genetics chapter1

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GENETICS

Chapter 1



Genetics» from Ancient Greek genetikos ,

³genitive´ and that from genesis ,³origin´

» is the study of inherited traits andtheir variation.

» Gregor Johan Mendel ± F ather of Genetics



» Gene are the unit of heredity.- it is the instructions to manufacture

proteins which determine inherited traits.- it is composed of the molecule

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

» Genome is a complete set of geneticinformation.

» Genomics is the study of many genesand their interaction

» Genepool all of the gene in the

population



D NA» deoxyribonucleic acid» is a nucleic acid that contains the

genetic instructions used in thedevelopment and functioning of allknown living organisms and someviruses.

» its main role of DNA molecules is thelong-term storage of information.



» it resembles a spiral staircase or double helix in which the ³rails´ or backbone are the same from molecule

to molecule.

» Nucleotide ± building block of DNA

- consist of deoxyribose, a phosphate& a nitrogenous base

D NA



» It has a nucleobases of adenine (A),thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G).[ A:T ; C:G]

» D NA replication is a fundamentalprocess occurring in all living organisms tocopy their DNA

D NA



» transcription is the process of creating an equivalent RNA copy of a sequence of DNA

» amino acid building block of protein

» D NA microarray a device usedto detect genes

D NA



L evels of Genetics

» RNA ± ribonucleic acid- carries gene sequence information

so that it can utilized, while the DNAis transmitted when the cell divides.

» P roteomics ± study of proteins.

1. D NA



» alleles ± variants of a gene- can be d ominant or recessive

» mutation ± process of changing DNAsequence .

» polymorphism is a site or sequence of DNA that varies in one percent or more of thepopulation.

» k aryotype ± sized order display of chromosome

2 . GENES 3. CHROMOSOMES 4. GENOMES



» genotype ± the underlying instruction

» phenotype ± the visible traits

5. IN D IVI DU AL

» pedigree ± chart which represent the membersof the family and indicate which individuals haveparticular inherited traits.

6. FAMI

LY

7 . P O PUL ATION

» Genepool - all of the gene in the population



MOST GENES D O NOT F U NCTION A L ONE

» most genes do not function alone, butare influenced by the actions of other genes, and often by the environment as

well.» Mendelian traits ± single genes

» multifactorial traits reflects theinfluence of one or more genes and theenvironment



APPL ICATIONS OF GENETICS

ForensicRewriting history

Health CareAgriculture

Bio techn ology is the use of organisms or their parts for human purposes

Ecology

genetics chapter1

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