genius loci: the spirit of place - tdl
TRANSCRIPT
GENIUS LOCI: THE SPIRIT OF PLACE
by
Samantha Eufemia Morreale
A thesis in
Architecttu*e
Submitted to the architecture Faculty of the College of Architecture of Texas Tech University
in partial fulfillment for the degree of
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
Chairman of Committee t
Programming InstDOptbr (ARCH 4395) -- David Driskill
Design Critic (ARCH 4631) - Ben Shacklette
^,<^^l/^..A.'i/tu\f^^y^^^tA<
Accepted, Dean, College of Architecture
^ ,_^, ri TABLE OF CONTENTS
THESIS 1
Thesis Statement 2 Definition of genus loci or spirit of place 4 Elements that create genius loci 6 Defining a plan 8 Loss of genius lod 10 Genius loci vs. illusionism 14 Bibliography 16 Thesis case studies 17
CONTEXT ISSUES 21 Cultural context 22 Psychological context 32 Built context 35 Natural Context 43 Site 49 Context case studies 57
VEHICLE AND ACTIVITIES 60 Activity analysis 62
Backof the house 63 Hotel operations 64 Front of the house 74 Guest/public 55
Spatial square footages 94 Grand summary of spaces 99 Bibliography 100 Facility case studies 101
BIBLIOGRAPHY 113
APPENDIX 115
Architects must incorporate current and innovative technologies with the
traditions and style of an area to create an architecture which upholds and
reinforces the genius loci or spirit of the place.
Some places have a special, illusive quaUty which attracts people. This
attribute is called genius loci or spirit of place. There are many definitions for this
term, but there are three main components which provide a basis from which to
start:
1. Natural environment - landforms or topography vegetation, climate and presence of water,
2. Cultural expressions - bridges, forts, hilltop churches which are a relation to the landscape, social history, physical location or human activity, and the place as a cultural artifact,
3. Sensory experience - this is primarily visual and results from the interaction of the landscape and the culture of the area. (H.L.G.)
In other words, it is the collective reaction of a group of people to their
environment over time (M.H.) which in some way creates that special sense of
place.
This is not to say that only a very few places have this special quality. In
fact, every town will most likely have some special quality about it. There are a
variety of ideas regarding this intangible commodity. Some say that to understand
a place, one must begin with one's feelings (M.H.). While another defines the craft
of architecture as the ways in which space, form, color, texture, and line can be
combined to evoke emotion (B.C.B.). So, while it seems that there are three base
components which contribute to the spirit of a place, it is actually the emotions or
feelings about a place which are the key to imderstanding.
Once the sense of place has been felt, there are a number of ways to identify
exactly what has created it. The natural and cultural attributes which affect our
sense of a place identity are: 1) identity through landscape or physical features and
appearance, 2) observable activities and functions, 3) meanings and s)anbols
(H.L.G.). Beyond these three wide categories, specific characteristics can be
investigated/logged and organized so that one will have a better sense of what
creates this individuality. Some characteristics which should be observed include:
architectural style, climate (light, rainfall, temperature variations), unique natural
setting, memory and metaphor (what the place means to people who have
experienced it) use of local materials, craftsmanship, sensitivity in the siting of
important buildings and bridges, cultural diversity and history, peoples' values,
high quality public environments which are visible and accessible, and lastly,
town-wide activities both daily and seasonal (H.L.G.).
Once all of this information has been recorded and catalogued it is necessary
to determine the best plan of growth for the town which will allow for change while
preserving the essence of place. When lajdng this plan one must reaUze that visual
integration and not necessarily stylistic homogeneity is important.
There are two general ways to go about defining visually the growth of a
town. The first is a less literal interpretation or connection with the context. This
includes using new forms which have the same visual effect as the old ones and
abstracting the original forms. The problem with this sort of loose interpretation is
that futtu"e designers may use the plans looseness as a loophole to get by with a
new architectural style which fights the old. On the other end of the spectrtun is a
closer, more literal connection with the context. This could include close copying or
the use of similar forms rearranged (B.C.B.). The problem with this t3T)e of plan is
that the end result may be stylistically homogeneous and; therefore, boring or
monotonous. It is the job of the planner to find and strike a balance between the
two opposing views which will create a visually harmonious, yet exciting place.
The problem with today's towns and cities is that this type of diagnosis and
plan has not been developed; therefore, towns are growing without a design and are
losing their hard built identities. There are many reasons for this loss of identity
including placelessness, the transitory state of society, architects' egos, and the
basic economics of society.
The idea of placelessness deals with many issues. First is the idea of unbuilt
space and how we handle it. We isolate buildings with it and then we disregard the
region and create whatever type of outdoor environment we desire around our
disengaged building. Second are social and perceptual issues which relate to the
economic forces that create strip and shopping malls. This, in turn, takes people
fi-om the streets and downtowns and puts them in their cars. The street becomes a
separator, not an integrator of people. And the third factor affecting placelessness is
energy and resources. People today see the city as an unlimited one-way energy
system. In the past we were dependent upon the streetcar which was not only more
efficient but it also linked us to the city. With the advent of the automobile, the
suburb became home and people became isolated (M.H.).
A second reason for this loss of identity is the transitory state of society
today. Highways ignore both the topography of the land and the natural flora of an
area creating a homogeneous stretch of asphalt which reaches from one coast to the
other. Another example of the travel corridor as a placeless landscape is the airport.
Almost all airports are the same with no distinctive characteristics which make
them special. This all leads to a sterihzation of the society in which we five (M.H.).
11
Third, it is the architect, and the ego, which have destroyed the town. It
seems that today's architecture student is taught to beheve that one must be
different to be good. This has created a hodge-podge of architectural styles which
have no foundation and do not harmonize with their surroundings. Genius and
originality should be replaced by excellence of execution with the given context.
This idea would not only help a town retain its integrity, it would also allow an
architect to be judged, not by style of vocabulary, but rather by the skill and
subtlety with which that style is used (B.C.B.).
Last and hardest to change are the basic economics of society today.
Industrialization is the most obvious and also the most necessary if some towns
want to remain alive. Other important and related factors include real estate
speculation, transportation expansion, urban growth, population shifts which follow
the industries), and organized tourism (H.L.G.).
Of these, organized tourism is the most destructive in a subtle way. Tourism
may be economically rewarding, but there are four main pitfalls. First is the
destruction of the regions scenery and native landscape which are main
contributors to the spirit of the place. Second is the added pollution which causes
the destruction of the ecology. Third is the change from a natural environment to a
man-made one. And last is that the brevity of a tourist's stay usually creates a lack
of commitment to that place. The phenomenon of tourism is odd, it is the character
of a place which intrigues the tourist, but the constant attention of that very same
tourist causes a place to lose that uniqueness (M.H.).
12
All of these ideas lead to the downfall of a society or a culture. Yet, it is
possible, that with a good comprehensive plan, growth can occur while retaining the
character of a town. If this t3T)e of plan is enacted, everyone benefits, the
townspeople, conmiercial and business concerns, and the city government and
public leaders. My project will exemplify the way in which new building growth can
occur while still preserving the character of the area. It will be an example of one
approach new growth may take.
13
Genius loci deals with the combination of two very different elements, nature
and people. First it deals with nature, the natural processes or setting which has
been created. This spot is individual and unique unto itself Next are people, that
they have put on the site and how they are interacting with one another and that
site. It is the emotion created by the combination and integration of these two
disparate elements which creates a sense of spirit in a place.
A term very similar to this is the word vernacular. VemaculEo* is the form(s)
that grow out of the practical needs of the inhabitants of a place and the constraints
of site and climate (M.H.). The difference between these terms is that genius loci
deals with something intangible, a feeling or emotion, vernacular relates to a
tangible object, a form which has been created.
Contextualism is best understood in the post modernists words of Robert
Stem. Stem explains contextualism and illusionism as they relate to the post
modem movement. Contextualism is the possibility for the future expansion of a
given building and the desire to relate it to its immediate siuroundings. This idea
relates only to a given building in a given area, it is not the underlying
imderstanding which Stem is after but rather a surface approach as seen in the
post modem movement.
Illusionism references the history of architecture which somehow goes
beyond 'eclecticism' to a somewhat vague category called 'the relationship between
form and shape and the meaning that particular shapes have assumed over the
course of time.' This too relates to form and not to the feehng associated with a
place.
15
Annotated Bibliography
Bloomer, Kent C. and Charles W. Moore. Body, Memory and Architecture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977 This relates to architecture as an extension of ourselves as well as the idea of the familiar and the surprising within the realm of architectural design. It was also the springboard for two case studies (the Brown Palace, Denver and the Hyatt Regency, Atlanta by John Portman).
Bronlin, Brent C. Architecture in Context: Fitting New Buildings With Old. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1980. This relates to the idea that it is not the architectural style that is important but rather its execution which is. Also ways of adapting to previous styles and definitions of vernacular, illusionism-the importance of continuity.
Gamham, Harry L. Maintaining the Spirit of Place: A Process for the Preservation of Town Character. Mesa, Arizona: PDA Publishers Corporation, 1985. Definition of genius loci and what it encompasses, also the idea of a plan for future growth.
Hough, Michael. Out of Place: Restoring Identity to the Regional Landscape. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. The idea of feeling in architecture and some of the reasons for loss of genius loci, its definition and attributes.
16
INN-BY-THE-SRA
Architect: Teas, Feely and Hingston
Location: Cape Elizabeth, Maine
Program: To create a 43-room hotel which keeps in mind the previous hotel which
stood on the same spot and also stay in keeping with the environmental
sensibilities of the wealthy resort area.
Site: A low bluff, which looks south across the salt marshes and sand of Crescent
Beach State Park toward a picturesque bay.
Solution: A shingle style structure consisting of a lodge and cottages reminiscent of
homes and inns which once dotted the Main coast. The lodge is the center of the
design with its larger size, a flagpole, porches and boldly gridded gables. Extending
out from the lodge, some of the rooms are attached and are entered off a single
locked corridor on the second level. These rooms are duplex-like and consist of a
double height living room with views of the ocean. The cottages are detached from
the main lodge and are also duplex-like. They form duplexes which are connected
by one story covered walks.
18
Design: The idea of contextualism. This uses ideas similar to that of this project
with small individual units with pitched roofs and porches. Also the idea of a main
lodge with detached cottages. This type of room layout may possibly be used in the
suite design of this project.
This is contextualism used in new construction.
19
HYATT REGENCY. EMBARCADERO CENTER
Architect: John Portman and Associates
Location: San Francisco, California
Program: An 840 room hotel of 758,000 sq.ft. with a large lobby area
Site: The site is important because of its context and location. It is where Market
Street meets the water in front of the old Ferry Building.
Solution: This solution incorporated the idea of space and inside and outside
together. The designer opted for not having open space along Market and Drum
Streets; thereby, making Herman Plaza a more special place. This inside-outside
idea was reinforced by the fact that the user must interact with the Hotel before
discovering the Plaza.
Design: The hotel consists of 17 tiered levels which make up the guest room
corridors. At the top of the tiers a skylight 300 ft. long opens up the upper levels
and ends the upward flow of the tiers. The layout is geometric and the forms are
made up of sandblasted concrete which create a center point for the arena.
20
Central City/Black Hawk - "The Richest Square Mile on Earth"
It all began on May 6, 1859 when John H. Gregory discovered gold along
Clear Creek. In the beginning the area was called Gregory point or the Gregory
Diggings and is actually located between the two towns. By July of 1859 the first
arrastrea, used to rush gold ore was built. Then, by September, the town built its
first steam mill. Soon there were so many ore mills that Black Hawk became known
as the City of Stamp Mills. By 1868 the first gold smelter was built.
The primary labor force for the mines of the Gilpin County mineral district
was Cornish hardrock miners. These people brought with them a love of music and
beauty which may still be seen in the stone work which remains as an important
architectural element of the area.
23
Black Hawk
Black Hawk dates back to 1864 and is the only town in Colorado not to have
been destroyed by fire. Originally most of the buildings were wooden structures or
tents with only important buildings made of stone.
The town got its name from an ore milling machine which originally came
from a Sauk Indian named Black Hawk.
