genetic engineering
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Genetic Engineering. Chapter 13. Changing the Living World. 13-1. Selective Breeding. Selective breeding – (artificial selection) Breeders select individuals with desirable traits to breed. Offspring inherit desirable traits from parents (hopefully). Selective Breeding. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
GENETIC ENGINEERINGChapter 13
CHANGING THE LIVING WORLD13-1
SELECTIVE BREEDING Selective breeding – (artificial selection)
Breeders select individuals with desirable traits to breed.
Offspring inherit desirable traits from parents (hopefully).
SELECTIVE BREEDING
Luther Burbank used selective breeding to develop Shasta daisies, a popular variety.
SELECTIVE BREEDING Hybridization
Crossing dissimilar individuals to produce offspring with “hybrid vigor”.
HYBRIDIZATION
A mule is a cross between a horse and a donkey.
SELECTIVE BREEDING Inbreeding
Crossing similar individuals to maintain desired traits.
INBREEDING
Inbreeding maintains the desirable traits of Labradors, but may make the breed more susceptible to disease and physical abnormalities.
which crosses
consists of
Selective Breeding
for example
Inbreeding Hybridization
Similar organism
sDissimilar organism
sfor example
Organism breed A
Organism breed A
Organism breed B
Retains desired
characteristicsCombines desired
characteristics
which
which crosses
which
Section 13-1
Concept Map
INCREASING VARIATION Inducing mutations increases variation in a
population. Variation in a population is a good thing. Radiation and chemicals are used.
INDUCING MUTATIONS
Bacteria have been induced to digest oil.
INDUCED MUTATIONS
Strawberries have been induced to be polyploid making bigger, sweeter strawberries.
MANIPULATING DNA13-2
GENETIC ENGINEERING Making changes in the genetic code.
TOOLS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
DNA Extraction lyses the cells (detergent), then separates the DNA from protein histones using a protease enzyme. Lastly the DNA is precipitated.
TOOLS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Restriction Enzymes cut DNA into fragments at certain base sequences. Restriction enzymes only cut their specific sequence.
Recognition sequences
DNA sequence
Restriction Enzymes
Recognition sequences
DNA sequence
Restriction enzyme EcoRI cuts the DNA into fragments. Sticky end
Section 13-2
Restriction Enzymes
TOOLS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Gel Electrophoresis Separates DNA fragments based on size. An electric current pulls the fragments across a gel and produces a unique “fingerprint”. Used in forensics
DNA plus restriction enzyme
Mixture of DNA fragments
Gel
Power source
Longer fragments
Shorter fragments
Figure 13-6 Gel Electrophoresis
USING THE DNA SEQUENCE
In DNA Sequencing DNA polymerase and fluorescent labeled nucleotides determine the order of bases in a fragment.
Figure 13-7 DNA Sequencing
USING THE DNA SEQUENCE
In gene splicing DNA is cut into fragments and pasted together to create recombinant DNA
USING THE DNA SEQUENCE
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) makes unlimited copies of a gene.
DNA polymerase adds complementary strand
DNA heated to separate strands
DNA fragment to be copied
PCRcycles 1DNAcopies 1
2
2
3
4
4
8
5 etc.
16 etc.
Figure 13-8 PCR
CELL TRANSFORMATION13-3
CELL TRANSFORMATION When a bacterial cell takes in DNA from
outside the cell, the external DNA gets incorporated into the bacterium’s own DNA. Recombinant DNA has been made. The cell has been transformed. It will make a
new protein(s).
TRANSFORMING BACTERIA Bacterial plasmids (circular DNA) are used
to produce human hormones (HGH, insulin, clotting factor). Plasmids are useful because they are readily
taken in by bacteria and they easily replicate within a cell.
Also genetic markers in the plasmid help isolate transformed cells from non-transformed cells. Typically the gene for resistance to antibiotics is used
as a genetic marker. After transformation, the culture is treated with an antibiotic to kill all non-transformed cells.
Human Cell
Gene for human growth hormone
Recombinant DNA
Gene for human growth hormone
Sticky ends
DNA recombination DNA
insertionBacterial Cell
Plasmid
Bacterial chromosome
Bacterial cell for containing gene for human growth hormone
Section 13-3
Figure 13-9 Making Recombinant DNA
TRANSFORMING PLANT CELLS Plant cells don’t readily take in external DNA.
Plant cells are grown in culture with their cells walls removed.
Then plasmids are directly injected into the cells or carried into the cells with a bacterium.
Recombinant plasmid
Gene to be transferred
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Cellular DNA
Transformed bacteria introduce plasmids into plant cells
Plant cell colonies
Complete plant is generated from transformed cell
Inside plant cell, Agrobacterium inserts part of its DNA into host cell chromosome
Section 13-3
Figure 13-10 Plant Cell Transformation
TRANSFORMING ANIMAL CELLS DNA is injected directly into egg cells. DNA can be carried into cells with viruses.
Once inside the nucleus, recombinant DNA can replace a host cell gene making it possible to treat disorders caused by single genes.
This therapy is called “gene replacement”. Ex: cystic fibrosis
Recombinant DNA
Flanking sequences match host
Host Cell DNATarget gene
Recombinant DNA replaces target gene
Modified Host Cell DNA
Section 13-3
Knockout Genes
APPLICATIONS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING13-4
TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS Transgenic organisms contain genes from
different species. Transgenic bacteria produce human proteins. Transgenic animals grow faster and produce
leaner meat. Transgenic plants are more resistant to disease.
Foods obtained from transgenic organisms are labeled “genetically modified”.
CLONING
A clone is a member of a genetically identical population.In 1997 the first mammal was cloned, a sheep named Dolly.
A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder. Donor
NucleusThese two cells are fused using an electric shock. Fused Cell
The fused cell begins dividing normally.
EmbryoThe embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother.Foster
Mother
The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly
Cloned Lamb
Egg Cell
An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep.
The nucleus of the egg cell is removed.
Section 13-4
Figure 13-13 Cloning of the First Mammal