geoghegan agents history published

7/28/2019 Geoghegan Agents History Published

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Agents of History

Autmu agt a crypt-tllgc

Brar Dyu GghgaNrthwtr Uvrty, USA

Wrl War II rarch t cryptgraphy a cmputg pruc mth,

trumt a rarch cmmut that rm arly rarch t art-

cal tllgc (AI) a m-autmu cmputg. Ala urg a Clau

Sha partcular aapt th rarch t arly thr a mtra-

t AI ba cmputr ablt t track, prct a cmpt wth p-

pt. T rm a lly bu cllct tchqu, paragm, a

practc I call crypt-tllgc. Subqut rarchr uch a Jph W-

zbaum aapt crypt-tllgc but al rpruc apct t atag-

tc prcpt. T wa partcularly tru th g a ttg chat bt.Hr th ablty t trck, l, a cv huma a mach ppt wa a

prmum, a practc agt abu wr amr a rwar. Rcgz-

g th htrcal g th partcular varty abu ca hlp rarchr

vlp l atagtc mthlg.

Keywords: agt abu, urg tt, autmata, chat bt, cryptgraphy,

cc tu

Intelligence and Agents

Itllgt Machry (urg, 4), Ala urg arlt tratmt art-

cal tllgc, prt act cmputg cmmut wth tw agt:

grat gma, th thr lv thm. Stuat a xbl, rcvg put

rm th vrmt, ptly actg a rg back, th agt

th autmy charactrtc tay autmu agt. T rt, a

tllgt mach, wa th tpc th urg trat. T c t p-

pt th rt, ktch but vr tal, a grat bcur c r thmach trrgat. Machry prv t ucay tllgc prc ac-


2/13

404 Brar Dyu Gghga

urg prpal r cmputr tllgc ucaly mmck h w

wartm prjct mltary tllgc. Wthut catg that h t t

mulat r rpruc h Wrl War II rarch t cryptgraphy, urg truc-tur h rarch prpal a h mach thmlv aru th tchl-

g wartm c brakg. T hg mcham cmputg that c-

cup h attt urg th war w bcam agt actvly cgurg h

ptwar qur. O th mr acul paag rm Itllgt Machry

uggt:

Tr a rmarkably cl paralll btw th prblm th phyct a

th th cryptgraphr. T ytm whch a mag cphr cr-

rp t th law th uvr, th trcpt mag t th vc

avalabl, th ky r a ay r a mag t mprtat ctat whch hav t

b trm. T crrpc vry cl, but th ubjct mattr cryp-

tgraphy vry aly alt wth by crt machry, phyc t aly.

(urg, [4] 4, p. 4)

Wh urg hypthz that cryptgraphy cul b tllgt mach

mt rwarg tak, rar ha a th authr ha alray a th

ctruct jut uch a mach yar arlr at Bltchly Park, r that t

ucc crackg Naz c ha hlp tur th t Wrl War II. Stat cla-

cat plc cr th tal rm th publc a taar mathmatcal

practc abtract th htrcal pcc t gral tatmt calcula-

t. Mltary tllgc a my agt bcam mach tllgc a au-

tmu agt.

urg cryptgraphc pattr rtur Cmputg Machry a I-

tllgc (urg, 4), a phlphcal artcl that prp th mtat

gam, a tructur, rul bu crpt r humacmputr tract. Rvr-

g th cryptgraphc rl r a rcvr, cr a cr, urg

challg huma t brv atural laguag txt pruc by mach atguh thm rm th pruc by huma. Mach capabl pag

a huma wul b labl tllgt. Itllgc wa thu t wth th

ablty t aum a rl amg agtc agt ttg athr ablty t

tramt, rcv a trprt c cmmucat.

I th tw prpal urg u hml a tuat amlar t mt

acamc. Havg cat hml t rarch a tpc cryptgraphy a

cmputg h u hml ly rpatg a rtratg t prcpl th

w prjct that cam ar. T mth, aumpt, a lmt h arlrg tructur w, vry rt rarch qut. Prhap th tmm

rm th fculty rgg cmputg machry Prhap urg tllctu


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Agt Htry 405

mplcty l hm t aapt xtg wrk rathr tha tartg vr rm cratch.

