BCE, CE and AD

28. Statistical terms

Preferred

chi-square test

Cronbach’s alpha

Student t test

NOT

chi-squared test

Cronbach’s alfa, or Cronbach’s

Student’s t test, or t-test

29. Titles

Use a period after the titles Dr., Mr., Mrs. and Ms. preceding a surname, with or without first name or

initials

Spell other titles out (e.g., Professor)

30. Use of periods with abbreviations

Use periods with

- initials of names (J. R. Smith)

- abbreviation for United States when used as an adjective (U.S. Navy)

- identity-concealing labels for participants (participant F.I.M.)

- Latin abbreviations (a.m., cf., i.e., vs.)

- Reference abbreviations (Vol. 1, 2nd ed., p. 6, Suppl.)

Do not use periods with

- Abbreviations of state names in reference list entries or in vendor locations (NY; OH; Washington,

DC)

- Capital letter abbreviations and acronyms (NIMH, APA, IQ)

- Metric and nonmetric measurement abbreviations (cd, cm, ft, hr, kg, lb, min, s)

Exception: abbreviation for inch (in.) has a period because without the period it could be misread

- Abbreviations for routes of administration (im, ip, iv, sc)



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FRONT MATTER of ARTICLE

Article category Indicate the article category at the top of the page; use all caps, e.g., EDITORIAL,

REVIEW ARTICLE, ORIGINAL ARTICLE, CASE REPORT, etc. Note: The article category will be provided by the Elsevier JM based on information

supplied by the client. But it is not rare for the client to provide the incorrect article

category, which the JM will then unknowingly pass onto you. It is our expectation that

you would be able to detect an incorrect article category and flag it. So our expectation is

that, for example, if the article category is listed as “Original Article” when the manuscript

is clearly a “Case Report”, you will edit the manuscript according to the style of a “Case

Report” and insert a query on the article category.

Article title Reword the article title if necessary (i.e., if it is too clumsy or doesn’t make sense);

insert author query to ask if the reworded article title is OK

Title case, and Caps after colon and em-dash [note: verbs are always capitalized,

even when < 3 letters long], e.g.,

Elements of Life Satisfaction Amongst Elderly People Living in Hong Kong: A

Mixed Methodology Approach

Author names Author names are spelled out in full (as long as the first name is spelled out,

middle name initials can remain as initials, e.g., Cheryl C.H. Yang)

Names are separated by commas

There is no “and” before the last author’s name

Family name (surname) appears last, e.g., Ning-Hui Foo

If degrees (e.g., MD, PhD) have been provided, please delete them

If titles (e.g., Mr, Mrs) have been provided, please delete them

Affiliation indicators Superscripted lowercase letters placed before the comma

If an author has more than one affiliation, the superscripted lowercase letters are

separated by a comma (closed up)

e.g.,

Han-Dung Yu a,b, An-Hsun Chou a,*, Min-Wen Yang c, Chee-Jen Chang a,b

Affiliations Each affiliation starts on a new line

Each affiliation should include department of institution, name of institution, the

city and country; the street address should be deleted if provided

There is NO period at the end of the affiliations

Corresponding superscripted lowercase letters linking each affiliation to authors

are placed at the beginning of each affiliation,

e.g., a Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China b Department of Biology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

If “Taiwan, R.O.C.” appears, leave it as it is and do not delete “R.O.C.”

If “Taiwan, ROC” appears, change it to “Taiwan, R.O.C.”

If “Taiwan, Republic of China” appears, change it to “Taiwan, R.O.C.”

If only “Taiwan” appears, leave it as it is and do not add “R.O.C.”

Corresponding

author indicator An asterisk (not superscripted) is used to indicate the corresponding author, and

appears after the superscripted lowercase letters,

e.g.,

An-Hsun Chou a,*

Corresponding

author information “* Corresponding author.” is followed by the full postal address (there should be

no abbreviated words; if there are, such as “Rd.” and “St.”, please spell out in



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full)

The e-mail address is on the next line. Note: “E-mail” is hyphenated.

Tel/fax numbers should be deleted

e.g.,

* Corresponding author. Department of Pathology, Taipei Veterans General

Hospital, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.

E-mail address: [email protected] (H.J. Chiou).

