geo-cradle webinar (4.2) wednesday, 14 june, 2017 soil
TRANSCRIPT
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GEO-CRADLE webinar (4.2)
Wednesday, 14th June, 2017
Soil, spectroscopy and SSL
Eyal Ben Dor & Yaron Ogen
The Remote Sensing Laboratory, Tel Aviv University
The GEO-CRADLE project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 690133.
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Highlights
• The role of GEO-CRADLEThe importance of building a global SSL
• Introduction to soil scienceComposition and its role in agriculture
• Basic principles of spectroscopy
• Soil spectroscopy
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The importance of building a global SSL
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Data mining from spectral information to generate an attribute “model” requires hundreds of samples in
order to provide reliable results
Global Soil Spectral Library (GSSL) will compose of hundreds samples that represents all the soils world
wide
Why Global Soil Spectral Library?
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• For quantitative applications: many soil samples are needed (Soil data mining of a “model” requires hundreds of spectra samples in order to provide reliable results.
• Users are gathering many soil samples mostly under local scale.
• A need for regional and global scales’ library is essential.
• Gathering local and regional spectral data (soil spectral library) needs agreed “standard and protocols”.
The need of Soil Spectral Library
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Soil Attributes
Soil Spectra Files
Soil samples at storage, with wet chemistry data plus reflectance spectra measured under a well accepted protocol process
Sample Location OM Clay Lime….A1 34,5467.67 2.4 % 34% 23.4%
36,654,32
Soil Spectral Library : The Practical Structure
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SHALOM (9m GDS)Products for Costumers SHALOM products that are based on GSSL
Product Name
Crop, Rangeland and Invasive Species Map
Burnt Area Map
Vegetation Status Indicators
Vegetation Damage and Stress Indicators
Fire Fuel Map
Mineral Map
Coastal Bathymetry Map
Urban And industrial Functional Area Map
Lithological Map
Lava Flow Parameters
Soil Surface Pollutants Map
Volcanic Gas And Aerosol Emission Map
Forest Species Map
Forest Biomass Map
Ice Cover Map
Soil Characterization Map
Land Cover Map
Land Cover Change Detection Map
Snow Cover Map
Forest Nitrogen and Chlorophyll Map
Wetlands Classification Map
Marine And Aquatic Quality And
Productivity Indicators
Lava and ash distribution map
Snow And Ice Cover Characterization
The Concept of Soil Mapping using SSL and HSR from orbit
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Hyperspectral Missions
Launch and Lifetime
2020/22
2016/17
HSR Satellites
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In 2006 Raphael Viscorra Rossel understood the GSSL importance and initiated an activity toward establishing the first GSSL
provided by Viscorra Rossel
The Global Soil Spectral Library (GSSL)
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First World Soil Spectral Library
http://groups.google.com/group/soil-spectroscopy/files
2008
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The LUCAS spectral library
▪ Current status:▪ 23 European countries ▪ ~20,000 high quality spectral
readings ▪ Metadata: Clay, silt, sand, OC, pH,
CEC, CaCO3, Geographical coordinates, land use, etc
The European Soil Spectral Library
Creation of four subsets: Cropland,Grassland, Woodland, and Organic soils
2011
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In 2015 Raphael effort yield the first GSSL
Soil VNIR-SWIR Spectra
VNIR-SWIR
provided by Viscorra Rossel
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provided by Viscorra Rossel
Position
Attributes Continent
Description
GSSL
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Authors: Those who contribute to GSSL established by Viscorra Rossel
GSSL
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Introduction to soil science
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Introduction to soil science
Soil - The upper layer of the earth ( 0-2m) represent its loose surface material
which is dug, plowed and being a medium for plants to grow. (Thompson 1957)
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Introduction to soil science
Physical composition Chemical composition
Texture Clay content
Specific surface area Organic matter
color Mineralogy
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Soil is a complex system characterized by chemical and physical attributes that provides an overview on the agricultural functions of the soil as a food producer
Clay
silt
sand
organic matter
carbonates
iron oxides
water
particle size
air
Cations
Anions
Flora
Fauna
Soil is composed of
Soil as a Complex System
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Soils differentiate from one another by their chemical and physical composition
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Introduction to soil science
Spatial and vertical changes
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Introduction to soil science
Soil texture
Hydrometer
Sieve
Laser diffraction
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Introduction to soil science
Soil texture
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• Plants grow on soils.
