genetic engineering and biotechnology
TRANSCRIPT
BIO 106 Lecture 13
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
A. Recombinant DNA/ Genetic Engineering
B. Applications of Genetic Engineering
1. Researches on Human Genes
2. Researches on Animal Genes
3. Researches on Plant Genes
4. Researches on Microbial Genes 2 cces2015
GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
C. The Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
1. Biosafety and Ecological Implications
1.1 Potential Ecological Concerns
1.2 Regulatory Policies
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GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Genetic Engineering: technology that
involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism, called exogenous DNA.
Genetically engineered organisms are used to: study the expression of a particular gene. investigate cellular processes. study the development of a certain disease. select traits that might be beneficial to humans.
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GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology: the use of living cells to make products
such as pharmaceuticals, food and beverages
the use of organisms such as bacteria to protect the environment
the use of DNA science for the production of materials for diagnostics and research
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GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology helps to meet our basic needs: food, clothing, shelter, health and safety
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GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Recombinant DNA
• The manipulation and combination of DNA from 2 sources
Bacterial DNA + human gene for insulin
Plant DNA + bacterial DNA (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)
Mouse DNA + human DNA = transgenic
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GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Recombination • Insert a foreign gene into a host
GOAL: to produce many copies (clones) of a particular gene
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GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Vectors A vector is an entity that transmits a disease or parasite from one
animal or plant to another.
• Plasmids
• Viruses
• Particles ( DNA coated bullets)
• Exogenous DNA
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GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Vectors: Plasmids
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GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Vectors: Viruses VIRUS: an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host
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GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY Vectors: Particles ( DNA coated bullets)
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GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Vectors: Exogenous DNA
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GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Characteristics of a Vector • Can replicate independently in the host cell –
contains an Ori • Has restriction sites in the polylinker cloning
region • Has a reporter gene that will announce its
presence in the host cell • small in size as compared to the host
chromosome for ease of isolation
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GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Restriction enzymes & Vectors • Cut Plasmid with restriction enzyme [RESTRICTION ENZYME: DNA-cutting enzymes found in
bacteria (and harvested from them for use). Because they cut within the molecule, they are often called restriction endonucleases.]
• Cut gene of interest with restriction enzyme
• Splice together gene of interest and vector
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Applications of Genetic Engineering
DNA Recombination
RESEARCHES ON HUMANS
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Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES ON HUMANS
Human insulin-producing gene
Bacterial DNA with human gene inserted
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Applications of Genetic Engineering
• insulin for diabetics • factor VIII for males suffering from hemophilia A • factor IX for hemophilia B • human growth hormone (GH) • erythropoietin (EPO) for treating anemia • three types of interferons • several interleukins • granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for
stimulating the bone marrow after a bone marrow transplant • tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) for dissolving blood clots • adenosine deaminase (ADA) for treating some forms of severe
combined immunodeficiency (SCID) • angiostatin and endostatin for trials as anti-cancer drugs • parathyroid hormone • leptin • hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to vaccinate against the hepatitis B
virus
HUMAN GENES
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Applications of Genetic Engineering
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Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES ON ANIMALS
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Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES ON ANIMALS
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Applications of Genetic Engineering
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Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES ON PLANTS
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Applications of Genetic Engineering RESEARCHES ON PLANTS
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Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES ON PLANTS
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Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES ON PLANTS
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Applications of Genetic Engineering
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Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES ON MICROBES
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Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES ON MICROBES
engineered E. coli strain produced pyocin S5, a toxic protein which kills P.aeruginosa strains
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Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Genetically engineered organism (GEO) or
Genetically modified organism (GMO):
organism whose genome has been engineered in the laboratory in order to favor the expression of desired physiological traits or the production of desired biological products
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Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Crops Enhanced taste and quality Reduced maturation time Increased nutrients, yields and stress tolerance Improved resistance to disease, pests and herbicides New products and growing techniques
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Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Golden rice is the result of an effort to develop rice
varieties that produce provitamin-A (beta-
carotene) as a means of alleviating vitamin A
(retinol) deficiencies in the diets of poor and
disadvantaged people in developing countries.
Because traditional rice varieties do not produce provitamin-A, transgenic
technologies were required.
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Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Animals Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk Improved animal health and diagnostic methods
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Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Environment "Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides Conservation of soil, water, and energy Bioprocessing for forestry products Better natural waste management More efficient processing
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Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Fluorescent zebra fish were specially bred to help detect environmental
pollutants. By adding a natural fluorescence gene to the fish, scientists are able
to quickly and easily determine when waterways
are contaminated
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Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Society Increased food security for growing populations
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Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Ecological Implications: 1. herbicide-resistant superweeds 2. Creation of new weeds (herbivore-resistance) 3. Loss of biodiversity 4. Reduction of soil quality due to release of toxins
from GMO 5. Harm to beneficial insects 6. Creation of new pests 7. sustainable agriculture and organic farming
threatened 8. Crossover of genes to other species (outcrossing) 9. Production of novel allergens and carcinogens
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Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Regulation in the US
GMOs are regulated pursuant to health, safety, and environmental legislation governing conventional products. The US approach to regulating GMOs is premised on the assumption that regulation should focus on the nature of the products, rather than the process in which they were produced.
FDA regulates the safety of all human and animal food products in the US (other than meat, poultry, and eggs), as well as drugs and biological products;
EPA regulates pesticides and microorganisms developed through genetic engineering.
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Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Regulation in Canada
Manufacturers and importers who wish to sell or advertise a GM food in Canada, must submit data to Health Canada for a pre-market safety assessment, as required under Division 28 of Part B of the Food and Drugs Regulations (Novel Foods). This safety assessment provides assurance that the food is safe when prepared or consumed according to its intended use.
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Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Regulation in EU Six Member States currently apply safeguard clauses on GMO events: Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany and Luxembourg. Deliberate Release of Genetically Modified Organisms based on the precautionary principle. Applicants who wished to conduct field tests of GMOs were required to apply and submit an environmental risk assessment to the "competent authority" of the country where testing will occur. It further required another application to each Member State to market genetically-modified products and granted each Member States the right to object to such marketing within their borders. 41 cces2015
Regulation in South Asia
Regular updating and review of policies governing GMO cultivation and safety assessment not only to consumers but also to the environment
Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Regulation in Australia / New Zealand Australia has one of the most developed regulatory systems for GMOs. All
'dealings' with GMOs are regulated by the Gene Technology Act (2000), which, inter alia, set up the office of the Gene Technology Regulator monitors and enforces the legislation. Safety assessment and strict labelling of GM foods. All GM food should be assessed regarding safety for human consumption and approved before sale and use. All GM food and ingredients should be labelled where they contain novel DNA and/or novel protein in the final food, or have altered characteristics.
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Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
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If for the whole sem you were thinking this…
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