Article history dates If article history dates (Received, Received in revised form, Accepted) are

present, please do NOT delete them

Abstract Original Article: structured abstract with the section headings:

“Objective/Background:”, “Methods:”, “Results:”, and “Conclusion:”; each

section begins on a new paragraph

Review Article: abstract in 1 single paragraph with no subheadings

Editorial, Letter from the Editor and Letter to the Editor do not have abstracts

Keywords Arrange keywords alphabetically

There is no period after the last key word

Chinese characters Delete Chinese article title/author names/abstract/keywords if provided by the

author

Running title Sentence case

No more than 50 characters in length

e.g., Atypical chest pain in the elderly

MAIN BODY of TEXT

Section headings Ensure that the following are consistent throughout the text (so that it is clear to the

Typesetter what level of heading each section heading is)

formatting of section headings

spacing before and after section headings

Paragraphs First paragraph under any level of heading is NOT indented; all other

paragraphs are indented

Chinese characters If present, do NOT delete them

Abbreviations General points

Define separately in the abstract, main text, tables and figures

See the end of this document for common terms that may be used without

expansion (Appendix 1)

In section headings

An abbreviation should NOT be first defined in any heading; if an abbreviation

has previously been defined in the text, then the abbreviation may be used in a

subsequent heading.

In abstract and main body of text

Where a term is continually referred to (i.e., ≥ 3 times in the abstract or text),

then it should be written in full when it first appears, followed by the

subsequent abbreviation in parentheses; thereafter, the abbreviation is used

(exceptions are made if a phrase is very long, but only appears twice, it can still

be abbreviated).



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The term should be defined in the main text even if it has already been defined

in the abstract.

In tables and figures

Abbreviations used in tables and figures, even if already defined in the text,

should be defined and placed after the footnotes and presented (in alphabetical

order) like in this example: CT = computed tomography; MRI = magnetic

resonance imaging. [Note the use of “=” with a space on either side, word after

“=” is not capitalized, semi-colon to separate, and there is a period after the

last.]

Other points

Abbreviations can be made plural by directly adding a lowercase “s”

Ensure that an abbreviation so defined does actually appear later in the text

(excluding in figures/tables); otherwise, it should be deleted

Where an author has defined an abbreviation to mean two (or more) different

things in the same article, please insert an author query

Common abbreviations should not be defined. Please refer to the list provided

at the end of this document (Appendix 1)

Conflicts of Interest

Statement Ask the author to supply one if s/he has not provided any conflicts of interest

statement anywhere in the manuscript

Placed before the Acknowledgements

Acknowledgments /

Acknowledgements American English spelling: “Acknowledgments” (without 'e' between 'g' and 'm')

British English spelling: “Acknowledgements” (with an 'e' between 'g' and 'm')

Placed before the References list

BACK MATTER of ARTICLE

References

IMPORTANT:

follow the APA guide

exactly.

The main points have

been described here,

but you should also

refer to the

Publication Manual

of the American

Psychological

Association, 5th

edition

Heading

Heading is plural “References” even if there is only one reference in the List

In text, figure legends, tables

Work by 1 author: use author–date method of citation; surname of author + year

are inserted in text, e.g., Walker (2004) found that…

Work by 2 authors: always cite both names every time the reference occurs in

text, e.g., Walker and Watts (2004) found that…

Work by 3–5 authors: cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in

subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author, followed by et

al. (not italicized and with a period after “al”) and the year if it is the first citation

of the reference within a paragraph, e.g.,

Walker, Watts, Zapp, Rosen, and Gerst (2004) found that… [Use as first

citation in text]

Walker et al. (2004) found that… [use as subsequent first citation per paragraph

thereafter]

Walker et al. found that… [Omit year from subsequent citations after first

citation within a paragraph]

Work by > 5 authors: cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al.



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When references shorten to the same form, cite the surnames of the first authors

and of as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish between the

two references, followed by a comma and et al.

Join names with “and” in text, and with “&” in parentheses, in tables and captions

and in the reference list

When authors have the same surname, include the first author’s initials in all text

citations, even if the year of publication differs, e.g.,

R. D. Luce (2001) and P. A. Luce (2006) also found that…

Two or more works within the same parentheses, e.g., Past research (Walker &

Watts, 2004, 2005, in press)

Work by same author with same publication date, e.g., Several studies (Johnson,

2004a, 2004b, 2004c; Singh, 1987, in press-a, in press-b)

List two or more works by different authors within the same parentheses in

alphabetical order by the first author’s surname, separate citations with

semicolons, e.g., Several studies (Balkda, 2003; Kamil, 1999; Pepperberg &

Funk, 1990)

Cite a specific part of a source, e.g.,

(Check & Buss, 1999, p. 332)

(Shimamura, 2002, chap. 3)

Spelling of author names in the Text should be crosschecked with spelling in the

List.