• Plants support animal life.
• Plants and animals support human life.
• World population is rapidly increasing,
with high food demand.
• A large part of the world’s population has
inadequate nutrition.
• Soil affects all the above
The importance of soils
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Basic principles of spectroscopy
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Basic principles of spectroscopy
The study of interaction between matter and radiated energy.
Spectroscopy is used in physical and analytical
chemistry to detect, identify and quantify information
about the atoms and molecules and determine the
chemical composition and physical properties of
various targets.
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Basic principles of spectroscopy
Electromagnetic spectrum
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Basic principles of spectroscopy
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Basic principles of spectroscopy
Radiation
Interaction with surface
Reflected Absorbed Emitted
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Basic principles of spectroscopy
400-2500 nm
0.4-2.5 µm
Reflectance
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Basic principles of spectroscopy
Absorption
In the field of spectroscopy in the VNIR-SWIR ranges, two main processes
exist which cause an absorption of energy: excitation processes between
electronic states that cause electrons to shift from basic molecular orbital into
exited orbital stage and vibrational processes which arise from molecular
vibrations (Wallace and Hobbs, 2006).
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Basic principles of spectroscopy
Emittance
8000-12000 nm
8-12 µm
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Soil spectroscopy
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Soil spectroscopy
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Iron
Oxides
Hygroscopic
Water
Clays
Organic
Matter
Organic
Matter
Calcite
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Wavelength (mm) Chromophore = An attribute that interact with the electromagnetic radiation
An effective way to simplest the complexity of the soil system
Soil spectroscopy
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Soil spectroscopy
The reflectance/emittance part of the electromagnetic radiation that interacts with the soil across the VIS-NIR-
SWIR-TIR spectral regions (0.35-14mm).
Point – one pixel
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Absorption Mechanism
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Simultaneous acquisition of images in many registered spectrally- high resolution continuous
bands at selected (or all) spectral domains across the UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR–MWIR-LWIR spectral region
(0.3-12mm)
adjusted From A. Goetz 1994
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
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Strong Link between Point andImage Spectroscopy
Image
Spectroscopy Point
Spectroscopy
Geology
Vegetation
Water
Soil
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Provided by Viscorra Rossel
Soil Spectroscopy
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Dalal, R.C., and R.J. Henry. 1986. Simultaneous determination of moisture, organic carbon
and total nitrogen by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Soil Science Society of
America Journal 50:120-12
Quantitative Information on soil attributes can be Extracted from soil spectral information
Simple, rapid, inexpensive and can be applied from large domains (laboratory, field, air and space)
Soil Spectroscopy
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Examples of some of the soil attributes that can be extracted from spectral library (1)
Soil Spectroscopy
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Examples of some of the soil attributes that can be extracted from spectral library (2)
Soil Spectroscopy
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Merging Soil Spectral Library : The problems
• Users are focused on their own protocols (measurement methods and instrumentation)
• Protocol may affects the final spectrum……
• Quantitative models are sensitive to these effects (small spectral changes) …..
Most of the SSLs today are generated in the laboratory domains
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0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Ref
lect
ance
Wavelength (nm)
TAU_Mean_B
SAHAF_Mean_B
BOKER_Mean_B
Mean Reflectance
The Problems - Example 1: Spectral Domain
One soil: Three different protocols
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100 samples (60 cal, 40 val) – three protocols : Quantitative analysis
Instrument
/ Operator
Internal
standard
CaCO3 Clay Content Organic Matter Fe2O3
RMSEP RMSEP RMSEP RMSEP
TAU Original 13.24 5.4 1.54 4316
SAHAF Original 13.33 8.2 1.50 5169
BOKER Original 17.44 8.9 1.79 4687
The problem - 2: Analytical Domain
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two sources are responsible for that:
Systematic Non systematic effects
Systematic Effects: e.g. Spectrometer Calibration, Geometry between measurement sets, Bulb Response
Non Systematic Effects: e.g. Spectrometer instability, Geometry within a measurement setBulb instability, atmosphere attenuations, user experience
