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Page 1: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Genetics

Page 2: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Terminology

• Allele – contrasting form of a gene– Ex: T = tall; t = short– Ex: G = green; g =

yellow– CAPITAL LETTERS –

DOMINANT TRAIT– lowercase letters –

recessive trait

Page 3: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

More Terms

• Genotype– Genetic makeup of an organism

• Phenotype– Physical appearance

Page 4: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

More Terms

• Homozygous Alleles– when the alleles of a

pair are the same– Ex: GG, TT, rr, nn

• Heterozygous Alleles– when the alleles are

not the same– Ex: Gg, Tt, Rr, Nn

Page 5: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Probability

• The likelihood that a specific event will occur

Probability = -----------------------------# of one kind of event

# of all events

Page 6: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Coin Toss

• Probability of a coin landing heads up?

• The more times you flip the coin, the closer to 50% the probability will get

Page 7: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Punnett Squares

• Device used in predicting possible offspring

Page 8: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Monohybrid Cross

• A cross that involves only one trait with two phenotypes

• Ex: Seed color– GG x gg;– G = green, g = yellow

Page 9: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Making a Punnett Square

• Draw a box

• Put one set of traits on top– Male parent

• Put the other on the side– Female parent

Page 10: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Parent Generation: P1 GG x gg

G G

g

g

Gg

Gg

Gg

Gg

Page 11: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Cross F1 Generation

• Gg x Gg

• Genotype?

• Phenotype?

Page 12: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Parent Generation: F1 Gg x Gg

G g

g

G GG

Gg

Gg

gg

Page 13: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Results

• Genotypes

– 25% GG

– 25% gg

– 50% Gg

• Phenotypes

– 75% green

– 25% yellow

GG Gg

Gg gg

G

G

g

g

Page 14: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

You Try

•TT x Tt (T = tall; t = short)

Page 15: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

TT x Tt (T = tall; t = short)

T T

t

T TT

TtTt

TT

• Genotypes– 50% TT– 50% Tt– 1:1

• Phenotypes– 100% tall

Page 16: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

• Bb x bb (B = black; b = white)

You TryYou Try

Page 17: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Bb x bb (B = black; b = white)

• Genotypes– 50% Bb– 50% bb– 1:1

• Phenotypes– 50% black– 50% white– 1:1

B

Bb

b

b

b bb

bbBb

Page 18: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

• A cross between a homozygous recessive individual and an unknown

• Used to determine whether an individual is homozygous dominant or heterozygous

Testcross

Page 19: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Testcross

• Mendel developed what is known as a test cross.

• He took a homozygous recessive individual and mated it with a pea plant showing the dominant trait.

bb x Bb or BB

Page 20: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Testcross• If in the F1 generation all the offspring

showed the dominant trait, then the dominant parent was probably BB.

b b

B

B?

Bb Bb

BbBb

Page 21: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Testcross

• If there were any recessives in the F1, then the dominant parent had to be Bb.

bb

B

b?

Bb Bb

bb bb

Page 22: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase
Page 23: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

What if we are looking at two traits at a time?

Page 24: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

What if we are looking

at Tall plants with Axial flowers

(TTAA) and cross it with a short plant with terminal

flowers (ttaa)?

Page 25: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

T

If we look at meiosis what does that tell us?

T

A

A T

T

A

AParent TTAA

Page 26: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

• Parent TTAA can only pass on the alleles

TA to the offspring

• What about Parent ttaa?

• Can only pass on the alleles ta to the offspring

Page 27: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

TA

ta TtAa

Parents: TTAA x ttaa

Parent TTAA produces only one kind of gamete.

Parent ttaa produces only one kind of gamete.

Thus our punnett square is very simple.

Page 28: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

What about the F1 generation?

T

t a

tA

t

T

T

a

A

A

aParent TtAa

Page 29: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

TA tatATa

TA

Ta

tA

ta

TTAA

ttaa

TTAa

TTAa

Ttaa

TtAA

TtAa

ttAa

TtAaTTaa

ttAa

TtAA

TtAa

TtAa

Ttaa

ttAA

F1 generation: TtAa x TtAa

TA

Page 30: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

• A cross with two traits

• Ex: seed color & seed shape– R = round, r = wrinkled; Y = yellow, y = green– RRYY x rryy– YYRr x yyRR

Dihybrid Cross

Page 31: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

You try

RRYY x rryyR = round, r = wrinkled; Y = yellow, y = green

Dihybrid Cross

Page 32: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Parents: RRYY x rryy

RrYy

RY

ry

All offspring will be heterozygous

Page 33: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

You try

F1 generation: RrYy x RrYyR = round, r = wrinkled; Y = yellow, y = green

Dihybrid Cross

Page 34: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

F1 generation RrYy x RrYy

Page 35: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

• Phenotypes– Round: Yellow– Round: Green– Wrinkled: Yellow– Wrinkled: Green

– 9:3:3:1 ratio

F1 generation: RrYy x RrYy

93

3

1

Page 36: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Sex-linked Genes

• Genes carried on the X and Y chromosomes are called sex-linked genes.

• Traits that are controlled by these genes occur more often in one sex than the other.

• Can you explain why?

Page 37: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

• Colorblindness is one example of a trait controlled by sex-linked genes.

Sex-linked Genes

Page 38: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Color blindness

• The normal human retina's color receptors are tuned to green, blue, and red. Working together, the three give us our colorful view of the world. When one or more of those color receptors is missing the result is color-blindness. The genes for our red and green color receptors are located on the X-chromosome, giving women a redundant set of receptor genes. This is why men are far more prone to color-blindness than women.

Page 39: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

XCY x XX

Sex-linked Genes

Recessive gene for color blindness

Page 40: Genetics. Terminology Allele – contrasting form of a gene –Ex: T = tall; t = short –Ex: G = green; g = yellow –CAPITAL LETTERS – DOMINANT TRAIT –lowercase

Sex-linked Genes

XC Y

X

X

XCX

XCX

XY

XY


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