genetics
TRANSCRIPT
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genetics
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_PQ8qYtUL0
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DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Located in the nucleus
• Instructions for how to
make proteins
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Watson & Crick
Determined the shape/structure of
DNA in 1953
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Rosalind Franklin
• X-ray Crystallography
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Structure
• Scientists James Watson and Francis Crick developed a three dimensional model of DNA
• This model of DNA consisted of two strands which were wound around each other like a twisted ladder. This structure is known as a double helix
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Every living thing has
DNA.
That means that you have
something in common with a zebra, a tree, a mushroom and
a beetle!!!!
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• Three critical things genes need to do:1.) genes need to carry information from
one generation to the next
2.) put that information to work by determining the heritable characteristics of organisms
3.) genes need to be easily copied
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DNA is like a fingerprint because everyone’s is a little
different!
How would the police look at DNA to figure out who committed a crime?
You can tell people apart by their fingerprints………
and their DNA!
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PUT ON YOUR SCIENCE EYES!
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A. DNA is made of chromosomes that are contained inside the nucleus of a cell.
C.
DNA makes up the membrane surrounding a cell’s nucleus.
B. A cell’s nucleus contains the chromosomes which are made of DNA.
D.
Chromosomes make up DNA that is contained outside the cell’s nucleus in the cytoplasm.
Which statement reflects the correct relationship between the nucleus, the cell, chromosomes, and DNA?
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SO WHAT IS DNA?PLEASE COPY THIS CHART
INTO YOUR NOTES
DNA
NUCLEOTIDE
4 BASES
DOUBLE HELIX
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DNA stands for:D: DeoxyriboseN: NucleicA: Acid
DNA is too small to see, but under a microscope it looks like a twisted up ladder!
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What is DNA? DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
* A molecule of nucleic acids that carries genetic information.
* 2 strands twisted around each other called a “double helix” (twisted ladder)
* Each strand is made of linked nucleotides.
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Hydrogen bonds
Nucleotide
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Key
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Made up of
nucleotides –
•sugar
•phosphate
•nitrogen base
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What is a Nucleotide?
* A subunit of DNA made of 3 parts:
* 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
* phosphate group
* nitrogenous base (there are 4)
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DRAW THIS NUCLEOTIDE
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Hydrogen bonds
Nucleotide
Sugar-phosphate backbone Key
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Structure of DNA
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The nucleotides are made up of:
•deoxyribose(sugar)
•phosphate group
• nitrogen bases-4 types1. Adenine- A
2. Guanine-G3. Cytosine- C
4. Thymine-T
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Adenine
(A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
WHAT ARE THE 4 BASES?
5
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adenine
deoxyribose
PO4
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What is the structure of DNA?
* The sides (backbone) are made of sugars and phosphates held together by a strong chemical bond.
* The rungs (steps) are paired nitrogenous bases held together by a weak hydrogen bond.
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How are the Bases paired?
* Adenine pairs w/Thymine (A-T)* Guanine always pairs w/Cytosine
(G-C)* This is called complementary
pairing. They fit like puzzle pieces.
* Allows the DNA to be replicated (copied).
TA G C
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PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
2-stranded DNA 9
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sugar-phosphatechain
bases
THE DOUBLE HELIX
14
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TIME TO MAKE A DNA MODEL!!!
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Left Hand Assignment: DNA StructureGlue the DNA strand and use the following instructions to color the
double helix. Write and answer the questions when you are finished
DNA Coloring Instructions
• Color the deoxyribose sugars green.
• Leave the phosphate groups white.
• Color the nitrogen base adenine orange.
• Color the nitrogen base thymine light blue.
• Color the nitrogen base cytosine red.
• Color the nitrogen base guanine yellow.
DNA Structure Analysis1. The twisted ladder structure of DNA is
called a ________________.
2. The backbone of DNA is made up of _______________________.
3. The ladder-like rungs of DNA are made up of _________________.
4. Adenine always pairs up with __________.
5. Cytosine always pairs up with _________________.
6. A nucleotide is the basic building block of DNA. A nucleotide is made up of one ___________, one ________, and one___________.