geoff furness - australian almondsaustralianalmonds.com.au/documents/industry/conference/2012... ·...
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Geoff Furness Research Scientist, Consultant, Spray Application Technology Geoff Furness is a scientist with 44 years experience with research interests in entomology, especially in citrus and viticulture, (IPM, ecology, and control) and spray application technology (air assisted sprayer design and evaluation in both horticulture and field crops). Geoff Retired from a 42 year career as a senior research scientist with the South Australian Research and Development Institute in Primary Industries and Resources, SA in 2010. He now works part time as a consulting scientist. Over the years he has developed informal research and development teams with private manufacturers and consulting engineers and designers to develop new concepts and products for air assisted spray application. He also does general consultancy work as requested. He was a major innovator in the development and evaluation of multi fan orchard and vineyard assisted sprayers and improved fan design for this new type of sprayer with the support of the wine industry and equipment manufacturers. These new sprayers are now a mainstream product in both Australia and a wide range of other countries. Another major project was the development and implementation of distance based spray calibration for tree crops and grapevines and the determination of the point of first run off using the unit Litres per 100m per m of canopy height which is vital for accurate dosing, especially with concentrate spraying. This work was the catalyst for the development of the new pesticide label format for Australia by the APVMA and AVCARE for tree and vine crops, and has created considerable interest internationally. He also developed the bluff plate sprayer for high speed, low volume, spray application to broad acre, dryland crops.
The Practical Way To Get Wet
Geoff Furness
Canopy Spraying
Optimum efficacy: • Timing
• Dose
• Coverage
Factors affecting amount of chemical impacted: • Chemical concentration (amount / 100L) – label rate
• Spray volume
Canopy Spraying
Canopy Spraying
Canopy Spraying
• New label format for Australia – Dilute rate: amount per 100 L
– Concentrate spraying has maximum concentration specified
– Chemical rate per hectare deleted
Canopy Spraying
• Distance calibration
• New mind shift
• Litres / 100m / m of canopy height
Canopy Spraying
80 to 120
60 to 90
40 to 60
20 to 30
Canopy Spraying
• Suggested maximum dilute spray volumes (wetness) for concentrate spraying L/100m/m
– Grapevines 20 - 30
– Fruit trees (general) 20 - 30
– Citrus 30 - 50
Canopy Spraying
Canopy Spraying
• Spray Volume Calculator (L / 100m of row)
l/min 3 km/h 4 km/h 5 km/h 6 km/h 7 km/h 8 km/h
6 12 9 7.2 6 5.1 4.5
10 20 15 12 10 8.6 7.5
14 28 21 16.8 14 12 10.5
18 36 27 22 18 15 14
22 44 33 26 22 19 17
26 52 39 31 26 22 20
30 60 45 36 30 26 23
Canopy Spraying
Other useful formulae – Length of row / hectare (m) = 10 000 ÷ row spacing (m)
– Number of tanks required =
total row length x spray volume ÷ volume of tank ÷ 100
(m) (litres/100m) (litres)
– Litres / hectare = litres / 100 m ÷ row spacing x 100
Canopy Spraying
A Visual droplet rating chart
Canopy Spraying
Canopy Spraying
Canopy Spraying
• UV dye droplets on almond fruit
Bottom, outer canopy
outward facing inward facing
Canopy Spraying
• UV dye droplets on almond leaves
bottom third of outer canopy top third of outer canopy
Canopy Spraying
Canopy Spraying
Canopy Spraying
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 50 100 150 200
Mea
n dr
ople
t num
ber
Spray Volume (L / 100m / m height)