Black Hawk City Hall • L. Fritz Collection
24
Central Citv
First known as Center City, Central City is centrally located between the
Gregory Diggings and the mines in Nevada Gulch. It is one of Colorado's oldest
surviving mountain towns and has even been designated a National Historic
Landmark. (This however, does not impact my site since it isn't a part of either
town.) The town was voted the county seat of Gilpin county in 1861 when the Pike's
Peak region was organized as the territory of Colorado.
In 1874 a fire destroyed most of the town but the townspeople began
rebuilding immediately and by 1874 the town was completely rebuilt.
25
Potential Response
One must keep in mind the history of the area when designing a new
building in the area. The idea that mining is the area's history is important in that
buildings were first built for protection, then later were built to show the
individual's and the town's wealth. It is also important to keep in mind that the
materials used were items found in the area or easily transported from Denver. The
history of the area is important because it is what gives this place its character so
therefore it must not be forgotten.
Another important design idea is that of the small town "mind set." This is
important because not only do the townspeople want to keep this atmosphere, but
also because visitors enjoy it. In designing this hotel the idea of community is
important. The hotel should feel like a community within the community with
rooms as homes and common spaces as the town. It is therefore important to design
a variety of types of rooms for the different types of visitors. This should include: a)
smaller, less luxurious rooms for short term, less expensive stays; b) a moderately
appointed and sized room with lockable connection between rooms for families on
budgets as individuals who desire to stay longer; c) larger, nicer rooms with
connections so they can be turned into suites for conventions or people with the
longer vacation in mind; d) the grand suites for the few "high rollers" who wish for a
different gambling town (a change from Las Vegas, for example).
26
It is also importeint to remember that while these rooms are the individuals'
private space, they should still be very accessible to the common areas to enhance
the feeling of community.
27
w
A BRIEF HISTORY
1859 - John Gregory discovers gold on May 6 in Gregory Gulch. Over 10 million
ounces of gold have been mined from The Richest Square Mile on Earth and
the oldest operating gold camp in the U.S. By June of 1859 the population
had reached 15,000.
1859 - St. James Methodist Church established.
1861 - First foimdry and machine shop is setup in Black Hawk, first stamp mill -
1859. Baby Doe lived in Black Hawk until her marriage to H. A. W. Tabor,
the silver king.
1872 - The Teller House is completed. Finest hotel between the Mississippi and San
Francisco.
1872 - Narrow gauge railroad arrives in Black Hawk, six years later it gets to
Central City,
1873 - Pres. Grant visits Central City. A path of silver ingots is laid for his
entrance. Gold in this thriving camp is "too common."
1874 - Fire destroys the greater part of the downtown area of Central. It is quickly
rebuilt of brick and stone with metal fronts.
1876 - Aug. 1 - Colorado becomes a state!! Central City misses becoming the capital
by one vote!
1878 - Central City Opera House is completed, built by popular subscription, it is
the first in Colorado,
28
1880 - RoIlinsville/ToUand Valley farms on the old stage road from Denver to
Middle Park, produce 7-8,000 bushels of potatoes, hundreds of tons of hay,
rye and oats 7 feet tall!
1927 - Moffat Tunnel completed. Cost of 18 million dollars, one of the largest rail
tunnels - 6.5 mi. The wagon route and old rail bed built in 1901 are
abandoned but left intact.
1932 - Opera House is restored to its former glory after many years of abuse.
Summer Opera Festival begins - one of the oldest in the U.S.
29
u
ENTERTAINMENT TODAY
Festivals and Events
June 2 to Sept. 8 - Gilpin Cty. Arts Annual
June 15 - Lou Bimch Day
July 6 to August 17 - C.C. Opera Festival
August 23-25 - Central City Jazz Festival
August 24-25 - Gilpin County Turkey Shoot
September-Aspen Trails Time
Sept, 14-15 - Weekend on Wheels
Sept, 21 - Gilpin Hist. Soc. "Cemetery Crawl"
Oct, 1 - Scheduled Opening ltd. Gaming
Nov. 22-24 - Wintershire Festival
Attractions
Colorado's oldest Art Gallery (Simimer)
Colorado's oldest Opera House (1878)
Face on the Barroom Floor
Lace House
Gilpin Historical Museum & Thomas House
Gold Mining Museimis & Tours
Historic Church Tour
Horse Drawn Carriage Rides
30
Authentic Narrow Gauge Train Ride
1872 Hotel - Once Colorado's Finest
Historic Cemeteries
Limited Stakes Gaming
Self-Guided Walking Tours
"Oh, My Gawd road" - Virginia Canyon
Shopping and Fine Dining
Outdoor Recreation
Camping-Hiking-Fishing-4WD Trails
Horseback Riding-Scenic Auto Drives
Cross Country Skiing - Ice Skating
Breathtaking Photography
Gold Panning
31
w
Today Black Hawk and Central City are a melting pot for the old and the
new. Both have a small, but well rooted permanent resident base which consists of
many generations of families. Many of these families have been in the area since its
first days of mining in the late 1850s.
Adding to this is the new, incoming population needed to staff the new
casinos. These are people coming in from the surrounding areas such as Golden,
Denver, and even Boulder. They represent the new working class of the area.
Last and most important are the tourists. This group is wide and varied. It
ranges from the day visitor from Denver to the out-of-state vacationer.
It is the combination of the old and the new in this area which makes it so
exciting. The history, old buildings and generations of families provide the base
upon which the new may be built. It is the history which makes this area more than
just a gambling town, it becomes a place to experience.
Potential Response
The psychological context of the area is that of the old, and the new
co-existing harmoniously. Ideas which are important to this project include: a) the
recalling of previous architectural styles of the area to provide a sense of continuity;
b) a high standard of building which creates a sense of security within the building
and reinforces this with regard to the town; c) a high standard of service which
makes the visitor feel special; d) while creating this atmosphere of a by-gone era, it
is also important to provide the guests with all of the modem conveniences of today
such as high quality telecommunications, televisions, music, modem bathroom
33
facilities (including toiletries). It is important that anything the guests need be
accessible to them.
Psychologically the most important aspect of this project is the high quality
with which it must be executed which will in turn make both visitors and employee
feel secure. This hotel should encourage the feeling of community discussed in the
Cultural Context potential response section. Beyond this it should provide a sense
of safety and security to its guests. This can be done physically through the use of
card keys which are used not only to access rooms but also to access elevators.
Lighting should be ample, especially in guest room corridors where guests may be
traveling alone late at night.
It is therefore important when building something new to remember these
ideas and to create a building which allows both influences to be expressed.
34
^
The built context in his area is very important to its sense of place. For the
most part the buildings are Victorian in nature. Since Central City is a National
Historic Landmark one must help to preserve the areas' character when building
new structures. In keeping with this idea the towns have not only placed a 53'
height limit on all new structures, they also review all plans before construction
may begin.
In both towns all of the buildings are relatively small. The main streets are
composed of many buildings built in a row house idea sharing common side walls.
The facades of these buildings share common features such as height, window
spacing and ground level openings. The similarities between facades creates a
cohesiveness as one walks the main street of either town.
36
Building construction varies slightly between the two towns. Since Central
City was destroyed by fire early in its history, many of its buildings are constructed
of brick while Black Hawk is mainly wood frame. However, this is not to say that
either town is solely constructed out of either material. Beyond this typical
construction the main buildings of either town are constructed of stone. Such
examples of this are the Country Court and Opera Houses. There are also many
large mining buildings which are mainly wood construction and which used to be
house mining mills.
38
Behind these main streets are residential areas. Since the terrain of the area
is so hilly, many homes were built above and behind the main streets. Residential
buildings are mostly small wood frame construction. These houses are very
Victorian and consist of one or two levels with steeply pitched roofs and front entry
porch area.
39
Potential Response
The idea of the towns being separated into commercial main street areas and
residential areas is very important. The commercial area fronting the main street
must be used in the public - commercial part of the hotel while the more private -
residential area must also be used. These two ideas must be incorporated into the
resort since it also reflects the commercial (entry, lobby area) as well as the private
residential area (the rooms and other guest facilities).
This built context consists of two parts: a) a commercial main street area and,
b) a residential area.
In responding to the built context of the area, this project has a number of
options which include: a) mimicking its surroundings using similar building
materials and styles; b) recalling the area through metaphors while using modem
materials; c) using commonly used building materials of the area (such as wood
frame construction with clapboard siding, stone and mortar, or brick) with new or
skewed forms; d) new materials and new forms - this would be the least desirable
since it doesn't allude to the built environment of the area. For this project another
important issue with respect to the built context is the rhythm and styles of the
commercial versus the residential buildings.
42
The area is located in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, one hour west of
Denver. Both towns are located in a valley surrounded by mountains and are
connected by Gregory Street.
Vegetation consists of evergreen trees, deciduous trees and scrub brush.
Much of the surrounding hillside is covered with evergreens interspersed with an
occasional deciduous tree while within the town's deciduous trees are more
common.
44
Climatically the area is that of a typical mountain region. Summers are mild
with temperatures ranging from the 90s down to the 60s. Winters are more harsh
with temperatures ranging from the teens up to the mid-30s.
Potential Response
The natural beauty of the site must be respected by the new structure. The
structure cannot overpower or overcome the site. Rock outcroppings as well as the
natural slope of the hill at the site must be used to incorporate the hotel with the
rest of the area. The flat area of the site is ideal for the commercial area of the
resort while both the front and back of the hill may be used for the more residential
private guest rooms.
It is also important that one realize the climactic condition of the area. Heavy
snowfall during winter months must be taken into account as well as the southern
exposure to the site. One design response to the heavy snowfall is pitched roof
whose drainage is out of the way of pedestrian travel, yet is steep enough to allow
snow to melt and fall off the roof. Another response is the flat roof, this allows snow
to build up which creates an insulating effect on the roof. If this is done the
structure must be strong enough to allow for sizable loads. In response to the
southern exposiu-e of the site, there is a possibility for solar technology to be
incorporated into the design. This could be done through the use of thrombi walls,
solar panels and glazing.
45
Snowfall is common and usually stays for the winter, not melting until
spring. Spring usually begins in April and consists of mainly rain showers with
occasional snowfall and lasts through May. Svunmer is June, July and August and
is the mildest time of the year. Temperatures are cooler than lower lying elevations
and days are usually sunny and clear. Fall is September and October (sometimes)
and temperatures average in the mid 70s. Days are usually clear and warm with
temperatures dropping in the evenings. This is the time when the leaves change
and the mountainsides are full of color.
