genetics! the study of heredity. heredity: the passing of traits from parents to offspring traits:...
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Genetics!The study of heredity
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• Heredity: The passing of traits from parents to offspring
• Traits: Characteristics that are inherited– Hair color, eye color, height…
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• Alleles: Different forms of a gene• You have two alleles for every gene.
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Genetics Vocab• Homozygous: Two alleles are the same– Also known as purebreeds– Ex: AA or aa
• Heterozygous: Two alleles are different – Also called hybrids or carriers– Ex: Aa
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Genetics Vocab
• The presence of an allele does not mean it will be expressed
• In a heterozygote (Aa), the dominant trait is seen and the recessive trait is hidden
• The recessive trait can only be seen when an organism has 2 copies of the recessive allele (aa)– Dominant Allele: Capital letter– Recessive Allele: Lowercase letter
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What does it mean to be Dominant or Recessive?
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How many of you have 6 fingers on each hand?
• 6 fingers are dominant
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How many of you have a widow’s peak?
• Widow’s peak is dominant
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How many of you have attached ear lobes?
• Attached earlobes are recessive
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How many of you have the ability to roll your tongue?
• Rolling your tongue is dominant
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How many of you have a straight thumb?
• Straight thumb is recessive
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How many of you have blue eyes?
• Blue eyes are recessive
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How many of you have freckles?
• Having freckles are dominant
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How many of you have a cleft chin?
• Having a cleft chin is recessive
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How many of you have a second toe longer than your big toe?
• Having a longer second toe is dominant
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Which way do your thumbs cross each other when you are clasping your hands together?
• Left thumb on top is dominant
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How many of you have an immunity to poison ivy?
• Poison ivy immunity is dominant
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So….
•The dominant trait is not always more
common than the recessive trait!
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Genetics Vocab• Phenotype: The way an organism looks
physically• Genotype: The gene combination an organism
has– Homozygous dominant: AA– Homozygous recessive: aa– Heterozygous: Aa
• You can’t always tell an organism’s genotype by looking at its phenotype
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Try some practice!
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Gregor MendelThe father of genetics
Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study the inheritance of traits
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Mendelian Vocabulary
• Parental Generation (P1): The first two pea plants crossed
• The offspring of the P1 generation are called the F1 generation
• If we cross plants from the F1 generation we get the F2 generation and so on…
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Mendel’s Laws• 1. Law of Dominance
In a heterozygous individual, the dominant allele will be expressed and the recessive allele will be hidden
2. Law of Segregation: During meiosis, homologous pairs are separated
and each gamete only receives one allele3. Law of Independent Assortment
During meiosis, homologous pairs separate RANDOMLY and INDEPENDENTLY of each other