genetically modified crops 2

7/31/2019 Genetically Modified Crops 2

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GENETICALLY MODIFIED

CROPS

Presented By

MD. YASIR KHANM. Sc. Biotechnology

3rd Semester

Jamia Hamdard
http://www.google.com.sg/imgres?imgurl=http://redgreenandblue.org/files/2008/11/cornfield.jpg&imgrefurl=http://redgreenandblue.org/2008/11/16/new-plan-to-grow-genetically-modified-crops-in-secret-military-locations/&h=375&w=500&sz=181&tbnid=KpSeISMJYOD2XM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=130&prev=/images?q=GMO-CROP&usg=__KPgoODgaxZfs4BitId_WJrhIqq8=&ei=9hCQSq6ME5rY7APJu528Cg&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=5&ct=image


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WHAT ARE GM-CROP PLANTS?

A GM-crop plant contains a gene(s) which havebeen artificially inserted instead of plant acquiring

them through pollination


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WHY TO DEVELOP GM-PLANTS ?

To increase crop yield

Pest resistant crops

Transgenic plant bioreactors

Stress tolerant plants

Herbicide resistant plants

Protect the environment

Reduce the risk of human medicine


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How prevalent are GM-Crop plants?

70% of all foods consumed in US has some

elements from genetically modified crop

Herbicide tolerance & insects tolerance

GMO soybean, corn, cotton, n canola have the

highest acreage in the US.


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WAYS OF PRODUCING GM-CROP PLANTS?

I. Agrobacterium mediated transformation

II. Biolistic

III. ElectroporationIV. Macroinjection

V. Microinjection

VI. Liposome mediated transformation


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PROBLEMS AT HAND?

Food scarcity

Polluted environment

Changing climate Damage to crops by insects


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FOOD

Golden rice

Created by Prof.

Ingo Potrykus ofthe Institute of

Plant Sciences at

Swiss Federal

Institute of

Technology.


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L.S OF RICE SEEDS


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-carotene biosynthesis


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2 genes Narcissus pseudonarcissus

1 geneErwinia uredovora

Gt1 Transit peptide Phytoene synthase

Narcissus pseudonarcissus


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35S Transit peptide Phytoene desaturase

Gt1 Transit peptide Lycopene cyclase

Erwinia uredovora

Narcissus pseudonarcissus


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Transformed rice- SGR1

SGR1 low carotene

SGR2 -23 times more carotene then SGR1

Phytoene synthase gene from maize

other nutritionally important food crops

canolawith increased vitamin E


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PHYTOREMEDIATION

Plants can extract contaminants from the soiland accumulate, transform and transport

them into the parts of the plant that are

above ground. In leaves, fruits or stems ,manycompounds are stored, transformed or

volatilized. Such processes are known as

phytoremediation.


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STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE PHYTOREMEDIATION OF

METALS

a) Introduce transporter geneIRT1 iron transporter

MRP1 Mg-ATPase transporter

b) Genes encoding phytochelatine /metallo-thionein

gene gene action species phenotype reference

AtPCS1 phytochelatin Arabidopsis arsenic tolerance li et al 2004

synthesis


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c) Enzymes to change oxidation stategene gene action species phenotype reference

merA mercuric oxide plant Hg tolerance Ruiz et al 2003

reductase

merB organo mercurial plant Hg tolerance Ruiz et al 2003

lyase

merApc9 mercuric oxide Tobacco Hg tolerance He et al 2001

reductase and volatilization

d) Genes encoding biodegradable enzymegene gene action species phenotype reference