46
TEHPERATURE °F: Normals
"Dd i 1V ha* i mum -Da t 1y Mini mom -Mofith I y
E» tremes -Record Highest -Year -Record Lowest -Year
NORMAL DEGREE DAYS: Heat ing (base b5°F1
Cooling (base b5°F1
X OF POSSIBLE SUNSHINE
HEAN SKY COVER 1 tenths 1 Sunr i se - Sunse t
MEAN NUMBER OF OATS: Sunrise to Sunset
-Clear -Partly Cloudy -Cloudy
Prec ipi tat ion .01 inches or more Snow,Ice pe11ets 1.0 inches or more
Thunders t orms Heavy Fog V.s ibl 1 i ty 1/4 mile or 1 ess Temperature F
-Hd"imum 90° and above 32° and below
-n i n i mum 32 and below 0° and below
AVG. STATION PRESS (mbl
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (XI Hour 05 Hour 11 ,. . y, Hour 17 "-°^a' f""«' Hour 23
PRECIPITATION (inches): Hater Equivalent
-Norma 1 -Ma»imum Monthly -Year -M.nlmoffi M o n t h 1 y -Year -Maximum in 24 hrs -^ear
Snow,Ice pe M e t s - M a » 1 m<^tT Mo'^thl y -Tea--Ma«'mom If 24 hrs -Year
lai
39
39
39
39
39 39 39
39
3°
39
39
22 22
22 22
13
22 22 22 22
39
39
39
39
3^
JAN
35.7 15 2 25 5
bO 1971 -23 19b3
1225
0
bO
b 2
9 0 7.3 14.7
7.2
2.b
0.1
3,0
0 0 11 b
30 2 3 9
854 b
77 b5 b3 75
0 b4 2.4b 1957 I
19b1 0 b4 195b
33 7 1957 9 1
195 7
FEB
44 5 22 4 33 5
be 1981 -14 1951
882
0
b4
h.2
7.b 7.1
13.5
b 0
1 2
0.3
1 .9
0 0 2.4
25.4 O b
853 b
70 52 4b bb
0.54 1.5fc 1948 T
1972 0 55 1980
lb 4 1948 8 fa 1948
MAR
54 1 29.7 41.9
81 1971
5 1948
71b
0
b3
b 2
8.2 8 3 14.5
7 8
1 3
0 8
O b
0 0 0 2
17.1 0 0
848 8
b3 43 3b 5b
0.75 2.02 1979 0.02 1972 0.9b 1983
14 9 194fa fc 1 1948
APR
b5.2 38.2 51.7
85 19b9 11
1975
403
0
b9
5 8
8 5 9 1 12 4
b 3
0 3
1 9
0 1
0 0 0 0
7. 1 0 0
849.5
5b 34 28 4b
0 71 1.95 19b5 0 Ob 1958 1 .33 19b5
14 3 1975 8 9 1975
MAY
7b. 2 48.0 b2 1
95 195b
2b 1970
148
58
72
5.5
9.7 10 7 10.5
b 7
0 1
4.3
0.*
1.5 0.0
0.5 0.0
849 4
53 31 25 42
0.7b 1.79 1957 T 1970 1 13 1983
5 0 1979 5 0 1979
JUNE
87 9 5b. b 72 3
103 1961 34
197b
19
238
80
3 9
15.1 9.4 5.5
4 2
0 0
4 8
0 0
13.7 0 0
0.0 0 0
850 9
45 25 20 34
0 44 2 07 19b9 T 1980 1 57 19b9
J U L Y
94 0 b3 8 78 9
105 197b 4b
1982
0
431
76
4 2
13 7 11 9 5.4
5 0
0 0
7 b
0 0
25.2 0.0
0 0 0.0
853 2
49 29 22 37
0 47 1 92 1983 0 03 1972 1.42 1974
AUG
90 3 b1.5 75 9
103 19b9 43
19b8
0
338
7b
4, 3
14.0 11.1 5.9
b.5
0 0
7 b
0 0
20 4 0 0
0 0 0 0
853 4
50 31 23 39
0.91 3.48 1957 0 04 195b 1.21 1953
SEP
81 9 52.2 b7.1
98 1977 29
1978
b5
128
79
3 b
lb 5 8.0 5.4
5 7
0 »
5.1
0 0
4 5 0.0
0.2 0 0
853 3
52 33 2b 41
0.70 2.81 1982 T 1953 1 35 19b5
3 1 19b5 3 1 19b5
OCT
b8,7 41 . 1 54 9
88 19b3 18
1975
325
12
7?
4 2
14 q 7.9 8.2
5 5
0 2
' .5
0 1
0 0 0.0
3 1 0.0
654.0
58 39 34 51
0.87 3.45 1972 0.00 1952 1.24 1957
b 1 197"^ b 1 '9 75
NOV
51 0 28 2 39 b
75 1977 -2
197b
7b2
0
t3
5 4
10,8 ; 1
11 9
5.5
1 0
0 4
0,8
0 0 0 8
20,2 0,»
853 5
70 51 47 b5
0,b3 2 00 1983 0 04 197b 0 83 1983
12 1 19b4 8 4 19S4
DEC
38 7 17 9 28 3
t4 198G -12 1976
1138
0
bO
5 9
9,5 7,7 13 8
b 3
2 1
0 1
1 ,8
0 0 7 0
29 3 1 1
854 9
7b b2 bO 75
0 58 1 89 1951 0 01 197b 1 , lb 1951
19 0 1983 b 0 19b7
YEAR
b5 7 39 b 52 b
105 JUL 197b
-23 JAN 19b3
5b83
1205
70
5 1
137.b 105.7 121 .8
72 3
8 8
34 3
8 4
b5 3 22 0
133 1 5 b
852 4
bO 41 3b 52
8 00 3 48
AUG 1957 0 00
OCT 1952 1 57
JUN 19b9
33 7 JAN 1957
9 1 JAN 1957
i CLIMATICAL DATA CONT.
MIND: Me3n Speed • npii I P"-? .6 ! : no C rec t I en
through T9o3
Fastest OD', 1 M,n -Direct ..;,--Speed !Mrni -Yea-
Peak Gust -Oirec t i on -Speed ImphI -Date
I 3 ^
35 1982
NE 25
1985
b "
tSL
33 29
1961
SE 29
1985
6 4
[•it
26 35
1985
w 45
1985
~> b
fsE
29 4b
1985
S 78
1985
'-> fa
EbE
2b 41
1985
U
5b 1985
9 6
tst
2,' 5:-
1981
U 53
1980
T i
lA
, i 4
35 1985
S£ 59
1984
9 .0
ESf
J j 35
1985
s 74
1984
9 r
fS'l
35 1962
N 41
1985
" -^
E i i
3 i 199'
5 J
1
t b f
39 1982
49 1984
'. ')
lA
32 1982
SW 3b
1984
? 1
F\!
5 3 JUN 1981
S 78
APR 19P
SNOWFALL (inches)
4^ 00
S E A S O N
1 9 S b - 5 7 ' " ) S 7 - 5 8 I S 5 8 - 5 " ! 1 ^ 5 " ) - b 0 I S b O - f c l
l - J b l - t ? 1 ' i b ? - b 3 I S b 3 - b 4 l S f c « - b 5 I S b S - b b
H b b - b 7 1 S b 7 - b 8 ( • i b B - b " ) l - i b S - 70 1 S 7 0 - 7 1
l < ) 7 1 - 7 ? 1 S 7 2 - 7 3 1 S 7 3 - 7 4 t ' ) 7 4 - 7 5 1 " ) 7 5 - 7 b
1 9 7 b - 7 7 I ' } 7 7 - 7 8 1 9 7 e - 7 < » 1<)7<»-eO I S B O - B I
i s e i - e j i ' ) 8 ? - e 3 i < ) e 3 - e 4 1 9 8 4 - 8 5 1 S e 5 - 8 b
l ^ e r o r d * * •
J U L Y
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
AUG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
SEP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1
OCT 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 t I
0 0 0 b 3 1
0 5 '. 7 0 0
T b 1
0 c I
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 ^ t
0 0 0 7 0 0
0 ?
NOV 2 3 3 S 3 2 0 3 2 2
1 1 3 3
I 12 1 2 e 4 2 0 5 0 2 0 5
T
3 "1 1 3 7 7 0 1 3 •)
I 3 3 2 <) 8 2
T
3 3 I
4 2 2 0 4 b
3 0
DEC b 4 4 b 1 8 b b 1 1
8 1 4 t 7 0 3 0 3 5
b 3 ' b 7
7 8 4 8 4 1
10 4 S 7 5 7 4 b 7 2
0 1 2 S
1 1 8 3 5 0 0
3 4 1 <)
1"? 0 2 7 4 . 4
5 5
JAN 33 7
b 2 4 S 2 3
I
4 b 17 7
4 8 5 9
11 0
2 8 3 7 3 4 5 2 3 2
4 0 12 8 17 0
7 S 1 . 7
4 2 12 0 18 7
2 2 3 S
3 4 b t 3 7 5 0
7 4
FEB 0 3 2 2 5 9
13 8 1 2
b 1 0 2 0 4 7 5 5 S
I 0 <i 3 8
T 1 5
I 1 . 2 S 5 4 4 4 0
I 2 5 1 b 0 5 0 8
4 0 3 1 0 b 2 7
4 0
MAR i 7 1 8 0 1 5 t 7 . 8
3 0 4 3 8 0 3 8 0 3
0 2 0 3 <) 5
12 4 0 2
0 0 1 3
I 8 8 b 8
2 3 0 b 3 4 7 3 1 2
0 8 1 5 b 1 5 b
4 1
APR 1 6
T T T
O b
1 7 0 . 2 0 8 0 2 0 8
C 4 0 b
I 1 2 1 1
I 2 0 1 2
14 3 0 2
1 7 T
1 1 0 2
I
t 2 2 2 S 0 1
1 1
MAY 6 0 0 0 0 0
T 0 0
0 0 0 0
T I T
I T I
0 0 T
0 0 I
0 0 1 3 0 0
0 0 1
5 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 I
0 0 0 0
0 2
JUNE 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
T O T A L 4 9 0 16 7 1 5 5 2 6 9 12 9
24 b 3 0 b 2 1 0 3 2 5 27 4
1 S 6 22 7 24 7 24 7 13 2
t 6 6 34 0 37 1 4 1 4 2 9 9
6 3 2 0 9 ^ 2 5 21 9
5 9
15 4 14 e 3b 5 16 6
2 5 9
The site I have chosen is on Gregory Street between Central City and Black
Hawk and is directly across from the Gregory Monument. It fronts on Gregory
Street and consists of a flat area along the street which is backed by a gently rising
concave hill.
oto»«o^ol
0<3
^ •^ lA\.-.]^>cMt<>K>*<OHtSf<M»3*¥oii*3i»fO^>otte3iiQtK3i<>itts**e3f<3tic3f»o*<3f:rr-rr^
The •. Gregory Monument » ' " ^ . ^ i '
OlOtlOtO
5
'^ h 5 6
6 ^ rX'...;:\.^.: .^.•v^^A^.l^; .•.•••. WW jwiv.' jvw.w.' . . j . . .M.-.I.'J;.'. . ••, „ . ^ . . . „ • • •/^^••^. v vw.w •
I :::j >>:y::: s:tVX--.: ::<>-: ->-xr:-fr.-i>:<Sax : x^^^ L-i:.:-lo»o<toii^»oi«ai*04vo)>oitoitot<o««oi>o:>oi»o>»oi»oi>oi«otiotoL^i:;i^ 5
Halfway between Black Hawk and Central City a monument was erected to honor John Gregory. On May 6. 1859 he discovered one of the first gold mines in Colorado. His first pan contained VA of an ounce of gold, the lode produced nearly one million ounces of gold. The bronze plaque reads:
This Discovery Inaugurated the Permanent Development of Colorado.
The District Has Produced 585,000,000 in Gold. On this ground, later known as Gregory Diggins
John H. Gregory of Georgia Discovered the First Lode Gold in Colorado
on May 6, 1859. Erected by
The State Historical Society of Colorado. From
The Mrs. J.N. Hall Foundation and by State Civil Service Employees of Colorado.
1932.
KARS
50
f
On the East side of the site a large rock outcropping exists. This provides a
buffer between the site and the Casinos of Black Hawk.
51
[/
To the west open area separates the site from Central City located
approximately one-half a mile away. Across Gregory Street is the Gregory
monument and the Red Doll Casino backed by a steep hill covered with evergreen
trees.
This site is ideal for a non-gambling resort hotel because of its central
location to either town.
52
CENTRAL CITY r4 Not evary t t re* ! may ba namad on map. 5kj(^Qrapfia
E_6thJit_-l-5
' 3 )"<*nca 8t o'w
V s s r ^ i — * —
e Sf 0?-'
M
8 • >
-<NEVADAVJLLE POINTS OF INTEREST
1 Q%>ki County Courlhouse 2 Q i ^ County Historical Muaeun 3 TeNer Opart Houaa
JDAHO SPRINGS
BLACK HAWK J ^ Not avary atraal may ba namad on map. . SfefTBCropriCS
NEDERLAND BOULDER
INSET
GOLDEN. DENVER >
(SEE INSET)
54
CO
•~ ..•.••<%- /::\i
l\\\iR£.SID£NTIAL Unni COMMEK-CIAL/
PAPLlClMCh
Q PUDLIC 1 lOPE^ 5PAGE-H S UPPER. UJATE.K.
5LRV1CE. Z<9ME. • " • AKJEJ^AL ^TREJIT — - CC?LLE.CTOl ^ T R i E T < 3 a peM0T£6 CONVEYANCE OF T0UR,I5T5
SCAL£i VmUXf
or ( w r » a r . ^ a ^
/
, ..;•/;.' • •> I • i . . v ' V
• ( • . • • . •Or i^ . V.'
DEVELOPMENT PLAM W&P cuMTO^AiL erirv, eoiLoi AisxO) 1
THE TESUQUE HOUSE
Architect: Antoine Predock, FALA
Location: Tesuque, New Mexico
Program: To create a southwestern style home in which the transition from public
to private seems unforced.