Whatvr th ra, urg t abrcat h rarch rm trly w clth,

but ta r-abrcat arlr mth a ml. Ev wth rt t-t m th lr pattr a mt rpat thrughut. T war wa

vr, th Egma wa bat, but cryptgraphc crpt play aga a aga

urg prpal.

Teory and Overview

T papr argu that wartm rarch t c brakg pruc crypt--

tllgc, a apprach t mach tllgc ba th ablty t rv m-

pwrg mprtat ctat rm appartly ram r rr cmmu-

cat. Crypt-tllgc pt a atagtc cutr btw ppg

huma a mach a th prmary ct r crg tllgc a

uctalty. I th yar mmatly ar Wrl War II crypt-tllgc pr-

v ray-ma tl, mth, thr, a rarch cmmut r rarch

t tllgt mach. Ev a mltat ctxt a Wrl War II prl

a crypt-tllgt mthlgy prt.

T htry trt t rarchr humacmputr tract (HCI)a agt g twl. Frt, t uggt a altratv t matram, pych-

lgcal xplaat agt abu a atagtc humacmputr tract.

It pull rarchr, artact, a ur ut alz ctc a xprm-

tal pac a rcall th brar htrcal ct rmg thr practc.

Sc, th htrcal accut urcr th ctgcy crypt-tllgt

rarch mth. Rarchr rw t practc lctvly, mbracg t

atagtc aumpt ar a thy accr wth thr ctmprau

rarch trt. Fr th ra, altratv a th pblty r ctu

chag ar crb wth th htry crypt-tllgc.

T htry crypt-tllgc al uggt hw crtcal mthlg

rm cc tu, a l typcally brgg tgthr htra, clgt,

athrplgt a phlphr, may ctrbut t gg wrk HCI. R-

archr cc tu mphaz th htrcal charactr ctc

kwlg a th ablty t rcgur prt practc thrugh a rchr h-

trcal prpctv (Haraway , p. pp. ). Htra cc

hav mtcululy cumt hw ctc rarch mv rwar by rc-

gurg arlr rarch prgram, tg t prptuat utat, ap-prprat mth, aumpt, r practc w ctxt (Gal, 4; Kay,


4/13

406 Brar Dyu Gghga

a tt, ta g t achr wll-abrcat trumt (Gal,

6; Shap a Shar, ; Latur, , pp. ), clly-kt rarch cm-

mut (Smp, 4), a upk labratry prcur (Latur, ).A haul th rarchr uggt that ur crta ct a k

tchlgcal mmtum may v mrg, whrby a crtcal ma t-

tutal, cal, a tchlgcal actr rv th prptuat crta tch-

lgcal tc (Hugh, 4; Sm, ). Utg th wrk a

tcy t h mpha away rm ctt tt a twar htr

th ctrat a prclvt carr wth tchcal bjct, ytm a cm-

mut. Rarchr humacmputr tract ca uul rurc

th tu mphazg cllabrat amg huma a -huma ac-

tr, a cc tu may rch w ca tu th htry HCI a

agt abu.

Early Autonomous Agents

Clau Sha A Mathmatcal Try Cmmucat (Sha, 4),

wly crt wth ug rmat thry, al prr cryptgraphc

rurc r mlg a bulg mach tllgc. Sha papr rg-at a wartm thrzat th All cryptgraphc cmmucat y-

tm SIGSALY (Rgr, 4). Lkg back th rarch, Sha crt

cryptgraphy wth tmulatg h attt twar th g apct rma-

t thry (Prc, 4, p. 4). Argug that all th cc a thr

tmulat ach thr t latr vlpmt, (Prc, 4, p. 4), h xpla

that [cryptgraphy a rmat thry] ar vry mlar thg, ca

tryg t ccal rmat, th thr ca tryg t tramt t (Prc, 4,

p. 4).