Insert a query to the author if there are references cited in the Text but not

listed in the List or vice versa.

List

References are limited to those cited in the Text and are listed in alphabetical

order

The last names and initials of all the authors up to 6 should be included, but when

authors number more than 6, list the first 6 authors only followed by “et al.”

If fewer than 6 author names + et al. have been listed, insert a query to the

author to provide all the author names up to 6

Examples of

References in List

Journal Two authors, journal paginated by issue [note the issue number is included; there

is always a comma before “&”]

Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in

organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2),

10–36.

3–6 authors [note there is one space between author initials]

Say, K. J., Mann, A. P., Berliner, L., & Cohen, J. A. (2000). Treatment for

sexually abused children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 33, 1040–

1049.

> 6 authors

Walchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sand, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et

al. (2000). An experimental theory-based mother program for children of divorce.

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843–856.

Article in press

Zuckerman, M., & Kieffer, S. C. (in press). Race differences in face-ism. Does

facial prominence imply dominance? Journal of Personality and Social



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Psychology.

Non-English journal articles with title translated into English, give the original

title, and in square brackets include the English translation (see example for book

below)

Journal

supplement

Rogers, A. A., Narrow, W. E., & Rae, D. S. (1990). The epidemiology of anxiety

disorders: The epidemiologic catchment area experience. Journal of Psychiatric

Research, 24(Suppl. 2), 3–14.

[Note the first letter after colon “:” is capitalized]

Book Book with edition [note book titles are Sentence case, but first letter after colon is

capitalized]

Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. P, Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An

introduction to organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Non-English book, give original title and in brackets the English translation

Piaget, J., & Inelder, B. (1951). La genèse de l’idée de hazard chez l’enfant [The

origin of the idea of chance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Book chapter Auerbach, P. R. (2006). The origins of narcissism: A theoretical and empirical

reformulation. In J. M. Masling, & R. F. Bornstein (Eds.), Empirical studies of the

psychoanalytic theories: Vol. 4. Psychoanalytic perspectives on psychopathology

(4th ed., pp. 1–101 ). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Edited book Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological

interventions with minority youth (Rev. ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Book series Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in

personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38.

Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237–298). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

[Note: use title case for the name of the symposium; do not repeat the state, province

or country in the publisher location if its name is already included in the publisher]

Dissertation Unpublished doctoral dissertation

Wilfley, D. E. (2009). Interpersonal analyses of bulimia: Normal-weight and obese.

Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri—Columbia.

Electronic

publications

Insert query to author if retrieval date is not listed for any sources from the Internet.

Article in an Internet-only journal:

Fredrick, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and

well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20,

2009, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

Tables General points

Numbered consecutively in the order of their citation in the text; please reorder if

they are not in numerical order

If only 1 table in the article, the table is still numbered, i.e., as “Table 1”; please

number if not numbered

Citations like Table 1A and 1B are not allowed; either they are combined into 1

table or split into 2 tables, with corresponding changes made in the text citation;

please use your intelligent judgment when editing

Table title

Reword the table title if necessary (i.e., if it is too clumsy or doesn’t make sense);

insert author query to ask if the reworded table title is OK

Title case, e.g.,

Table 1



13

Intercorrelations Between Subscales for Students and Older Adults

Column and row headings

Use sentence case

If units appear after the heading, put them in parentheses, e.g.,

Group 1 (n = 22)

CRP (mg/mL)

If data are presented in a certain style [such as n (%) or mean ± SD], use a comma

to separate from the heading, e.g.,

Group A, n (%)

Age (y), mean ± SD

Table entries

Use sentence case

Null entry hyphens should be replaced with em-dash

Shortening of units/words inside table: refer to Appendix 2 at the end of this

document

Use multiplication symbol “×” not the letter “x” where it occurs

Footnotes

The three kinds of notes and their order are presented:

A general note qualifies, explains or provides information relating to the table as

a whole and ends with an explanation of abbreviations, symbols and the like

(abbreviation list uses “=” to separate the abbreviation and its expansion; a semi-

colon “;” to separate two abbreviated words, e.g., Note. All nonsignificant three-

way interactions were omitted. MP = match process; NP = nonmatch process.

A specific note refers to a particular column, row or individual entry, and are

indicated with superscripted lowercase letters (order them from left to right and

top to bottom).

A probability note indicates the results of tests of significance. Asterisks (*, **)

are used to indicate the probability values, e.g., *p < .05. **p < .01.