Site: A long open ridge with views of Los Alamos £md the Sangre de Cristo
mountains.
Structure: Concrete block and cement plaster
Cost: Unavailable
Solution: The architect wanted to create a home with the character of the place, not
a duplicate. This was done with a combination of such disparate ideas as regional
items, space technology and Hollywood B movies. At a glance, this does look very
much like an adobe home but it is the subtleties which give it its originality. For
example, Predock leaves the interior courtyard and includes a pitched roof and
metal smokestack, and combines both the traditional smaller windows with large
58
expanses of glass. Predock takes the idea of the pueblo style house and abstracts
and extrudes it. He explodes the tradition parti. Another example is the kitchen
which recalls an ancient ceremonial kiva yet contains all of the modem amenities
one would expect. It is just this type of contradiction which not only emphasizes
the regional qualities which are so special but goes beyond this to create a new and
complementary kind of architecture.
59
^
"Meant for the transient individual, hotels are expected to combine fantasy with convenience, to cater to the travelers' needs and to provide amenities that exceed those found at home and at the office. No other structure is expected to provide such diversity and comfort concurrently."
(F&C)
61
ACTIVITY ANALYSIS FOR 250 ROOM HOTEL: Activities and Participants
A hotel consists of three main components, the service operations component, the
public spaces, and the guest rooms. This is broken down into front and back of the
house. The front of the house consists of anything relating to the pubUc, including
all public access areas and guest rooms. The back of the house relates to the
operations which make the hotel run smoothly. All components are interrelated yet
guests see only the front of the house while employees must travel between front
and back regularly. The goal of good hotel design is to give the guests a pleasant
stay while creating an efficiently planned design.
62
Hotel Operations - Control and efficiency of staff and supplies is the main idea which needs to
be addressed when designing this part of the hotel
Receiving • loading dock • receiving area • receiving office • records storage
Employees • men's lockers and toilets • women's lockers and toilets • employee cafeteria • sleeping area
Laundry • soiled linen storage • wash/dry area • supervisor's office • seamstress • clean linen pick up
Housekeeping • chief housekeeping • large storage area • miiform room • service area on each floor
Food and Beverage Service • main kitchen • food preparation • rough food cooking • finished food cooking • serving/delivering • dry food storage • cold food storage • self service area • employee toilets • chefs office • ticket checker • room service and banquet storage
64
Food and Beverage (continued)
• room service operator • china/flatware storage • pot scrubbing • dishwashing
Mechanical Spaces • main mechanical room • engineer's office • repair shop • carpentry, upholstery, locksmith • storage • electrical room • telephone room
65
Receiving:
Activities: • receiving of shipments • receiving anything entering hotel • sending received items to their destination • point of removal for anjrthing leaving hotel (garbage, mail, etc.)
Participants: • steward/receiving manager • assistant
Adjacencies: • loading dock and scale • personnel entry and locker area • timekeeper • trash chutes • mail room • laimdry • housekeeping • food and beverage storage
Separation: • guest activity
Spaces needed: • loading dock covered
- 300 s.f. • receiving area
- 300 s.f. • receiving office
- 100 s.f. • records storage
- 100 s.f.
66
Employees
Activities: • changing • showering • restrooms • clothing/personal item storage • napping
Participants: • all employees
Adjacencies: • personnel entry • uniform issuance • timekeeper
Separations: • supply movement path and storage • guest activity • trash chute for collection
Spaces needed: • men's lockers and toilets
- 500 s.f. • women's lockers and toilets
- 700 s.f. • employee cafeteria
- 800 s.f. • sleeping area
- 200 s.f.
67
Laundry
Activities: • washing • drying • ironing • dry cleaning • mending
Participants: • laundry manager • seamstress • valet
Adjacencies: • employee locker • linen chute • receiving area • service elevators • housekeeping
Separations: • employee entrance • guest activities
Spaces needed: • soiled linen
- 100 s.f. • washer/dryer area
- 2,000 s.f. • supervisor's office
- 100 s.f. • seamstress
- 100 s.f. • clean linen pick up
- 50 s.f.
68
Housekeeping
Activities • store linen, soap, facial tissue, toilet paper, matches, room service menus
and other necessities for rooms • supply service areas with above supphes • supply guest needs (irons, safety pins, anything) • clean rooms and other spaces • minor maintenance
Participants: • chief housekeeper • assistant floor housekeepers • maids • porters • maintenance personnel
Adjacencies: • laundry • receiving • storage • service elevators
Separations: • employee entrance • employee lockers • guest activities
Spaces needed: • chief housekeeper's office
-150 s.f. • large storage area with inventory
- 400 s.f. • linen storage
- 800 s.f. • phone access to guests • service areas on each floor for maid cleaning carts and guest supplies
- 200 s.f. each • uniform room
- 300 s.f. Imp. Miscellaneous
• Figure 12-15 rooms per day per maid • one porter per maid • one night maid for every 2 day maids
69
Food and Beverage Service
Activities: • food storage, liquor storage, cold holding rooms, dry storage • menu planning • purchasing of food inventory • rough food cooking • finished cooking • baking • dishwashing • ticket checking • cleaning
Participants: • food and beverage manager • one assistant for food • head chef • assistant chefs • baker • dishwasher • pot scrubber • wait people • garde manager • bartender • room service (phones and delivery)
Adjacencies: general • storage • dining • service elevators • locker rooms • employee entrance • guest activities
Adjacencies within activity: • storage-food preparation - rough cooking • finished cooking • exit • waiters self serve area • bartender • ticket checker • room service • service elevators • rolling table storage • room service operator
70
Separations within activity: • food preparation and cooking • dishwashing • bakery • dining dishwashing
Spaces needed: • dry food storage
- 500 s.f. • cold and frozen food storage
- 300 s.f. • food preparation area • rough food cooking • finished food cooking • serving - delivering
- 4,000 s.f. • bake shop
- 500 s.f. • waitperson self serve area
- 100 s.f. • employee toilets
- 70 s.f. • chefs office
- 150 s.f. • ticket checker
- 50 s.f. • room service tray and banquet storage
- 200 s.f. • room service operator
- 100 s.f. • china/flatware storage
- 300 s.f. • pot scrubbing
- 200 s.f. • dishwashing
- 200 s.f.
71
^
Food and beverage service diagrams
SALAD a •
IE MANOER
KEY
REeTAURANT
(CHECKER SERVICE BAR
HOT a COLD STOfi MJf CAfilS 1
lllJUillL {,
VWMW«M«AMA^^
BANQUET ROOMS
PERSONEL FOOD FLOW COOKED FOOD SERVICE TO 8 FROM RESTAURANT SERVICE TO a FROM BANQUET ROOMS ROOM SERVICE GARBAGE
LCMOMO DOCK
ENTRANCE I FOOD CHECKER
TIME KEEPER
L ! ,
^ IStRV rlUt HOUeEKEEPER
ELEVATOR
Flow diagram of sarvica araas.
1 . 0 A 0 I N 4
D O C K
fOR TRAOC 01 SPLAT ACCESS
FOOD
S T O R A G E
MEAT FRCeZER
WE AT
RCFRIGCNATOII
T
L ERATION I BOX
1 Main kJtchan. P«r«l'»« '»'•'"'• " •***" ' " *
—jviASHINQ * " " " 5 ~
COLD FOOO COFTCE i T M t l t
HOT POOO Tmicx
ict a wrcR
t A N Q U C T H O O M t
SCA.( « 1 E ^
72
f
Mechanical Spaces
Activities: • maintenance and repair of mechanical systems • key/lock repair • major building repairs and upkeep
Participants: • house engineer • locksmith • assistants
Adjacencies: • none
Separations: • guest activity
Spaces needed: • main boiler/mechanical room
- 2,000 s.f. • boiler or mechanical room on each floor
• engineer's office - 200 s.f.
• mechanic repair shop - 250 s.f.
• carpentry, upholstery, locksmith - 250 s.f.
• storage - 5,000 s.f.
• electrical room - 400 s.f.
• telephone room - 250 s.f.
73
Guest/Public - This needs to be a pleasant, satisfying place to stay for the guest. It must incorporate the ideas
of community and security for the guest.
Guest entry/exit • covered drive • exterior transition • entry • interior foyer
Guest Registration • registration desk • mail and key area • message area
Advance Reservation • office • mail and key storage
Cashier/Bookkeeping • cashier's desk • vault room • private room • accounting office
Administrative Area • manager's office • assistant manager's office • food and beverage manager's office • convention and banquet manager's office • marketing/sales representative's office • secretary areas
Restaurant Facilities • two specialty restaurants • cafe • bar/loimge
Lobby Areas • open/flow space • seating area • retail area • retail • bellmen station • restrooms
75
Guest Rooms • suites • king rooms • double queen rooms • double double rooms • disabilities accessible • studio rooms
Meeting and Banquet Facilities • three convention rooms seating approximately 150 people per room • pre-convention space • board rooms
Recreation • two outdoor pools (one children; one adult) • outdoor bar • restrooms • indoor adult pool • sauna and steam rooms • hot tub • tennis court • aerobic room
weight room running track
•
•
76
Guest entry-exterior to interior
Activities: • taxi drop-off of guest • car parking (own and valet) • luggage transfer to bell boy
Participants: • hotel guests • visitors • valet • bell boy • doorman
Adjacencies: • hotel entry • parking • guest registration and checkout
Separations: • receiving/loading dock • employee entry • elevators
Spaces needed: • covered drive thru
- 3,000 s.f. • exterior transition
- 1,000 s.f. • entry/exit transition - main entry • interior foyer
- 1,000 s.f. • face of building
77
w^
Guest Registration
Activitiefj;: • guest greeting • guest check-in • guest gets key • famiharization of guest with hotel
Participants; • guests • visitors • bell boys • registration clerks
Adjacencies: • hotel entry • elevators • advance registration • key and mail area • cashier • administration • restaurant • lobby • guest rooms
Separations: • hotel operations • check out
Spaces needed: • registration desk
- 100 s.f. • mail and key area
- 25 s.f. • message area
- 25 s.f. • bell boy - luggage - wait area
REGISTRATION ICASHI
^ SAFE DEPOSIT I 0 ? P EXAM ROOMI
78 SCALE m FEET
if. 4 Th* Churchili Hotel. London.
Advance reservations
Activities: • guests and travel agent phone • calls for reservations • scheduling of rooms for advance reservations
Participants: • reservation clerks • registration clerks • guests and travel agents (by phone)
Adjacencies: • hotel registration desk • administration • hotel operations
Separations: • guest view and access
Spaces needed: • office with phone
- 200 s.f. • access and furniture • reservation list access
79
w
Mail and keys
Activities: ^ mail sorting and handling • key drop-off
Participants: • guests getting mail or keys • clerks putting mail or keys in individual spots
Adjacencies: • mail room • registration desk
Separations: • public access
Spaces needed: • individual room breakdown to put keys and mail in for easy access
80
Cashier/Bookkeeping
Activities: • guest drop-off and holding of valuables in safe or safety deposit box • guest pajnnent • cash and receipts from other sources (restaurant, cafe, bar, etc.) • entries and bookkeeping
Participants: • st£iff accoiuitant • central cashier • guests
Adjacencies: • registration desk • private room • accountant's office • vault room • lobby • other cash sources
Separations: • public access to back
Spaces needed: • vault room
- 100 s.f. • cashier's desk
- 100 s.f. • private room (for transferring valuables)
- 60 s.f. • accoiuiting office
- 200 s.f.
81
Administrative Area
Activities: Hotel Administration • bill pa3dng • incoming/outgoing hotel related mail • marketing • convention booking
Participants: • manager • assistant manager • food and beverage manager • convention/bsmquet manager • marketing • secretaries
Adjacencies: • other hotel operations managers • public access • lobby
Separations: • general hotel operations (excluding loading dock or employee locker room)
Spaces needed: • manager
- 200 s.f. • assistant manager
- 150 s.f. • food and beverage manager
- 150 s.f. • convention and banquet manager
- 150 s.f. • marketing/sales
- 150 s.f. • foiu- secretaries
- 300 s.f.