Correcting for Non Systematic Effect - Using an agreed protocolCorrecting for the Systematic Effects – Using an Internal Soil Standard Method
Soil Laboratory Spectroscopy: Problems (Systemic = Non Systematic)
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A simple protocol has established for new users Since 2014
Protocol (Non systematic effects)
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Internal Soil Standard (ISS) purse: to align with systematic effects of protocols
Adopted from the wet chemistry analytical practices
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Internal Soil Standards (ISS) characteristics
Spectral:
A material that will hold stable absorption features, across the VIS-NIR-SWIR region and will be an inertial material
Radiometrical:
A material that will hold the soil particle size (<2mm) and characterizes with no absorption features
General:
A simple and low cost material that can be shipped easily worldwide (no valuable cost, light in weight
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Wiely Bay Lucky Bay
Searching for an ideal standard took almost 4 years
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The soil standards
Lucky Bay Wiley Bay
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Spectral standardization
CFl = 1 – ((Srl – Mrl) / Srl)
Rcl = Rol x CFl
Srl is the reflectance of the Slave reference (your measurement of the ISS)
Mrl is the reflectance of the Master reference (standard ISS measured by a certified agreed-lab)
Rcl is the corrected sample reflectance (to the internal standard conditions, standard)
Rol is the original sample reflectance (sample)
Spectral Normalization Process
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Refl
ec
tan
ce
fa
cto
r
Wavelength (nm)
TAU
SAHAF
BOKER
Master (Exp.1)
Results - StandardizationSoil B spectrum comparison before and after Sand
standardization
Original
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Refl
ec
tan
ce
fa
cto
r
Wavelength (nm)
TAU
SAHAF
BOKER
Sand corrected
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Tel Aviv
Perth August
September
ASD1
ASD3
• 4 different protocols• 5 different spectrometers• 4 users• 4 different White Reference• 2 different geographical
location Same Soil Samples, Same ISS
ASD2
ASD1
ASD3
Sets Up (development)
CSIRO 0 - Brand New HALON Plate as a WR with, ASD-2, contact probe (CP), User-1, Perth, Protocol A(0) MASTER
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Standard for Systemic Effects
Lucky Bay Wiely Bay
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-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
350 850 1350 1850 2350
Ref
lect
ance
Wavelength (um)
SOIL 1 (CSIRO -2)
Internal Sand Corrected
Original
CSIRO -0 (master)
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2151
*/12500
350
l
ll rr
ASDS
ASDS = Average Sum of Deviation Square (Ben-Dor et al., 2004)
r : sample reflectancer * : reference reflectance
2
ASDS 0 = good match
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0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
soil1
soil2
soil3
soil4
soil5
soil1
soil2
soil3
soil4
soil5
soil1
soil2
soil3
soil4
soil5
soil1
soil2
soil3
soil4
soil5
soil1
soil2
soil3
soil4
soil5
cover plate experiment(csiro_1)
Paper (csiro_2)CP_BOX (csiro_3)STANDARD CSIRO SPECTRATAU RACHEL (tau_1)
BASO (tau_2)
CSIRO- 1CSIRO-2CSIRO-3TAU-1TAU-2
ASDS
Corrected Before correction
92% success Before ISS
correction
After ISS correction
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The ISS method has been successfully adopted by Brazil for the national project entitle: Establishing the Brazilian National Soil Spectral Library “ 2015 -
Sets Up (validation II )
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Chemomtric (non linear spectral data mining) from the GSSL
Viscorra Rossel 2015
GSSL – Example
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Agricultural Soil Mapping based on Local SSL and HSR technology
Ben-Dor et al., 2004
Ve
getation
Soil SSASoil Moisture Soil SalinitySoil Organic matter RGB
Regional Soil Spectral Library
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http://www.soilcares.com/en/products/scanner/
Soil Spectral Library : The Commercial Value (1)
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2016
Rapid (and massive) analyses of soil samples with out the need for “wet” laboratories
Soil Spectral Library : The Commercial Value (1)
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Soil Mapping in the Field using Local SSL
Local Soil Spectral Library
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The concept of using GSSL using Airborne Sensors
Drones
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Model from SSL
The Concept of Soil Mapping using LSSL and Drones in real time mode
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• Reflectance spectroscopy (RS) of soils is an important property for Food Security issues world wide.
• Spectral libraries are generated under regional, national, continental and global scales.
• The GSSL initiative paves the road to accumulate libraries from all scales and resources global wide.
• SSLs from North Africa, Mediterranean and Balkan countries should be extend in order to be a data base for modern precision agriculture activities.
• Standard and protocols are existing and should used for the GEO-CRADLE’s Reginal SSL PILOT.
The Soil Spectroscopy LibrarySummary
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Thank You !!