GENETIC DIVERSITY OF BANANAAND ITS BIOINFORMATIC

APPROACH Musa acuminata

PRESENTED BY:- SUBHRADEEP SARKAR M.Sc IN APPLIED GENETICS

BANANA (Musa acuminate)

BANANA (Musa acuminata)The banana(Musa acuminata ) is an edible fruit, botanically a berry,produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa. In some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called plantains. The fruit is variable in size, color and firmness

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION

•Kingdom: Plantae•Division: Magnoliophyta•Class: Liliopsida•Order: Zingiberales•Family: Musaceae•Genus: Musa•Species: acuminate.

PHYLOGENETIC TREE

Banana(Musa acuminate)

Some species of banana found in KeralaRed Dacca (AAA)Dwarf Cavendish (AAA)Robusta (AAA)Rasthali (Silk AAB)Poovan (Mysore AAB)Nendran (AAB)Virupakashi (AAB)Pachanadan (AAB)Monthan (ABB)Karpuravalli (ABB)Karpuravalli (ABB)

NUTRITIONAL VALUE

Morphology of The Musaceae Family

Bananas are the world's largest perennial herbs. The plants can grow to a height of 3 m.

suckers-The banana has an underground stem with adventitious roots. It is full of food for the plant. Alongside the main stem,it has other stems called suckers.

suckers

FruitThe banana bunch grows from the female flowers. Each banana is called a finger, and groups of bananas are called hands. The fruit is protected by its peel.

FlowerInside it there is a bud which produces leaves. After 7 or 8 months,when some 30 leaves have grown,the bud produces flowers. The flowers of the banana plant form a large spike.It turns downward, to the soil and opens.It bears male and female flowers.

Leaves-The leaves of a banana plant are about 2 m long and highly veined. The leaves often split along the veins and thus moderately split leaves can increase surface cooling and gas exchange, thus improving photosynthesis.

MEDICAL IMPORTANCEReduced risk of high blood pressure-Bananas are one of the

best sources of potassium, an essential mineral for maintaining normal blood pressure and heart function.

Reduced Risk of Stroke-Scientists suggest that people with a low amount of potassium in their diet may have an increased risk of stroke. High-potassium foods, like bananas, may lower the risk of stroke

Cholesterol-lowering- It was suggested that the dietary fibre component in banana pulp was responsible for its cholesterol-lowering effect. The amount of dietary fibre in banana is relatively constant during banana ripening.• Energy booster-Bananas contain three natural sugars -

sucrose, fructose and glucose combined with fiber. A banana gives an instant boost of energy. Research has proven that just two bananas provide enough energy for a strenuous 90-minute workout.

BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF RED BANANA

Red banana, also known as Red Dacca one of the banana species found in kerala with reddish-purple skin. Red banana are filled with vitamin C, B-6, Potassium and magnesium that are helpful to deal with the after-effects of smoking cessation. The potassium and magnesium present in red banana helps the body to recover from sudden nicotinic withdrawal. It battles with the side effects caused by nicotine removal while providing you with the energy and fulfilment

ADVERSE EFFECT•High carbohydrate presence combined with tryptophan content in this fruit influencing brain activity and bringing sleepiness.•Migraine headaches may be aggravated by consumption of bananas and alcohol. Hence,consumption of bananas is not advisable with alcohol.• Consumption of bananas may have allergic reactions in few people.

GENETIC DIVERSITY OF BANANA BY RAPD ANALYSIS

The banana (Musa acuminata Colla) is considered as an important crop plant due to its high economic value as good dietary source. Here, we analyze the genetic relationship of four different banana varieties that are cultivated in south India.

Random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) fingerprinting

of these banana varieties (Grand Naine, Red Banana, Nendran and Rasthali) carried out by three

primers (OPA-19, OPB-18, OPD-16) led to DNA amplification

RAPD RESULT

RAPD profile of four banana varieties usingOPB-18 primer. Lane 1 - 4: RAPD profile of Banana varieties (1) Grand Naine, (2) Red Banana, (3) Nendranand ( 4) Rasthali. Lane M: 500 bp DNA ladder.

Grand Naine

Red Banana

Nendran

Rasthali

1 2 3 4

DENDOGRAM

Dendrogram of four varieties of banana. (VR1) Grand Naine, (VR2) Red Banana, (VR3) Nendran and (VR4) Rasthali.

Genetic dissimilarity of 4 verities of Banana as Obtained from RAPD markers.

  CHROMOSOMAL

ANALYSIS

• Figure shows the Metaphase chromosomes of triploid (2n=3x=33) banana cultivars stained blue with DAPI. labelled by in situ hybridization with the 5S (green, b) and 45S rRNA (red, c) gene probes,.

The complete chloroplast genome of banana

BIOINFORMATICS APPROACH

What is RPS15 gene Ribosomal protein S15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS15 gene.Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene has been found to be activated in various tumors, such as esophageal cancers, and colon cancers.

FIGURE 1: SUMMARY OF THE BANANA rps15 GENE

FIGURE 2: CHROMOSOMAL LOCATION OF BANANA rps15 GENE

FIGURE 3: FASTA FORMAT OF rps15 GENE

FIGURE 4: GENEBANK FORMAT OF rps15 GENE

FIGURE 5:- SEARCH rps15 GENE OF BANANA FROM NCBI PROTEIN DATABASE

FIGURE 6:- AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF rps15 GENE OF BANANA (FASTA FORMAT)

FIGURE 7: BLASTP SEARCH PROTEIN DATABASE USING PROTEIN QUERY

FIG 8 :-SEQUENCE ALIGNEMENT BETWEEN SUBJECT EQUENCE AND QUERY SEQUENCE

FIG 9:- SEQUENCES PRODUCING SIGNIFICANT ALIGNEMENT

CONCLUSIONFrom the result of blast we can find that the amino acid sequence of Musa acuminata (Banana) assembly protein rps15 (ribosomal) gene produce significant alingment with Musa textilis.

Out the amplification products recorded, 43.47% were common to all the genotypes. Whereas, 30.43% were unique, and only 26.08% revealed the relationship between these genotypes. Among the selected primers OPB-18 produced maximum number of polymorphic 4 bands followed by OPA-19 and OPD-16