82
Restaurant Facilities/Specialty and Cafe
Activities: • dining • conference/dining • table waiting and food serving • table clearing • relaxing/talking
Participants: • diners - guests and visitors • wait people • bus people • maitre-de (specialty only) • chef ( specialty only)
Adjacencies: • food and beverage service • hotel entry/lobby • convention areas • bar/lounges • rooms
Separations: • dishwashing • food prep
Spaces needed: • two specialty restaurants
- 2,000 s.f. each which need to include: waiting/entry area restrooms
• one cafe - 2,500 s.f.
• one bar/lounge - 2,000 s.f.
83
Lobbies
Activities: • guest congregation/meeting spot (guest-guest; guest-visitor;
group-individual) • public entry to building • hotel orientation (where am I? where do I go?)
Participants: • guests • visitors • bellhops • bell captains' station
Adjacencies: • hotel entry • registration desk • checkout desk • elevators • entry to administration • restaurants and bars • cashier
Separations: • hotel operations
Spaces needed: • large open space upon entry
- 2,000 s.f. flow space - 250 s.f. seating - 800 s.f. retail - 700 s.f. bellmen station, telephone, restrooms
• possible smaller ones located where needed • storage for bell captain (large for luggage and small for parcels)
- 200 s.f.
84
Elevators
Activities: • movement of people from lobby to upper floors • waiting for elevators • waiting for other people • vertical circulation for guests and services
Participants (public): • guests • visitors • bellhops
Adjacencies (public): • hotel lobby • registration desk • rooms
Separations (public): • hotel entry • hotel operations • guest rooms
Spaces needed (public): • central location • lobbies for waiting and separation from rooms with bench, full length
mirror and ash tray Participants (services):
• housekeeping (room and cleaning supplies) (maids, porters, maintenance) • room service • mechanical
Adjacencies (services): • housekeeping storage • food preparation/kitchens • receiving • mechanical storage
Separations (services): • guests • public access • not hotel employed
Spaces needed (services): • waiting area for people with carts • location close to all hotel operation services
85
Guest Floor Corridors
Activities: • guests walking to and firom rooms • services gaining access to rooms • horizontal circulation between rooms, to vending machines and elevators • transition between pubhc and private space
Participants: • guests • visitors • hotel operations services
Adjacencies: • elevator lobbies (public and services) • rooms
Separations: • N/A
Spaces needed: • not over 100 feet in length • nominal six feet width • pair, light and recess guest room doors
86
Guest Room
Activities: • sleeping • eating • dressing • lounging • resting • television watching • working • socialize • cleaning (services)
Participants: • guest(s) • visitor • maids
Adjacencies: • corridor • bathroom • closet • suite/living space (possibly)
Separations: • elevators • public spaces • mechanical rooms • maid service rooms
Spaces needed: • 25 suites
- 600 s.f. each • 50 king rooms
- 450 s.f. • 25 - 2x queen rooms
- 400 s.f. • 125 - 2x double rooms
- 350 s.f. • 5 disability accessible rooms
- 500 s.f. • 20 studio rooms
- 250 s.f.
87
r
Guest Bathrooms
Activities: • showering • using the restroom • applying makeup • drying hair • shaving • washing face • brushing teeth
Participants: • guest • visitor
Adjacencies: • room
Separations: • seating area
Spaces needed: • minimal: tub/shower, lavatory, watercloset • may have 2 lavatories, a bidet, • tub size 6' • ledge for lavatories
Guest Room closet • must be able to store luggage out of sight, have hanging space, a shoe rack,
and a shelf for miscellaneous
Imp. Misc.: • twin beds with one night table between them • bed sizes (all 7 feet long - full - 4'6"; queen 5'; king 6') • nominal room width 12'6" (includes bed and dresser); nominal length
(includes bath) 25' long • consider soimd transmission when planning wall construction • suites may have living area • living area should have a restroom and possibly a bar
•See appendix.
88
Guest Floor Service Space
Activities: • linen storage • maids' carts stored • cleaning supphes stored • room service carts temporarily stored
Participants: • maids • porters
Adjacencies: • service elevator • guest corridor
Separations: • guest elevators • guest rooms
Spaces needed: • storage space
- 200 s.f. per floor
91
Meeting and Banqueting Facilities:
Activities: • meeting for 10 to 1000 people • seated dining
Participants: • guests • visitors • wait people • furniture movers
Adjacencies: • hotel lobby • kitchens • bar • dining facilities
Separations: • loud noises
Spaces needed: • smaller rooms which have moveable walls that may be opened to create a
larger room to accommodate seating 150 people - 1,200 s.f. for each three spaces
• pre-convention space with bar - 400 s.f. for three spaces
• two board rooms - 300 s.f. each
Imp. Misc.: • person standing takes up 5 square feet • person seated for seminar takes up 8 square feet • pre-convention is 1/3 of meeting space area
92
R e c r e a t i o n - to provide an athletic, as well as, relaxing environment for the guest
• pool - 1 adult, 1 child, outdoor - 4,000 s.f. (includes deck)
• pool - 1 adult, indoor - 3,000 s.f.
• sauna, steam room and hot tub - 900 s.f.
• tennis courts - 2,400 s.f.
• aerobic activity - 1,200 s.f.
• weight room - 1,000 s.f.
• running track Activities:
• swimming • relaxing • sunning • tennis • aerobics • weightiifting • running
Participants: • guests • visitors • maintenance • lifeguards
Adjacencies: • guest rooms • changing rooms • one
Separations: • public • hotel services
93
Back of the House
Space Netx 1.3 = Usable x 1.2 = Gross Page
Receiving and storage 66 loading dock 300 receiving area 300 receiving office 100 trash 200 refrigerated garbage 100 compactor 200 general storage 900
Total 2,200 2,860 3,432
Emplovee areas 67 Personnel:
timekeeper/seciuity 120 personnel manager 120 assistant 100 files 90
Facilities: men's lockers/toilets 500 women's lockers/toilets 700 employee cafeteria 800 sleep area 200
Total 2,600 3,380 4,056
Laundry 68 soiled linen 100 washer/dryer 2,000 supervisor's office 100 seamstress 100 clean linen pickup 5Ii
Total 2,350 3,055 3,666
Housekeeping 69 chief housekeeper's office 150 storage 400 linen storage 800 uniform room 300
Total 1,650 2,145 2,574
95
r Space Netx 1.3 = Usable X 1.2 = Gross Page
Food preparation main kitchen 4,000 banquet pantry 1,500 bake shop 500 room service calls 100 room service storage 200 chefs office 150 dry food storage 500 cold food storage 300 wait person area 100 toilets 70 ticket checker 50 china/flatware storage 300 pot scrubbing 200 dishwashing 200
Total 8,170
70
10,621 12,746
Mechanical Spaces mechanical plant/room 2,000 engineer's office 200 repair shop 500 storage 5,000 electrical room 400 telephone room 250
Total 8,350
73
10,855 13,026
96
w
Front of the House
Space
Guest entrv covered drive exterior transition interior transition
Total
Guest registration registration desk message area
Total
Advance reservations
Cashier/bookkeeping cashier's desk private room vault room accountant's office
Total
Administration manager's office assist£uit food and beverage mgr. c & b mgr marketing four secretaries
Total
Restaurants two specialty @ 2,000 cafe bar
Total
Lobbv large area bell captain storage
Total
Netx 1.3
3,000 1,000 1,000 5,000
125 25
150
200
100 60
100 200 460
200 150 150 150 150 300
1,100
4,000 2,500 2,000 8,500
3,050 50
200 3,300
= Usable X 1.2 =
6,500
195
260
598
1,430
11,050
4,290
Gross
7,800
234
312
718
1,716
13,260
5,148
Page
77
78
79
81
82
83
84
97
f
Space Netx 1.3 = Usable X 1.2 = Gross Page
Guest rooms 87 suites (25 @ 600) kings (50 @ 450) 2x queens (25 @ 400) 2x doubles (125 @ 350) disabled (5 @ 400) studio (20 @ 250)
Total
15,000 22,500 10,000 43,750
2,000 5.000
98,250
Function areas (including preconvention) banquet 3 @ 1,200 meeting 2 @ 1,200 boardroom 2 @ 300
Total
Recreation pool 2 @ 2,000 (outdoor - includes deck) pool 1 (indoor - includes deck) sauna steam hot tub tennis aerobics weights
Total
3,600 2,400
600 6,660
4,000
3,000
300 300 300
2,400 1,200 1.000
12,500
127,725 153,270
92
8,580 10,296
93
98
f
GRAND SUMMARY OF SPACES
net. usable gross s.f. s.f s.f
Hotel operations/service areas 27,080 35,209 42,245 Support facilities/common areas 29,450 38,285 45,942 Rentable space/rooms 104.850 136.305 163.566
TOTAL 161,380 209,794 251,753
99
J
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abraben, E. "Resort Hotels: Planning and Management." Reinhold Publishing Corporation. N.Y. 1965.
DeChiara, Joseph and John Callender. Time Saver Standards for Building Types, 3rd edition.
"Principles of Hotel Design." The Architects Journal. Architectural Press. London. 1975.
Rutes, Walter A. and Richard H. Penner. "Hotel Planning and Design." Whitney Library of Design. Watson-GuptiU Publishing. N.Y. 1985.
100
w
THE INN AT SPANISH BAY
Architect: Bull Volkmann Stockwell
Location: Just outside Monterey, CA
Program: To build a 270 room luxury hotel which fits in with its context.
Site: A ridge along Pebble Beach bordered by the ocean on one side and a stand of
pine and cypress on the other.
Solution: A quasi-Mediterranean, elongated mansion style hotel reminiscent of the
California missions. It uses a regional vocabulary of adobe-like walls, heavy arcades
and sweeping hip roofs. There is a 35 foot height limit which the architect takes
into accoiuit. Since the structure is on a ridge, the water side uses four stories while
the entrance is only two stories. This allows the viewer to see only the lower, more
domestic side which keep the surrounding style of the area. Because of the height
limit the hotel is elongated which creates long corridors. The architect provides a
respite through the use of furnished alcoves with stunning views. Guest rooms are
30% larger than the standard luxury hotel and contain a fireplace and deck or
terrace. This provides a warm comforting atmosphere that is inviting to the guest.
102
Design: This architect respects the built context while creating a new and pleasing
environment for visitors. By using a more elongated form the structure creates a
smaller scale while respecting the 35 foot height limit. Breaking up this long feeling
are alcoves (alcoves and indoor/outdoor walks). Also the larger rooms with pleasing
amenities make guests feel more comfortable.
Ballroom pavil ion
, -e
East j v i ng -gues t rooms
L ^- , Lobby lounge pavil ion
J 1
— South wing A - g u e s t rooms
South wing B —guest rcc~-
First level
103
y
PEACHTRRE CENTER
Architect: John Portman
Location: Atlanta, GA
Program: An 800-room hotel within Peachtree Center played around a giant
atrium.
Solution: 37 rooms off a single loaded corridor around a gigantic atrium. The atrium
is 140 by 223 feet in area and consists of a bubble skylight and clerestory rimming
the top. this leads to an indoor-outdoor feeling which is accentuated by trees,
fountains, outdoor cafes and enclosed interiors. Spaces within spaces, exterioirs
within interiors, up and down action, and multi-level circulation create excitement
within the atrium space.
Design: This hotel is based around an atrium with rooms around it. This idea of
inside-outside and rooms around an atrium could possibly be employed in this hotel
design. Creating an atrium within the mountain on the site would expend the
number of rooms available while creating a dynamic interior space.
104
THE AVENTINE
Architect: Michael Graves
Location: La JoUa, CA
Program: To create an exciting mixed-use complex in an ordinary suburb, including
a 16-story, 400 room Hyatt Regency Hotel
Site: 11.7 acres overlooking the San Diego Freeway
Solution: This solution consists of a mega-scale composition which is elegant, bold
and clear which can be seen down to the smallest detail. The hotel's entry lobby is
smaller due to budget reasons yet Graves says it prepares the visitor for the
expansive volume of the restaurant. Architectonically the design was based on
Italian style which relates to its name.
Design: The design of the hotel is fairly straight-forward so Graves takes the ideas
associated with the Italiante style. In this project it is the composition of squares,
circles, and oblongs hnked by pergolas, fountains, pools and courtyards. The key
elements in my project are small scale (three-story maximum) pitched roofs,
squares and rectangles. These structures are small scale and are scattered on the
105
w/
hillside and are linked by walkways and stairs which lead to the front, commercial
area.