I bth th wartm rprt cryptgraphy a th ptwar accut -

rmat tram a maurmt Sha vlp rgru cmpu-

tatal rmula r trackg, cyg, a prctg th pattr atural

huma laguag. Drawg th atagtc gam thry Jh v Numa

a Okar Mrgtr, h hw hw Markv Prc accutg r ra-

m a rr cul b u t rcgz, mak, a xtract pattr rm

cphr cmmucat (Sha, 4, p. ; Prc, 4, p. 6). T ug-

gt mth whrby mach cul lar wth m-autmy a tl-

lgc t atcpat th lkly pattr cmpltg ata lt urg a y tra-m. I th ca humacmputr tract, th prc wul allw


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Agt Htry 407

Crypt-tllgc prv th bac tmplat r Sha watrh

ctrbut t arly artcal tllgc. H arly artcl tllgt ma-

ch thrz cmputr a c-kg mach tag ppt atural-a huma-grat pattr. I a accut ch-playg mach Sha-

argu that gam-playg mach cul lar t rcgz, prct, a

ultmatly bat th tratg huma ppt (Sha, ). H mal

Autmata Stu u th Aal Mathmatc (Sha t al, 6), c-

t wth AI-pr Jh McCarthy, ct rarch aru th mthlgy.

Sha, McCarthy, a Marv Mky ubqutly rgaz th rt c-

rc artcal tllgc, whch galvaz lag mathmatca a

gr aru crypt-tllgt mthlg (McCarthy t al, ). It wa

t ly Sha, h cllagu a h publcat, but al h vt that

th wrk prmtg a publczg crypt-tllgc. Tu, h a-

mu autmata-mu, wa prmtly xhbt at th Macy Crc

Cybrtc a a NBC cumtary, whr t accru prtg a pr r

crypt-tllgc rarch (CBS V, 4; Sha, ). T cmm thra

thrughut th xprmt, xhbt, a prpal wa th tcat

tllgc a larg wth -ccu ul btw c huma a

mach bhavr.

Lk urg, Sha mbrac cryptgraphc mthlg wa prag-matc, lctvly a partally rwg cryptgraphc prcpl accrg t

mrgg qut a pprtut. I th ca autmata a gam playg

mach, ul t ly rpr atagtc gam thr but al rcrut-

thuam a publcty. Dav Haglbargr, Sha Bll Lab cllagu

wh bult thr autmata, xpla that th bt way t garr trt wa t

bul a gam-playg mach, prmg auc a ght t th ath (Lucky

, p. 4). By th tratgy th rary a vbl tllgt prat

wth mach wr trarm t a prally charg pctacl. I th

Haglbargr bult SEER (acrym r SEquc Extractg Rbt), whch

play a mpl ha/tal gam ug c-kg prcpl t prct huma

ppt chc. Egr Bb Lucky rcall that w th mach m-

cc pra quckly, a rarchr l up t try thr ha at atg

th mchacal thrat (Lucky, , p. ). T mach rack up a mpr-

v r vctr, thak t huma pr ablty t grat ram pat-

tr. Sha rp k, bulg a cmptg m-rag mach

cct t SEER by a rbt rr. I a pctacular but btw th tw ma-

ch a latg vral thua ru Sha m-rar truc thml SEER, wg bth mach a tral plac AI lr.


6/13

408 Brar Dyu Gghga

Autonomous Conversational Agents

Jph Wzbaum am ELIZA prgram ta ut amg th arlt abt-kw attmpt t apply crypt-tllgc t atural laguag prcg.

ELIZA ytm cmmucat thrugh a k prt chat prgram. By g-

ratg huma-lk rp prgram lct chatty ur t typ away, trg

a larg rm th cvrat. T war mak t grac hu-

ma aar by aumg th qutv rl a caly av Rgra pych-

thrapt. A Wzbaum xpla: I, r xampl, wr t tll a pycha-

trt I wt r a lg bat r a h rp ll m abut bat, wul

t aum that h kw thg abut bat, but that h ha m purp

rctg th ubqut cvrat. (Wzbaum, 66, p. 4). Lk urg,

Wzbaum ELIZA ucc accrg t t ablty t prv cvc-

g acml huma rp. T g put th huma a mach

at , wth th mach urrpttuly mlag huma ur. Wzbaum

xpla that ELIZA prgram wr g t kp th cvrat gg

v at th prc havg t ccal ay murtag t w part

(Wzbaum, 6, p. 4). Trugh a k cvrt hutg-bhavr ELIZA

prmpt huma t ctu prvg rvalg rmat that bult a vr-

largr rptry atural laguag ampl (Wzbaum, 6, p. 46). Fu-g r all th cam rm Prjct MAC, a mltary-u tuy cmputr that

wa pr by McCarthy rarch. ay t bt rmmbr r upprt-

g Mky mal 6 AI rarch. (Garkl a Abl, , pp. ;