GSL selenocystine B.juncea Se tolerance Garifullin et al 2003

lyase(mouse)

e) Introduce genes to enhance : Growth rate /biomass production rate

Enhancement of root depth /penetration


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GM Indian mustard (B.juncea)

a) -glutamyl cysteine synthetase

b) Glutathione synthetase

Increase tolerance and accumulation of Cd

GM A. thalianaa) Arsenate reductase

b) -glutamyl cysteine synthetase

Increased tolerance and accumulation ofarsenic


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GM-PLANTS RESISTANT TO INSECTS

a) Crystal protein (CRY)B.thuringiensis

b) Proteases

cowpea trypsin -Vigna unguiculata

-amylasePhaseolus vulgaris

c) Lectins Galanthus nivalis

d) Cholesterol oxidase-Streptomyces


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BtGM-crop


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3-D STRUCTURE OF CRYSTAL PROTEIN


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MODE OF Bt CRYSTAL PROTEIN ACTION


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POTATO

resistant to colorado potato beetle

Gm- POTATO NON GM- POTATO


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CORN

resistant to

EUROPEAN CORN BORER

CORN EAR WORMGM-CORN


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COTTON

resistant to cotton boll worm


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ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANT PLANTS

Effect of water scarcity on plants

Protoplast gets dehydrated

Proteins/enzymes gets dehydrated and losetheir activity

Plasma membrane and photosyntheticapparatus gets disrupted

High temperature stress

Enzymes get denatured

Change in membrane permeability


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LOW TEMPERATURE STRESS

Impaired protoplasmic streaming

Reduced respiration /photosynthesis/protein

synthesis

INCREASED SALINITY

Soil porosity decrease

Physiological stress

Ion toxicity


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DROUGHT AND SALT TOLERANT TOMATOES

Overexpressing vacuolar Na+/H+ antiport

pump.Salt and drought tolerant plants.

Reclaim farmland lost to salinity and lack of

rainfall.

Na Na

Na

OUTSIDE OF

VACUOLE

INSIDE OF

VACUOLE


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CROP TOLERANT TO TEMPERATURE STRESS.

Tomato plants.

35S CaMV promoter.

Constitutively express HSF ofA.thaliana


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OTHER USES OF GM-CROPS

Virus resistant GM-crop plants

Disease resistant GM-crop plants

Herbicide resistant GM-crop plants

long shelf life

Male sterility

Bioreactors


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IS IT ETHICALLY RIGHT TO PRODUCE

GM-CROP PLANTS?

Flavr savr tomato

Have Neomycin phosphotransferase II marker

In laboratory,it has been demonstrated thatthe bacteria can take up and incorporate the

plasmid DNA from rotting vegetables and

hence can become resistant to kanamycin


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REFERENCES Frizzi A, Huang S, Gilbertson LA, Armstrong TA, Luethy

MH, Malvar TM (2008) Modifying lysine biosynthesis andcatabolism in corn with a single bifunctionalexpression/silencing transgene cassette. PlantBiotechnol J 6: 1321

Baenziger PS, Russell WK, Graef GL, Campbell BT (2006)Improving lives: 50 years of crop breeding, genetics, and

cytology (C-1). Crop Sci 46: 2230

2244. Castle LA, Siehl DL, Gorton R, Patten PA, Chen YH,

Bertain S, Cho HJ, Duck N, Wong J, Kiu D, et al (2004)Discovery and directed evolution of a glyphosatetolerance gene. Science 304: 11511154.

Cooper M, Smith OS, Graham G, Arthur L, Feng L,

Podlich DW (2004) Genomics, genetics, and plantbreeding: a private sector perspective. Crop Sci 44:19071913.

Everson RE, Golin D (2003) Assessing the impact of theGreen Revolution, 1960 to 2000. Science 300: 758762.


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Chawla H. S., Introduction to Plant Biotechnology, Ed-2nd2003.

Tyagi Rajiv, Yadav P. R., Plant Product Biotechnology,Ed-1st 2006.

Kumar Ashok, Plant Biotechnology, Ed-1st 2006.

Narain Rabindra, Naha Surendra, Genetic Engineering in

Plants, Ed-1

st

2006. Kaul Opender, Dhaliwal G. S., Transgenic Crop

Protection, Ed-2nd 2004.

www.wikipedia.com

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

www.sciencedirect.com

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THANK

YOU

genetically modified crops 2

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