Another concept which stands out is the idea of the classical base for the design
which is then played with through the use of color and scale. This is a good exampl.
of manipulated forms evoking the idea upon which the design is based.
106
- A A > . ^ ^ . . . . L ^ ^ . . ^ : ^ . ^ n . , . ,
V
WALT DISNEY WORLD SWAN HOTEL
Architect: Michael Graves
Location: Lake Buena Vista, Florida
Program: 758 guest rooms and suites, convention center, health club, game room,
swimming pool, retail space, restaurants, snack bar, ground bar and lounges,
700,000 sq.ft. total.
Site: 50 acres of lagoons next to EPCOT Center
Structure: Hotel tower is reinforced concrete and the low rise buildings are steel
super structure.
Cost: $120 million
Solution: This is based on entertainment, architecture and should be easily
understood by the user. These criteria are addressed by Graves through his use of
color, iconography, scale and form. The hotel is based on an axial plan and is
architecturally straightforward. It is Graves' use of decoration that makes this
building visually exciting. His decorative strategy is carried into the guest room
areas through the use of beach scene walls and cabana guest room doors. Even the
107
carpet caries through with these ideas, imitating such playful ideas as lily pads and
quarry tile. The individual rooms break away from this grand idea and become
smaller more individual. Graves felt the small size of the rooms help fight the big
hotel feeling one normally gets in a hotel of this size.
108
DOLPHIN HOTEL
Architect: Michael Graves
Location: Lake Buena Vista, Florida
Program: 1,511 guest rooms, 5 full service restaurants, 3 snack bars, 2 lounges,
health club, retail spaces, 1,350,000 sq. ft.
Site: 150 acres adjacent to EPCOT Center
Structure: Hotel tower is reinforced concrete, low-rise buildings are steel super
structure
Cost: $220 milhon
Solution: The architect's solution to this program resulted in a highly whimsical
building. It consists of a 27-story tower which is used to, as Walt Disney puts it,
beckon the user inside. There is more happening in this hotel than there is in its
sister, the Swan. This isn't as conventional a hotel as the Swan is. Instead the
Dolphin employs gently rising "wings" which is less "building hke." Here the
architect plays tricks with colossal sculpture, a several story waterfall and odd
architectural combinations. It has, on the interior, the scale and aspirations of the
109
building don't meet the construction technology employed, gypsum board looks
cheaper and expansion joints and air vents are more obvious. One pleasing
architectural aspect of this hotel is its rotunda lobby. This is a grand space which,
while being pleasant, isn't overwhelming. The use of an octagon ensures people will
pause to experience the space. While this is important, this unique shape is also the
cause of much confusion when users are looking for their rooms or elevators. This,
as well as the Swan, are both examples of illusionism, the idea of fantasy.
110
KkaoBnuaBfl
BILTMORE HOTEL
Architect: Original building by Schultze and Weaver, renovation by PhylHs
Lambert and Gene Summers
Location: Downtown Los Angeles, California
Program: Renovate a 55 year old hotel with 772 guest rooms, 27 banquet and
meeting rooms, 90,000 sq.ft. office space, 16,000 sq.ft. restaurants, 40,000 sq.ft.
retail shops
Site: Near Pershing Square in downtown Los Angeles
Structure: Existing steel frame under masonry walls
Cost: $30 million
Solution: The renovation of this hotel led not only to its revitalization but also to
the rebirth of Pershing Square. It was named an historic landmark in 1969 by the
Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Board. Originally it was the largest hotel between
San Francisco and the Mississippi and was designed in the classic Spanish-Italian
Renaissance revival style.
I l l
The importance of this is its renovation and how the program was accomplished.
This included the preservation of important aspect of the building while
incorporating contemporary elements into certain areas such as the office and
commercial spaces. This led to a renovation hierarchy with the least impact
occurring on historically important spaces such as the suites and guest rooms. In
the guest rooms the client wanted to create a sense of special experience. This was
achieved through the use of color. Each room was assigned one of these colors: red,
orange, yellow, blue, green, and violet, £md was done in shades of that color. In the
larger suites, neutral tones created a less visual space but it was felt that the space
itself was more important there. (Greenhouse)
In the more contemporary retail and office space, greenhouse skylights were placed
to accentuate the view of the original building.
Beyond architectonics, the client chose to play old and new off one another then the
use of contemporary art and objects juxtaposed with the traditionally ornamented
hotel.
112
Abraben, E. "Resort Hotels: Planning and Management." Reinhold Publishing Corporation. N.Y. 1965.
Beer, David W. Every Hotel Needs Fantasy and Convenience. Architectural Record. New York. McGraw Hill Books. June 1984.
Bloomer, Kent C. and Charles W. Moore. Body, Memory and Architecture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977
Bronlin, Brent C. Architecture in Context: Fitting New Buildings With Old. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1980.
Campbell, Robert. Firmly Rooted in New England Tradition. Architecture. July, 1988.
Canty, Donald. Very Large Hotel Respectful to Nature and Its Neighbors. Architecture. July 1988.
DeChiara, Joseph and John Callender. TYme Saver Standards for Building Types, 3rd edition.
End, Henry. Quotes Interiors Book of Hotels and Motor Hotels. Whitney Library of Design. New York. 1963.
Gamham, Harry L. Maintaining the Spirit of Place: A Process for the Preservation of Town Character. Mesa, Arizona: PDA Publishers Corporation, 1985.
Hough, Michael. Out of Place: Restoring Identity to the Regional Landscape. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.
Lapidus, Allen H. Planning the Successful Resort Hotel. Architectural Record. Jiily, 1968.
Mayes, Vernon. P/A Inquiry Inside the Hotel Guest Room. Progressive Architecture. June 1988.
Portman, John C. Metropolizing Atianta. Interiors. November, 1968.
"Principles of Hotel Design." The Architects Journal. Architectural Press. London. 1975.
Rutes, Walter A. and Richard H. Penner. "Hotel Planning and Design." Whitney Library of Design. Watson-GuptiU Pubhshing. N.Y. 1985.
Whiteson, Leon. Grand Illusion. Architecture. August, 1990.
114
Guestroom Dotign
FURNISHINGS
The definition of the marltet determines not only the mo»t appropriate bed combinations but also all the other furnishings for a particular hotel. Generally, hotels include a mixture of rooms with two beds (generally double beds), one oversized bed (either a queen or king), and suites of various types. The more common alternatives are listed in Table 2. While it is uncommon in the United States to have hotel guestrooms furnished with single, twin, or only one double bed, some hotels recently have introduced oversized twin beds in place of two double beds, primarily in convention hotels, in order to provide a more residential atmosphere and to allow more room for other furnishings.
The selection of a proper room mix is important because it influences the hotel's ability to rent 100 percent of its rooms and to generate the maximum revenue. For this reason, rooms with greet flexibility, king-size bed plus e convertible sofa, for example, ere increasingly popular. Typical room mix percentages for different types of hotel are provided in Table 3.
The full list of furnishings cen be determined by analyzing the guestroom functions—sleeping, relaxing, working, enterteining, dressing—and their space requirements. The typical double-double room has severel zones: The bathroom and areas for dressing and clothes storege are grouped next to the corridor entrance: the sleeping aree is in the center of the guestroom module: end the seeting and work areas are located near the window. New leyouts combine the several functions in different ways or find techniques for separating them more fully. For example, suite characteristics are provided in a standard room by adding a screen to separate the sleeping and sitting portions of the space. Or a compartmentalized bethroom is created by isolating the beth end toilet aree from the sink and dressing function. Such guestroom zones are shown in the illustration on p. 999.
With the continuing increase in construction end furnishing costs, it becomes more important to find new solutions to the guestroom layout, that is, designs which combine function and comfort within realistic budgets. One basic approach is to use fewer individuel pieces of furniture or to scsle them slightly smaller so as to give the perception of a larger or more luxurious room. The designer might include the following:
D Queen or 72-inch (1.8-meter) king-size bed: Beds smaller than the 78-inch (2-meter) king create mors open space.
ED Convertible sofa or wall-bed: These provide more open space and flexibility, either as the second bed with a double, queen, or king, or as the only bed in a parlor.
CD Adequate luggege/clothe* space: Sufficient drawers, luggage rack, and closet space reduce the clutter of clothes throughout the room.
LD Armoire: Combining drawer space with e television cabinet and possibly a pullout writing ledge in a single unit eliminates the need for tvro or three separate pieces.
D Lounge/desk chairs: Lounge chairs designed to be used at the work surface eliminate the straight desk chair.
CD Mirrors: They enlarge the space visually. Q Wall-mounted bedside tamps: These permit a
smaller night table. CD Bathroom: Designs should expand the
countertop, mirror, and lighting as much as possible and compartmentalize the tub end/or toilet.
TABLE 1 Hotel Guest Characteristics*
Guest characteristics Purpose for travel Guestroom design factors
Business
Group Single or double occupancy; 2-4 night stay; 75% men, 25% women (rising); somewhat price
insensitive.
Individual Single occupancy; 1-2 night stay; 85% men, 15% women; very price insensitive.
Conventions, conferences; professional associations; sales and training meetings.
Corporate business; sales; conventions, conferences.
King, twin, double-double; bath with dressing area; lounge seating with good work area
King; standard bath with shower; lounge area with exceptional work area.
Pleasure
Family Double-plus occupancy (Includes children); 1-4 night stay, longer in resort areas; budget or
midprlce.
Couples Double occupancy; 1-7 night stay; midprice to
upscale.
Singles Single occupancy; young professionals; midprice
to upscale.
Family vacations: sightseeing; sports, family activity.
Tours, clubs, associations; sightseeing; theater, sports; weekend packages; shopping, vacation.
Tours, clubs, associations; culture, arts, theater; shopping.
Double-double, king sofa, or adjoining rooms; lounge area and television; generous, compartmentalized bath; balcony, deck, outside access.
King; dining, work surface; moderate storage; compartmentalized bath.
Queen; dining, work surface; standard bath.
'GuMtroom dstign muti rtftoct the nmdi of the hidg*'. Commercial hotsh, for aumple, have a high rate of tingle occupancy and, t^«r<lora. need lew rooim with two double beds For the same reasoni. they do need better designed
and Ivger work surfaces for the businesspenon and hill hotel servicet. The table klentlfies the prineipsi hotel gueit markets, their characteniucs. and thetr influence on the room design.
<Kk:dQ(a^^
f
Guestroom Design
Several details in the room arrangement and furnishing do not have any "best" solution. For example, many operators insist that the telephone should be located next to the beds, wherees others prefer thet it be placed at the work area. Similarly, some prefer that the drapes be laminated and combined in a single unit to reduce the number of drapery trecks, whereas others insist on seperate sheer, blackout, and over-drape to ellow eesy cleaning and maintenance. Throughout the room, the designer must balance the conflicting needs of function, safety, maintenance, comfort, and budget and, at the seme time, must consider the varying requirements of the severel different markets that a single hotel tries to attract.
DIMENSIONS
The guestroom design decision which most influences the rest of the hotel plan is the selection of the room's net width. This establishes the structural module throughout the building, including the public end service areas on the lower floors. The most common dimension is 12 feet (3,7 meters), initially used in the mid 1950s by the Holiday Inn chain as a standard for all their properties. It was designed to eccommodate the furniture needed in the roadside motor inn: two double beds against one wall and a desk/luggage rack/ TV stand against the opposite wall, with adequate aisle space between. While the room hes undergone some minor changes in the last quarter-century, the industry's standard room today is
essentially the seme one pioneered by founder Kemmon Wilson's Holidey Inns and immediately adopted by Howard Johnson and other compe-nies.
Until then, even the newest and best convention hotels built in the post-World War II period included e variety of room sizes, including e lerge percentege that were narrower than this 12-foot standard. These hotels, msny of them still operet-ing and competing with properties 30 years newer, ere greetly limited by the smallness of their guestrooms. In the United Stetes and Canada, no first class or chein-effiliated hotels (except for the budget Inns) are built today with rooms less than 12 feet wide, unless, es in the case of renovations of older hotels, the size of e few rooms is limited by unavoidable architectural constraints.