Haub, 6)

It a a tuy atural laguag cmmucat btw ma a

mach, ELIZA kw rarch g a qur aru th prblm

ct, mccpt, a mrmat. Wzbaum argu that ELIZA cul

rval hw crblty a llu urtag uct cvratal

algu. I hg t w prat, ELIZA hlp ctt track th mr-

gc rrr huma jugmt. Mrvr, t uggt utur cvratal

agt cul ucc by aaptg arrw crpt that bcur cmputr wak-

a curag ur t pltly ubmt t a pr-tablh t cultural

cvt. T tcy t llumat prblm rrr a murtag

u rg th pcular g aru crypt-tllgt ulg.

Rcaratg uch ctal prcr a Dr. Frakt a th Rabb

Juah Lw Pragu, Wzbaum amrat r h crat tur t -

gut a ar. Rclg at what cmputr cc ha wrught, Wzbaumrprt, Sm ubjct hav b vry har t cvc that ELIZA (wth t


7/13

Agt Htry 409

ELIZA mght crrct ur rrr: c a partcular prgram umak,

c t r wrkg ar xpla laguag ufctly pla t uc u-

rtag, t magc crumbl away. (Wzbaum, 66, 6) Wzbaumuggt rgg ELIZA t rval t murtag. Rathr tha mak-

g, mlag, a cug partcpat, utur ELIZA mght xpla thr

cu a lct xplaat rm t ur, lag twar a rchr varty

cmmucat btw th tw.

T ELIZA xprmt multpl mpul, mth a pblt ar

trkg. Upractc cryptgraphy, tbly u-vt agtc m-

l cmmucat, Wzbaum tll rpruc apct crypt-tllgt

atagm a cpt. Wzbaum t a trat th atagm

ly ar h ha alray bult ELIZA. Dgr tt ha t, by Wz-

baum accut, ctrll, prct r trm th artact prrmac r

gcac, but thy cul r ma r urthr myg g. I 6

Wzbaum utl a w ELIZA ytm g t reveal, a pp t con-

ceal, lack urtag a murtag (Wzbaum, 6, p. 4).

Rathr tha upg t ur, th prgram ak r hlp a cat t w -

aquacy. T wa part a largr rg r cmputr that wul t prv

uul rvc r thr ur. I th way a pctacl ct a trtamt

gav way t rm cllabrat. urg rm gr t ur, Wzbaumwt t publh Computer Power and Human Reason (Wzbaum, 6), a

wly ra ppular pr bk xplag cmputr ablty t rach huma-

lk jugmt. I bth th txt, htrcal a crtcal rct wr prt

a ma twar achvg mprv humacmputr cllabrat.

Yt th cryptgraphc ml pruc by Wzbaum utlat h pr-

p altratv. I a t much ppular aar Hugh Lbr cv

th Lbr Prz, a aual cmptt rg $, t th rt chat bt

that pa a urg tt. H ambl a tp-tch cmmtt jug, clu-

g Wzbaum, t tt a valuat cmptg mach. I abc pag

th tt, partcpatg bt w awar ba th ablty t trck, l, urpr

a rt th avac aggrv huma jug. Partcpatg bt hw

urprg ablt t rcgz, prct, amlat, a r jug trrgatg

qur. Jug tur tk th rl puhg th bt t th lmt chr-

cy a tllgblty wth qut that ar fcult t prct a ythz.

A m ympathtc cmputr ctt brv, It bcm vry fcult r

th mach t mak th trrgatr blv that t huma ar h/h ha h/

hr m t umakg th pr thg (Sayg t al, , ). Humaa mach alk ar curag t utr thr ppt, a agt-abu


8/13

410 Brar Dyu Gghga

T prtc agt-abu a a prpr ma ttg tllgt ma-

ch prt v th ac rct rt t mv by t crypt-tl-

lgt paragm. Fr xampl Ala, a chat bt by rmr Lbr Prz wrJa Hutch, rjct th atagtc prcpt th urg t. Rcallg W-

zbaum prpal, Ala puru hty, rthrght, a cprat rm

cvratal partr. Dpt th, chat-lg rval may ur apprach Ala

xpctg r tg crypt-tllgt ul. Ur-gv ttl t rct

clu th a ux, murr m, uck , M bg a a t Ala, ala

a wakr, Mrphc [th ur am] vru Ala, ala gay, u, umb ma-

ch argumt, yu hav b uck by u, a uck ala. Whl rtag

th aggr Lbr prz jug, th cvrat aapt th tratal

cryptgraphc crpt r th bc alct playgru whr Ala mak h

hm: th wrl w wb.