Occasionally, you may need to distinguish between one-tailed and two-tailed tests

in the same table. To do so, use asterisks for the two-tailed p values and a

different symbol for the one-tailed p values, e.g., *p < .05, two-tailed. **p < .01

two-tailed. †p < .05, one-tailed. ††p < .01, one-tailed.

Order of footnotes: general note, specific note, probability note. Each type of

note begins on a new line below the table, e.g.,

Note. Maximum score = 320. HF = high frequency; HRV = heart rate variability;

LF = low frequency. a Number of children who completed all tests. b One girl in this group gave only

two correct responses.

*p < .05. **p < .01.

Tables from other sources

Any reproduced table must be accompanied by a note at the bottom of the

reprinted table giving credit to the original author and to the copyright holder (if

this information has not been provided, please insert an AQ to the author), e.g.,

Note. From [or The data in column 1 are from] “Title of article,” by A. N.

Author and C. O. Author, 20xx, Title of Journal, 50, p.22. Copyright 20xx by the



14

Name of the Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or Adapted] with permission.

Other points

En dashes should be used to present ranges, i.e., 60–90 for 60 to 90.

“p” is an italicized lowercase letter. When p appears in the column head, it should

be “p”, NOT “p value”, “P-value” or “p-value”

Numbers should be presented and rounded appropriately, e.g.,

“P less than .02” should be presented as “p < .02”

“p = .0000006” should be rounded as “p < .001”

“≥” and “≤” should be used, instead of “>” (larger than + underline), “>=” (larger

than + equal sign), or “ ” etc…

Data expression style should be denoted in footnotes, but not repeated in each

item, e.g.,

Figures General points

Numbered consecutively in the order of their citation in the text; please reorder if

they are not in numerical order

If only 1 figure in the article, the figure is still numbered, i.e., as “Figure 1”;

please number if not numbered

In text, if referring to a specific part of a figure, write as follows: “Figure 4B

shows that…” OR “Figures 4A and 4C show that…”

Figure legend

Reword the figure legend if necessary (i.e., if it is too clumsy or doesn’t make

sense); insert author query to ask if the reworded figure legend is OK

If figure has more than 1 part, then the different parts are labeled using capital

letters: A, B, C, etc.; in the figure legend, the capital letter in parentheses is

placed at the beginning of the phrase that describes the corresponding part, e.g.,

Figure 1. (A) MRI shows patient X with tumor; (B) immunostaining of tumor.

NOT

Figure 1. (a) MRI shows patient X with tumor; (b) immunostaining of tumor.

and NOT

Figure 1. MRI shows patient X with tumor (left); immunostaining of tumor

(right).

Footnotes


A general note qualifies, explains or provides information relating to the figure

as a whole and ends with an explanation of abbreviations, symbols and the like

(abbreviation list uses “=” to separate the abbreviation and its expansion; a semi-

colon “;” to separate two abbreviated words, e.g., Note. All nonsignificant three-

way interactions were omitted. MP = match process; NP = nonmatch process.

A specific note refers to a particular part of the figure, and are indicated with



15

superscripted lowercase letters.




in the same figure. To do so, use asterisks for the two-tailed p values and a




note begins on a new line after the figure legend, e.g.,




*p < .05. **p < .01.

Figures from other sources

Any reproduced figure must be accompanied by a note at the end of the figure

legend giving credit to the original author and to the copyright holder, e.g.,

Note. From [or Figure 1B is from] “Title of article,” by A. N. Author and C. O.

Author, 20xx, Title of Journal, 50, p.22. Copyright 20xx by the Name of the

Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or Adapted] with permission.

Other points

If you see mistakes inside the figures, please correct/edit if you can make changes

to the figure file; if you cannot, please insert a comment (with the specific

correction) to the Typesetter to make the correction when they redraw the figure

Shortening of units/words inside figure: refer to Appendix 2 at the end of this

document

Use multiplication symbol “×” not the letter “x” for magnification after the

number, e.g., 100×

X-axis and Y-axis should be in sentence case, with units appearing in “( )” after

the text, e.g.,

Patients (n)

Incidence per 1000 patient-days (n)

Frequency (%)

The description in the figure legend should match the graphic/figure

- If the legend mentions an “arrow” or “asterisk”, but there is no arrow or

asterisk inside the figure, insert an AQ to the author

- If the figure has an arrow or asterisk, but there is no mention of an “arrow” or

