15.2

Genetic Technology15.2,15.36 slides with notes to write downCopying DNA- Extracting DNA using Gel ElectrophoresisGel electrophoresis separates DNA according to size of fragments

DNA FingerprintingCollect TissueAmplify sample (PCR)Add restriction enzymes (cut DNA)Run Gel ElectrophoresisAnalyze/compare bandsPersonal IdentificationIn DNA fingerprinting, restriction enzymes first cut a small sample of human DNA into fragments containing genes and repeats. Note that the repeat fragments from these two samples are of different lengths.

Next, gel electrophoresis separates the restriction fragments by size.

Forensic Science The precision and reliability of DNA fingerprinting has revolutionized forensicsthe scientific study of crime scene evidence.

DNA fingerprinting has helped solve crimes, convict criminals, and even overturn wrongful convictions.

To date, DNA evidence has saved more than 110 wrongfully convicted prisoners from death sentences.

Transgenic OrganismsThe universal nature of the genetic code makes it possible to construct organisms that are transgenic, containing genes from other species.

Transgenic organisms can be produced by the insertion of recombinant DNA into the genome of a host organism.

Like bacterial plasmids, the DNA molecules used for transformation of plant and animal cells contain genetic markers that help scientists identify which cells have been transformed.

Cloning AnimalsNuclear TransplantationClone a genetically identical organism

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)

July 1996

Dolly is born!!Treating Disease One Example of Gene TherapyTo deliver therapeutic genes to target cells researchers engineer a virus that cannot reproduce or cause harm.

Human Genome ProjectJohn Craig Venter: Celera GenomicsCells are the fundamental working units of every living system. All the instructions needed to direct their activities are contained within the chemical DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA from all organisms is made up of the same chemical and physical components. The DNA sequence is the particular side-by-side arrangement of bases along the DNA strand (e.g., ATTCCGGA). This order spells out the exact instructions required to create a particular organism with its own unique traits.

The genome is an organisms complete set of DNA. Genomes vary widely in size: the smallest known genome for a free-living organism (a bacterium) contains about 600,000 DNA base pairs, while human and mouse genomes have some 3 billion. Except for mature red blood cells, all human cells contain a complete genome.

DNA in the human genome is arranged into 46 distinct chromosomes--physically separate molecules that range in length from about 50 million to 250 million base pairs.

Each chromosome contains many genes, the basic physical and functional units of heredity.Genes comprise only about 2% of the human genome; the remainder consists of noncoding regions

The human genome is estimated to contain 20,000-25,000 genes. The constellation of all proteins in a cell is called its proteome.Studies to explore protein structure and activities, known as proteomics, will be the focus of much research for decades to come and will help elucidate the molecular basis of health and disease. Chromosomes, which range in size from 50 million to 250 million bases

The human genome contains 3164.7 million chemical nucleotide bases (A, C, T, and G).

Almost all (99.9%) nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people. The functions are unknown for over 50% of discovered genes.

http://ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/info.shtml