In the past few years guestroom dimensions have become fairly wall standardized for different quality levels within the industry (see teble below). While e few hotel operetors have tried to provide noticeably larger rooms than their direct competitors, guestroom size, quelity, and room rate remain closely linked because of the overriding influence of construction end furnishing costs.
The guestroom layouts on pages 1001-1002 II-lustrste the standard room design alternatives as well es a number of more innovative solutions. The budget cheins have slightly reduced the 12' X 18' (3.7 X S.5 m) motor inn room to lower construction costs, shortening it to between 14 end 16 feet (4.3 to 4.9 meters), which is sufficient to eccommodate two double beds. On the other hand, operators who are selling a more luxurious
room have experimented with larger guestroom speces, including more sumptuous bethrooms. In-creesing the width of the room module to 13 or 13.5 feet (4 to 4.1 meters) permiu one mejor chenge in the room leyout: two twin beds, or a queen or king-size bed cen be positioned egainst the bathroom wall instead of the side wall, per. mitting many other arrangements of the furnishings. For example, several designers hsve placed the bed diagonally instead of against a full wall.
Generelly, there is little advantage to increes-ing the guestroom width beyond 13.5 feet. Even this slightly larger space does not provide improved errangements, and construction costs are increesed dramatically by the increased circulation space and exterior well area. However, at a room width of 16 feet or more a new set of design alternatives arises: the bed or beds cen be posi-tioned against one side wall and the lounge and work area against the opposite wall. Also, the greater width permits unusually luxurious bathroom arrengements, often with four or five fixtures, as ^ell as larger entry vestibules.
The wedge-shsped rooms cherecteristic of circular towers present their own design problem in the layout of the guest bethroom. The smeller towers have a corridor frontage of only 6 to 8 feet (1.8 to 2.4 metera), the larger plena a more reasonable 10' feet (3 meters). Although many of these room plans sho^ such positive features as compartmentalized bathrooms (out of necessity), minimum foyer spsce, a large lounge aree, end expensive window wall, today's increasing competition in room size and upscale furnishings has made the smeller cylindrical towers virtually obsolete.
TABLE 4 Guestroom Dimensions
Budget
Midprice
First class
Luxury
Living area'
Dimensions, feet (meters)
I T S ' X 15' (3.5 X 4.5)
12' X 18' (3.6 X 5.5)
13'6' X 19' (4.1 X 5.8)
15' X 20' (4.5 X 6.1)
Area
172 (16)
216 (20.1)
256 (23.8)
300 (27.9)
Bathroom
Dimensions, feet (meters)
5 ' x 5' (1.5 X 1.5)
5' X 7'6" (1.5 X 2.3)
56- X 8'6-(1.7 X 2.6)
7'6' X 9' (2.3 X 2.7)
Area
25t (2.3)
37 (3.4)
47 (4.4)
71 (6.6)
Total guestroom
Dimensions, feet (meters)
i r 6 - X 20'6-(3.5 X 6.2)
12' X 26' (3 6 X 6.6)
13'6- X 28'6' (4.1 X 8.6)
15' X 30' (4.5 . 9.1)
Area
236 (21.9)
312 (29)
378 (35.2)
450 (41.8)
'Living area doM not include the bathroom, ckiset or entry-
tBathroom of budget guestroom includes tub/shower and toilet sink it part of dressing area.
BmoKi
Guestroom Design
TABLE 2 Guestroom Bed Typest
Type Size
Twin 'Double-double Queen 'King California king Oversized twin Queen-queen Double-studio Queen-studio 'King-studio •Parlor Wall bed (Sico room)
2 twin beds 39 x 80in. (1 x 2 m) 2 double beds 54 x 80 in. (1.35 x 2 m) 1 queen bed 60 ^ 80 in. (1.5 x 2 m) 1 king bed 78 x 80 in (2 < 2 m) 1 king bed 72 x 80 m. (1.8 x 2 m) 2 twin beds 45 x 80 in. (1.5 x 2 m) 2 queen beds 1 double bed and convertible sofa 1 queen bed and convertible sofa 1 king bed and convertible sofa 1 convertible sofa 1 wall bed
^Ginstnom bedtyiies: Bedrooms come in i great vanely of arrangements, generally defined by the type of beds and by the number of room bays. The table provides a comprehensive listing of hotel guestroom types (the more common being identified with an') and standard bed sues
Guestroom Activity Zones. The hotel guestroom accommodates one to lour or more people, sometimes with several activities occurring at one time (tor example, bathing and dressing or sleeping and Mtchmg TV) The designer needs to be alert to techniques tor separating some while combining others, m both cases increasing the tiexibility and adaptability ol the room to diltereni users The plan illustrates live guestroom zones
TABLE 3 Guestroom Mix for Different Hotel Types*
Type of hotel
Budget Inn Motor Inn Conference center All-suite Super-luxury Commercial Resort/family Resort/couples Convention Mega-hotel Casino hotel
Double-double
100 60 40 10 20 20 80 20 55 55 40
Percent of total guestrooms
King
0 28 40 90 70 60 8
70 35 35 50
King-studio
0 10 15 0 0
10 10 5 5 5 0
Parlor
0 2 5
100 10 10 2 5 5 5
10
Comments
Trend away from all double-double Single occupancy, except needs couples' weekend business All rooms connect with a parlor Double-double replaced with oversize twins Limited double occupancy Provide room for cots
Trend toward replacing double<louble with oversize twin Double^Jouble provides greatest flexibility for family/group business markets Depends on strength of tour markets
'GiMtnoni ma Ibr difffftit haul Ifptt: Hotel operators have established guidelines for himishing guestrooms based on the history of the types of guests who stay at a pellicular type of hotel or resoa Ttus table establishes Itie room mu
obtectnes for particular types and classes of hotels.
r Guestroom Design
Guestroom Plans. The room layouts illustrate a variety ol solutions to accommodating the lamily and business markets in hotels, ranging Irom budget to convention and luxury types The larger rooms generally provide better lounge and work areas and oversized bathrooms A. Budget inn double-double (Day's Inn): Small room layout with outside rather than corridor access: limited seating (AC unit used lor end table), sink and hanging clothesrod in dressing area B. Typical double-double: Standard motor inn and hotel room: beds take up 70 percent ol living area: limited seating space C. Typical double-double—electrical/mechanical plan. Identity all electrical outlets, TV, phone, HVAC units: outlets and cable connections should be planned around proposed turnishings. D. Typical double-double—tinishes plan: Vinyl wallcovering (VWC), paint (P), carpet (C), ceramic tile (CT) identilied and keyed to legend. f , King-studio (Holiday Inn): Standard layout with armoire unit and large lounge area including a convertible sola F. Parlor (Holiday Inn): Convertible sola and small conlerence area and adioining typical king and double-double rooms. G. King room—diagonal bed placement (Sheraton Plaza, Palm Springs): Resort layout, larger room size, with bed splayed to reduce institutionai look H. Luxury room (Four Seasons, Montreal, Canada): Room with wider window dimension than depth including luxurious lounge group and oversized lour-lixture bath. I. Reversed layout (Sheraton, Washington, DC): Unusual room wilh bed placed in front ol window and lounge area near bathroom. J. Luxury king room (Sheraton Grande, Los Angeles): Oversized room with shell/ledge in place ol headboard, large desk surlace and lounge area: lour-lixture bathroom
i r r - r r r r i II ^•'^ •<•- titSMH^Bk
Guestroom Design
SUITES
One principel way that a hotel cen provide different qualities of eccommodations is to include e number of guestroom suites in the room mix. A suite is defined simply as a living room connected to one or more bedrooms. Larger hotels frequently provide e hierarchy of suites, from single-bay living rooms with a sleeping alcove to multiple-bey living rooms with perhaps six adjoining rooms, including dining/conference rooms and several bedrooms. A typical suite breakdown is shown in Table 6.
Hotel suites, which meke up about 10 percent of the total guestrooms, ere usually poaitioned on the upper floora of the tower, but they may be stacked vertically where unusual conditions occur. For example, suites may be used to fill lerger structural bays of the typical floor, with mini-suites tucked behind steirs or elevators and others located where the building form provides uniquely sheped rooms.
Over the last 10 years, severel new amenities have been edded to hotel suites. One of these is the inclusion of express checkin end concierge services on the upper floors. In some hotels, these services occur in a single room near the elevetor lobby, where the staff serves light hors d'oeuvres, sells beverages, and makes newspapers available. In other hotels, this service has been expended so thet guests on the club floors or towers section bypass the busy lobby registration area and check in at the club floor. The more extensive of these tower club lounges may extend over severel bays and contain space for the concierge/ registration aervice, an office, e smell seating/television lounge, a conference room, and a large lounge used for continental breakfast, afternoon tea, and cocktails.
TABLE 5 Different Types of Suites
Suite type Living room Bedrooms Keys Bays Percent
Mini-suite Conference suite Junior suite Executive suite Deluxe suite
One bay One bay One bay
Two bays Three bays
Alcove 1 2 2 2
1.5 2 3 4 5
2-3 4
1 0 5
'Percentage of total rooms, that it, two mini-suites per 100 rooms.
Suite Plans. Hotel suites combine separate living and sleeping areas and are generally lurnished with upgraded fabrics and casepieces. The largest suites may extend lor 10 or more structural bays and combine numerous bedrooms and living areas A range of suites includes: (A) The mini-suite, containing a single bay living room plus a king bed alcove—created by adjacent stairs or elevators The divider between the two rooms houses the TV and a built-in dressing table
(B) The junior suite (Wesllake Plaza, Wesllake, CA) is equal to the area ol two typical rooms. The living area, on an area rug over parquet lloors. includes seating and dining areas, while the bedroom teatures a luxurious compartmentalized bathroom.
(C) Hospitality suites are intended for large groups, such as at conventions where they are the locus ol corporate entertaining The suites show two distinct lounge areas in addition to the conference/dining area with its own pantry, one or more bedrooms generally interconnect.
F
.J
k Q" no'^
^
\ 7
r" ^^>xjua^ y o
o_J
a-0' s'-C
Fig. 10 Motel (oomi - exterior entitnce.
I I Mocel itwmi-interior coiridoe
I4'.6'
- « - ~ - > - - ^ i ^ . ' •MMM*
F
— l l - . e u-r
DOUBLE - WITH RALCONY DQUBil
n-e'
^ ^' • I.
a-y * •>•••
SINr.Lg-WITH aAlCQNY
if. 7 Typlcil rooms, QualitY Courts Motel prototvoe.
ilHfilE
• — » . — . x j ^ j t f t ' y *
T
L
(t)
25'0-
l2'-6- IZ-i'
-.- •
m ^
1. S (eontl (k) Chicopea Motor Inn, Chicopee, Mauachusatts. (I) and (m) Thomas Circle Motor Hotel, Washington, X. (•) Rlverview Motor Hotel, Naw Yorii.
(n)
- 1 I
.-15' >
(h) (i) (|)
S lB»t I (.) T . » . . International Inn. Tampa, Florida. (I) Indies Houta, Duck Key, Florida, (g) Americana I tSVJa!, Ftorida (hi P««'li»« '»'•»" Hotel. Paradise Island. Bahama., (i) Americana of Puerto R.co. il room layout.' (i) Maisana Motor Inn, Maisena, M.Y.
I l ' - y 5 •• 0 "
l g - Z '
If - *'A'
(d)
. 5 (a) Uris Brothers Hotel. Naw York, (b) Americana Hotel. Naw York, typical tower room, (c) Loews N.Y, Motel, cal room. |d) Causeway Inn, Tampa, Ftorida.
