geo 5/6690 geodynamics 01 dec 2014 © a.r. lowry 2014 read for wed 3 dec: t&s 410-427 last...
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GEO 5/6690 Geodynamics 01 Dec 2014
© A.R. Lowry 2014Read for Wed 3 Dec: T&S 410-427
Last Times: Plate as Lithosphere; The Tectosphere
Tectosphere is used to describe an upper layer that is depleted of melt relative to a “fertile” mantle lherzolite. Melting initially consumes garnet & aluminous pyroxene), & the melt “residuum” (olivine-rich peridotite) has • slightly higher VP, VS • slightly lower densityBuoyancy of the tectosphere would help to explain why “plate” material below ~100 km is not regularly removed by Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities…
Mierdel et al: showed that aluminous enstatite can hold increasing amounts of water with increasing pressure (but decreasing with temperature). This is opposite the relation for olivine, leading to a hydration minimum ~ depths of seismic LAB…
Isopycnic hypothesis: Rudnick et al 1998; Lee and Rudnick 1999; Shapiro et al 1999; Forte and Perry 2000: Suggests that isostatic equilibrium is partially maintained by melt depletion offsetting the negative buoyancy associated with low temperature cratonic lithosphere…
Karlstrom et al GSA-Today Mar 2002
Shapiro et al. (Lithos, 1999) modeledsmall-scale convection for thick thermalboundary layer and found that (for laboratory values of flow-law parameters)buoyancy is not necessary for tectosphereto survive, but it helps resist drips… withmost likely compositional buoyancy ~-equal thermal (consistent with free air)
So low density of depleted mantle would help circumventsmall-scale convection (there would be no density instability to drive it) and in such regions conductive (“half-space”) cooling can reach to greater depths. Thismight also enable other processes to kick in…
Problem though: The bulk composition that results from melting depends on pressure as well as degree of melting. Above 100 km depth (where most melting derives) the buoyancy effect is small; it peaks ~150 km… These are derived from mineral physics +melt experiments.
Schutt & Lesher, JGR 2006
Kaban et al.,G3 in press
Inversionsfor thermal &compositionalmass imply~1-to-1correlation &nearly equal(opposite-signed)mass. The peak 2%densitychange = Tof 570°C or~67%hydration…
Buehler & Shearer, JGR 2010 Schutt et al., in preparation
Pn velocity variation Moho temperature fromPn & mineral physics
And the thermal variation may not be as large as many people think!
Wang et al. EPSL 2014
Most recent dynamicalmodeling suggestscompositional buoyancyhelps resist RT-instabilitybut does not preventdeformation…
And no compositionalbuoyancy is needed tokeep cratons stable ifthere is a 10x differencein compositionalviscosity!
No viscosity difference; yes chemical buoyancy
= 3x; yes chemical buoyancy
= 3x; no chemical buoyancy
= 10x; no chemical buoyancy