GENETIC TRANSFORMATION

HISTORY OF TRANSFORMATION• 1928 – Fredrick Griffth first

described transformation Pneumococcus bacteria

(pneumonia) and mice

1944 – Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty identified the “transforming principle” as DNA

TRANSFORMATION • The transfer of genetic material• Discover by Griffith• Experiment injected

mice with disease causing & non-disease causing bacteria • Found combination of

dead disease bacteria with live non-disease still killed the mice• Later Avery discovered

DNA to be the agentThink: What does this picture show.

HISTORY OF TRANSFORMATION• 1952 – Alfred Hershey and

Martha Chase provided final proof that DNA was the molecule of heredity

1970 – Morton Mandel and Akiko Higa developed a protocol for transforming E. coli bacteria

WHAT IS TRANSFORMATION?• When a cell takes up and expresses a new piece

of genetic material—DNA— in order to change the organism’s traits

• A gene is a piece of DNA which provides the instructions for making (coding for) a particular protein

DNA Protein Trait

WHAT IS TRANSFORMATION USED FOR?

• Agricultural Genes coding for traits such as frost, pest or drought

resistance can be genetically transformed into plants

WHAT IS TRANSFORMATION USED FOR?

• Environmental Bacteria can be genetically transformed with genes

enabling them to digest oil spills or remove pollutants from the environment

WHAT IS TRANSFORMATION USED FOR?

• Medical Production of human proteins to

treat genetic diseases

Protein Disease/Disorder

Human insulin Diabetes mellitus

Human Growth Hormone

Deficiency in children

Erythropoietin Anemia

DNase I Cystic fibrosis

Human antibody blocker

Asthma

WHAT ARE WE DOING?• We will transform bacteria (E. coli), giving it the

ability to make green fluorescent proteins

GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN• Used in science as a visual marker…

Biological processes (protein production) Localization and regulation of gene expression Cell movement Cell fate during development Formation of different organs Marker to identify transgenic organisms

DR.AMINA EL SHAIBANY PHG 424