Canopy Spraying
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 50 100 150 200
Dep
osit
(ul/c
m-2
x C
F)
Spray volume (L / 100m / m height)
Canopy Spraying - Current Treat
# Machine Tree
Height (m)
Canopy Height
(m)
Canopy Density
Nozzle Array
Spraying Speed
(km/hr)
Water Rate
(L/Ha)
1 Engine driven, twin fan airblast
9.2 7.7 Sparse/ Medium
Standard 5.5 1,470
2 Engine driven, twin fan airblast
9.2 7.7 Sparse/ Medium
Fine* 5.5 1,500
3 Engine driven, twin fan airblast
5.8 5.0 Medium Fine* 5.5 1,290
Canopy Spraying - Current Treat
# Machine Tree
Height (m)
Canopy Height
(m)
Canopy Density
Nozzle Array
Spraying Speed
(km/hr)
Water Rate
(L/Ha)
4 PTO driven, twin fan airblast
6.0 4.5 Medium Standard 5.5 1,200
5 PTO driven, twin fan airblast
6.0 4.5 Medium Fine* 5.5 1,200
6 PTO driven, single fan
airblast
6.0 4.5 Medium Standard 5.5 1,200
Canopy Spraying - Current
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
CT
CT
CB
N1
N2
N2
N3 S1
S2
S2
S3
E1
E2
E2
E3
E4
E5
E5
E6
W
1 W
2 W
2 W
3 W
4 W
5 W
5 W
6
Dro
plet
num
ber p
er c
m2
Position in canopy
Engine Driven Twin fan, standard nozzles 13L /100m /m canopy height
Canopy Spraying - Current
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
CT
CT
CB
N1
N2
N2
N3 S1
S2
S2
S3
E1
E2
E2
E3
E4
E5
E5
E6
W
1 W
2 W
2 W
3 W
4 W
5 W
5 W
6
Dro
plet
num
ber p
er c
m2
Position in canopy
Engine Driven Twin fan, fine nozzles 13L /100m /m canopy height
Canopy Spraying - Current
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
CT
CT
CB
N1
N2
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
N6 S1
S2
S2
S3
S4
S5
S5
S6
E1
E2
E2
E3
E4
E5
E5
E6
W
1 W
2 W
2 W
3 W
4 W
5 W
5 W
6
Dro
plet
num
ber p
er c
m2
Position in canopy
Engine Driven Twin fan, fine nozzles 17L /100m /m canopy height
Canopy Spraying - Current
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
CT
CT
CB
N1
N2
N2
N3 S1
S2
S2
S3
E1
E2
E2
E3
E4
E5
E5
E6
W
1 W
2 W
2 W
3 W
4 W
5 W
5 W
6
Dro
plet
num
ber p
er c
m2
Position in canopy
PTO Driven Twin Fan, Std coarse nozzles 20L /100m/m canopy height
Canopy Spraying - Current
Key points learnt so far
• Engine driven twin fan – Less than 17L /100m /m canopy height is below even point of
runoff
– 20L /100m /m canopy height is suggested to achieve even point of runoff
• PTO driven twin or single fan – 19L /100m /m canopy height is below even point of runoff
Canopy Spraying - Next Treat # Machine L/100m/m
tree height
Spraying Speed
(km/hr)
Canopy Height (m)
Water Rate (L/Ha)
* estimated 1 Engine driven, twin
fan airblast 20 3 7.7 2,300*
2 Engine driven, twin fan airblast
20 5.5 7.7 2,300*
3 Engine driven, twin fan airblast
20 8 7.7 2,300*
4 PTO driven, twin fan airblast
25 5.5 4.5 1,500*
5 PTO driven, twin fan airblast
30 5.5 4.5 1,862*
6 PTO driven, twin fan airblast
35 5.5 4.5 2,200*
Canopy Spraying
Canopy Spraying
Canopy Spraying
• Air & Coverage –Large volume
–Low velocity
–High turbulence
–Air profile and targeting
• Air & Power –Large volume at low
velocity
–No ducting and bending
–No pressurising
Canopy Spraying
Spray Drift
Spray Drift
• Fate of spray droplets
Body of table: L/100m-1 Red Scale hand
wand Oscillating
Boom Airblast
Amount applied 775 665 386
Calculated tree capacity 366 366 403
Estimated total amount sprayed on trees (including branches)
324 317 210
Volume on ground 444 175 15
Balance 8 173 161
Spray Drift
• Reducing spray drift – Increase droplet size
– Turn off nozzles not aimed at the canopy
– Match air volume to the canopy
– Match air and spray profile to the canopy
– Alter spraying speed
– Turn off air on end row
Spray Drift
• Reducing soil contamination – Decrease droplet size
– Use lower spray volumes
– Match air and spray profile to the canopy
Thank You