\4'- A'/Z'
Fig, I Tampa International Inn, Tampa, Florida. Fig. 9 Arawak Hotel, Jamaica, B.W.I.
mw^r>mm^uBa^t^BLL.LMMBjm
Guestroom Floor
TOWER PLANS
A. PINWHEEL PLAN (Berkshire Common, Pittstield, MA): Plan illustrates simple arrangement of 16 rooms in 4 equivalent blocks: the core is extremely ellicient with scissor stair, but corridors extended to corners are excessive B. SQUARE PLAN, H CORRIDOR (Noble Inn. Tampa. FL): Design teatures extremely economical circulation and core: all bathrooms back to back: unusual yet easily lurnished corner rooms C. CROSS-SHAPED PLAN (Holiday Inn, Ontario, Canada): Layout exemplilies economical corridor plan but increased building perimeter D. CIRCULAR TOWER (Westin, Seattle, WA): Arrangement shows ellicient plan with very compact core and well-laid-out guest bathrooms. E. TRIANGULAR TOWER (New Otani. Los Angeles, CA): Design illustrates well-organized and well-configured core with good access to the ends ol the tower
r I II I ' ^
1
_ _ s
/".
ffeaCg^ri
aC-TOD-TlT]
Guestroom Floor
SLAB CONFIGURATIONS
A. SINGLE-LOADED PLAN (Alameda Plaza Hotel Kansas Ciiy. MO) Pian represents typical single-loaded design with elevators and stairs unrelated to guestroom structure B. DOUBLE-LOADED PLAN (Sheraton Hartlord Harttord. CT) Layout illustrates economical eievatoi core with service area betimd the public elevators C. DOUBLE-LOADED PLAN (Hyatt Regency Flint flint Mi) Design features elevators pulled out ot me tower stairs m bathioom zone at suite D. DOUBLE-LOADED OFFSET SLAB (Weslin Hotel Tulsa. OK) The core equivalent ol three guestrooms is positioned in center ot otiset stairs accommodated by extending end rooms E. DOUBLE-LOADED L SLAB (Boston Mainotl Hotel Copley Place Boston MA) Layout includes elevators buried at comer ol L shape creating economies similar to ottset arrangement
mi. niTiTLTniTiiiTiii: ] ±TL ±-^1. llTlIlTlIlTllr- •
.
. 1 M 11
__
1 1 II 1 1
tf/Vf, 1.1. JAA'.JAAJA.fXtlfKtMlhStf
f Guestroom Floor
Guestroom floor analysis
TOWER CONFIGURATION ROOMS/FLOOR
Single-loaded slab
JZL
Vanes 12-30 •t•
DIMEN• SIONS, FT(M)
32 X any length (10)
GUESTROOM CORRIDOR,
SQ FT (SQM)
PERIMETER X ROOM WIDTH COMMENTS
65 80 (7 5)
2 2-2 4 Some economy ;n mat vertical core can be absolute minimum—not attecied by room bays
Double-loaded slab Vanes 16-40 +
Rectangular tower 16-24
60 X any length (18)
70
1 ^ — , — 1 — ^
^ p Offset slab Vanes
-1. . . . . 1 : 1 ' ' 'L
>
24-40 + 80 t any
length (24)
n o > 110 (34 X 34)
72
45 (4 2)
1 6-1 8
50 (4 6)
65 60 (5 6)
1 4-1 6
1 5-1 7
200 It (61 m) plus deadend corridor tor two Stair scheme can be turned mio L or T
Core IS buried creating lower perimeter factor higher corridor because ot elevator lobby also other shapes
Planning problems focus on access lo corner rooms lewer rooms floor make It difticun lo plan core
Circular tower 16-24
Triangular tower 24-30
90-130 diameter (27-40)
Varies
67 45-65 (4 2-6)
64 65-85
1 05
1 4 - 1 8
Smaller diameter lor 16 rooms per floor larger tor 24 rooms comdor area vanes tremendously perimeter of 16-19 ft 14 9 - 5 8 m)
Central core inefficient because of inanguiar shape corner rooms easier to plan than with square shape
Atrium 24-
r 1
—h
— •
1
90 + (27)
62 95 (8 8)
1 6 - 1 8 Open volume creates spectacular space open corridor balconies opportunity for glass elevators requires careful engineering tor HVAC especially smoke evacuation can be shaped into irregular configurations
Each guestroom tloor conliguration has certain characteristics which allect its potential planning elticiency The table shows the basic building dimensions, the usual percentage ot tloor area devoted to guestrooms, the amount ot area per room needed lor corridors, and a "perimeter tactor.' a multiple ol the room width required lor the exterior wall For example, the table shows that double-loaded slabs (and the "ottset slab" moditicalion) are the most ellicient in terms ot guestroom area percentage and that the atnum plans are Ihe least economical m providing guestroom space
WM—ggMBiliWW-gJ^
ears ago Atlanta was a booming city ibly proud of its cultural alertness, nic expertise, and physical chartns. consisted of both urban and sui)ur-
jsidential neighborhoods delightfully d and situated on the land. But it 3t a city that a person used to great would admire. It lacked the kind of ivhich regales both inhabitant and wilh the concentration of amenities,
anial spaces, and diversions that the gathering of great numbers of an e.xciting pastime l as well as a
iseful one) . ay .Atlanta is well on its way to be-2 that kind of city—to be mentioned same breath as San Francisco. Paris, n. Rome. Montreal. The change is tirel\ due to the addition of specific such as the new Memorial (Cultural
encompassing museums and thea-r the performing arts, new molds and (notably the Regency Hyatl Flouse
ented in the July 1967 INTKIIIORS).
uinerous com'mercial buildings in-: the -Atlanta Merchandise Mart and Hium. The significant new j>hcnom-in Atlanta is the emerging urban 'eachtree Center, the compoii(;nt5 of are in the plan at right, as follows: 0-room Regency Hyatt Housr Hotel laris Cocktail Lounge of the I\rgency 0-room addition to the Regtnt-y ture 70-story office apartment tower, s Light office tower 'ice tower za over Midnight Sun restaurant ichtree Center office building anta Merchandise Mart itinental TraUways Bus Terminal-'king Garage. 1 the first building in the complex id in 1962—it - - ' ••'" ' ?^ - '*"" ' ^^ t Conti
ee Center program weaves intimate
human amenities into a major urban core
John C. Portman. .4.1..4.. deieloper/buildcr and partner in the firm of Edwards and Portman. .4rchitects and Engineers
o e a c n i r e e s t r e e t
eft ee©e-o et
spring stre«t
?;B:
Added to the guest-room-leiel plan of the Regency Hyatl Hotel is the plan of a typical floor in the round tower (the circle above) which Portman is building over the ballroom to add 200 rooms to the hotel. Site plan below relates hotel (I), Polaris Lounge (2) and new tower (3) to site plan on opposite page.
1
C"
l A A A ^ i A A A
imiiiri jiiiii
iiiiiii
South elevation of Regency shows new guest tower, Polaris Lounge (rear). (Continued from page 122) Merchandise Mart (April 1965 INTERIORS)
—it was welcomed merely as a handsome and capacious business building, and the significance of the developer's grand design was not yet manifest. By the time the Peachtree Center office building. Gas Light office tower, and Regency Hyatt House Hotel began to emerge, however, this grand design showed its effect: It had become possible for people in the central core to attend offices, visit showrooms, find hotel space, congregate for relaxation, and enjoy a choice of good eating facilities of many types and in many price ranges without going further than an easy stroll, without using their cars, and without exposing themselves to the weather, should it be inclement—though light, view, and indeed fresh air were always available.
These buildings not only contain the necessary variety of facilities, but are so connected—at, below, and above ground level—that the pedestrian can reach them without crossing motor traffic. (Anyone who has been caught in Peachtree Street traffic knows what a boon that is) .
In addition to the availability of facilities, and freedom of movement, the Peach-tree Center complex offers great and exciting spaces—interior and exterior—of which thf!_most stupendous is the huge lobb}' of the Regency Hyatt HoiJS£__Hoteh_
It is. as our readers know, a huge space full of luxuries, and it swings and glitters i
que opportunities for people
Metropolitanizing Atlanta
IIIIIIIISH iii""iiiiiiifii, iiii'iUKiiiinr iiiiiiiiiniiir liiiniiiimniii
Ljinnnirinniii ii!]iiiiiirrn[iniiifi ^iiiiiirifirmiii
viiiirrriinirni ^iiiiiifininiini
On these two pages are photographs of the Peachtree Center complex, inside and out, and below is a plan of the Regency Hotel at Terrace Level, including the base of the new guest tower (3 elevators in the circle). Indoor/outdoor pedestrian circulation is possible at street, basement, terrace level, and on the 22nd floor.
iKKSBKKeeau^aas^
Metropolitanizing Atlanta
Peachtree sculptures include 40-foot gas-burning candelabra by the brothers Van De Bovenkamp (near the Gas Company Tower, preceding pages) and 13-foot aluminum by Willi Gutmann that rises from the center of the tiered restaurant fountain to the plaza above.
i
of this atrium. More importaiit are its s( —24 stories high, 140 by 223 feet in a —and that it feels like an atrium, i.e., of doors, thanks to a large transpai bubble skylight and a clerestory rimm the top. The ^fferfjs^ accentuated bytr a fountain, 'outdoor" cafes, and by closed interiors below the atrium and w
Jn i t j^ for example, Le Parasol cocli lounge, a kind of giant saucer lifted o concrete pillar and lidded by a steel-a Plexiglas. parasol suspended on a a from the roof. Occupants peer out at atrium from between the dish and its co
Spacgis within .sBacgs, exteriors wil interiors, lots_aL_up-and-down action muTti-lex* ! circulation are thematic to work of Jijlin^ P«^rtman of~Portmair"Sr
'I l'"rtman's work in INTERIORS reveals no 'ix'iile form or material in architecture. ""I .1 changing emphasis in furnishings '' •• in his own home—April 1965 issue
2 less playful, less Scandinavian, for ^' 'I'le. than those in the Midnight Sun '"I'liirant). Portman's signature lies in the ''""a. coherence, purposefulness, move-'"'"'• and interrelationship of his spaces. ""' 24 hollow and skylit columns of his ""I residence provide lacunae of intimacy ""' protection in a huge, almost unparti-''' I space which the occupant subcon-
IV perceives in its entirety. The same '" "ination of safety and sweeping view. ' I'rivacy without being shut in, are pro-i'l,.,| by the Parasol and sky-high Polaris '"'iL'Ps of the Resencv.
Midniclit
latest restaurant to open at Peachtree Cen-teer. It is Danish-inspired, serves superb Danish food prepared by a Danish chef. Its decor is fascinating, but cannot be fully understood without considering the role of its spaces as part of the circulation-and-facilities labyrinth of the Peachtree Complex, which is one reason why Portman wanted to do both the interiors and architecture, as he did.
Portman's desire for total control of the environment he plans is hardly unique, but his power to achieve this desire probably is. Early in his career, realizing that clients and real estate people wield actual design control, he went into building and real estate as he proceeded into architecture, eventually forming a partnership with
("row .if Dallas "known to our
live Center, Merchandise Mart, and parel Mart ) . Together Portman and are doing such major developments a S200 million San Francisco Embarca essentially a megastructure (like Mont Place Bonaventure. October 1967 and 1968 INTERIORS). Portman is also d< ing urban core complexes for Dallas, cago, Montreal. Los Angeles, and I delphia.
Meantime Portman is president o Atlanta Trade Show Corporation Peachtree-Harris Corporation (real tate) ; and of Jamestown shopping c«
The condition of these enterpris glowitjg. The .Atlanta Merchandise the nation's second largest buildin< voted to permanent wholesale showrr has recenllv been dtnil l«'il in -ize to '1
•1 r:z-^_i
*
17' I. '>• .. /. >
;l
i
ZI^ ..-1. A..
1 - — • y " ' " ' / • i n . ' ' 1 1 ~=^— -^ -- / . . / - —'• >•• I n . ' ' 11
- I-
^
r ^Z>rj\
- c ^
t S
5 \-^^
yU
.J w ( c
< ^ _ „ ,
^ O K
w .>r'^
I .
-i
M i y <' Vj^ij • '•t^t**
r «(_iv-» + ' -, - • y- J f~ ^
r
• f - . .
X • \ ,
• ^
-1
~7\. a-^ —*
I , I ^ ^
^ - i j , '= p v -
/ \
-i^r-^-Z VP
/ '
\
\ . i -^ 0 /
\ ^ -> r:
/
/ . /
-\2--<^ "C
t-\^'^-
\Ji\ i '1 -
1 1 - -
^ -:^ - f~.
, : > - - " . - i - -•
'li^ i J i' ' - '" ' '•
r-. '.
, ' •
,?/r
r 4 r-;--""£l--fflM2E ^ ^ , i