“asterisk” in the figure legend, insert an AQ to the author

Note the use of “=”, “<”, “≤”, “>”, “≥” and “±”; the use of “+/-”, “ ” or any

nonstandard forms should be corrected

Any personal patient information on figures like X-rays and ultrasound scans

(such as name, date of birth, patient ID no. etc.) should be blacked out; if you

cannot edit the picture file, please insert a comment (with the specific correction)

to the Typesetter to make the correction

On photographs of patients, if the face is shown, a black bar should be used to

cover the patient’s eyes to protect the patient’s identity; if you cannot edit the

picture file, please insert a comment (with the specific correction) to the



16

Typesetter to make the correction

Appendixes General points

Numbered consecutively in the order of their citation in the text, using Roman

numerals; please reorder if they are not in numerical order

If only 1 appendix in the article, the appendix is still numbered, i.e., as “Appendix

I”; please number if not numbered

Footnotes


A general note qualifies, explains or provides information relating to the

appendix as a whole and ends with an explanation of abbreviations, symbols and

the like (abbreviation list uses “=” to separate the abbreviation and its expansion;

a semi-colon “;” to separate two abbreviated words, e.g., Note. All nonsignificant

three-way interactions were omitted. MP = match process; NP = nonmatch

process.

A specific note refers to a particular part of the appendix, and are indicated with

superscripted lowercase letters.




in the same appendix. To do so, use asterisks for the two-tailed p values and a




note begins on a new line at the bottom of the appendix, e.g.,




*p < .05. **p < .01.

Appendix 1. Abbreviations of clinical, technical and other common terms that may be used without

expansion

AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

C complement (use with a number, e.g. C1, C2, . . . C9)

CD clusters of differentiation (use with a number, e.g. CD4 cell)

CD compact disc

CD-ROM compact disc read-only memory

cf compare

CST central standard time

DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloro-ethane (chlorophenothane)

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

DOS disk operating system

dpi dots per inch

EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

e.g. for example

EST eastern standard time



17

etc et cetera (and so forth)

F French (add catheter; use only with a number, e.g. 12F catheter)

GB gigabyte

GMT Greenwich mean time

HLA human leukocyte antigen (use "HLA antigen")

HTML hypertext markup language

http hypertext transfer protocol

i.e. that is (from the Latin id est)

IQ intelligence quotient

ISBN International Standard Book Number

ISSN International Standard Serial Number

JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group (computer file format for digital images)

kB kilobyte

m- meta- (use only in chemical formulas or names)

MB megabyte

MST mountain standard time

nb nota bene (note well)

Nd:YAG neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet [laser]

o- ortho- (use only in chemical formulas)

OD oculus dexter (right eye) (use only with a number, as in a refraction)

OS oculus sinister (left eye) (use only with a number, as in a refraction)

OU oculus unitas (both eyes) or oculus uterque (each eye) (use only with a number)

p- para- (use only in chemical formulas or names)

PaCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide, arterial

PaO2 partial pressure of oxygen, arterial

PCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide

PDA personal digital assistant

PDF portable document format

pH negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration

PO2 partial pressure of oxygen

PST Pacific standard time

RAM random access memory

Rh rhesus (of, related to, or being an Rh antibody, blood group, or factor)

RNA ribonucleic acid

ROM read-only memory

SAS Statistical Analysis System

SGML standardized general markup language

SPSS Statistical Product and Service Solutions (formerly Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)

SSC standard saline citrate

SSPE sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, EDTA [buffer]

TB terabyte

TIFF Tag(ged) Image File Format

TNM tumor, node, metastasis

ul uniformly labeled

URI uniform resource identifier

URL uniform resource locator

URN uniform resource name

UV ultraviolet

UV-A ultraviolet A

UV-B ultraviolet B



18

UV-C ultraviolet C

VDRL Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (add test)

vs. versus

XML extensible markup language

zip Zone Improvement Plan (zip code)

Appendix 2. Abbreviations to be used inside tables, figures, and in virgule constructions (but NOT in

table titles or figure legends)

and &

number no.

hour hr

millisecond ms

minute min

second s

Monday Mon

Tuesday Tue

Wednesday Wed

Thursday Thu

Friday Fri

Saturday Sat

Sunday Sun

January Jan

February Feb

March Mar

April Apr

May May

June Jun

July Jul

August Aug

September Sep

October Oct

November Nov

December Dec

To prevent misreading, do not abbreviate the following units of time, even when they are accompanied by

numeric values (APA guide, p. 106):

- day week month year

- However, abbreviate them in tables and figures to conserve space, but place the expansion of the

abbreviation in the table or figure footnote: day (d), week (wk), month (mo), year (y)

generic stylesheet for elsevier asian journals (apa guide...

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