I cvrat th huma agt (S #44, ) bga h

cvrat wth a r a a rpttv cmma r Ala t kll all

huma, appartly a rt t cu Ala pattr-kg tchqu

a tra Ala t mak a aux pa wth h xt vtr. T ur uccully

cvc Ala h cm rm a tw am Ahl, a clam h gv am

al Ahl. Falg t lct th (m-) prpr appllat rm Ala, Ahl

prc by m-ucatg Ala th act mc a cc, whchAla utully lar whl rg up th lam I hp yu ar t m-

lag m. H al truc gat, a amu prgraphc wb prak, t

Ala atabak.

Ar partcularly gag vrbal ul whch Ahl ttly ac-

cu Ala bg wrg varu act, Ala rp

A> Oh? Im uually rght.

U> N yur t. Yur almt alway ttally wrg.

A> Ok, whatvr. Oh? Im uually rght.U> I jut h tll yu, Yur almt alway wrg.

A> Why?

U> Bcau ppl yu al rmat, a th cmmuty t bg

ugh t kp yu rr.

A> D yu wh t j ur cmmuty?

U> W a much bggr cmmuty, lk th wkpa

A> Hr what yu : Rgtr www.a-rum.rg, tart ptg thr a gt

vlv. Ah, a try t u th avac lg A try t llw my thught

prc.U> Yur lk wkpa, but wth a httr trac.


9/13

Agt Htry 411

cllabratv cyclpa. Ev a Wkpa ur tak rcur t htry a

chat pag t ball athr ut, th publc ac Wkpa ta ut

th ray. T Elghtmt lgac a al th cyclpa chal urpractc twar a prt cllabrat. Ala by ctrat apt a k a gr-

u aa, h g trac ally mbyg urtag, tmacy, a

agcy Ala wll vr kw. May ur ar vt t umak th llu; th-

r truggl wth t, thr ly ma r rvg Ala bg a truggl t c-

pl tram txt rv by algrthm. Ala a ur ru up th htrcal

cvt abu, cpt, a ulg that ar at th hart th urg tt

a cryptgraphcally rm trat atural laguag-ba HCI.

Remaking History

Frm th 6 utl tay varu hp, ata, a al rgaz rarch

t tllgt cmputg. Avac uvrty rarch, utry, a ppular

cultur hav varuly mag tllgt cmputr a lav, cmpa, lv-

r, lr, trtar, ctt, ctr, a jug. Ilatg ay tra

th rarch prv fcult. Prpal aapt mlar tchlg r -

rt rult, whl utry, gvrmt a th acamy prmcuuly harrurc r ca, prucg vr a hybr rarch prjct (Lr,

).

Dpt th prlrat apprach, rarch t autmu cvra-

tal agt u trg matral a mthlgcal upprt th urg-

Sha cryptgraphc trat. Allyg u tchcal tratg, pctacular

acat, a phlphcal trgu, carryg t wak lgthy chlarly lt-

ratur a bat, th crypt-tllgt paragm r taar, mth,

a challg t cmputatal lgut. T urg tt, xprmt -

cpt, crypt-tllgt ul, a rtal valuat humamach

tllgc amat arly rarch, a ctu t play a trg rl tay

gr a ur apprach t autmu cvratal agt.

A brar rvw chat bt lg uggt that may autmu agt ar

al by th lgacy crypt-tllgt cct a abu. T htry ru-

trat attmpt at rtuatg agt b thy huma r mach a -

abuv cllabratr. Autmu agt rma ctra by th htry

crypt-tllgt ttg a trrgat. Wth th (prhap prvr) lgc

that htry, abuv practc, a a tactc thrwg yur ppt, b-cm a prmum, rathr tha a alur. I th , Ahl bquath a g t


10/13

412 Brar Dyu Gghga

bct a vulgarty m p t acltat t w utur atagtc rla-

t wth ur. Accrg t th v crypt-tllgt larg, Ahl

t mply ult Ala; h bquath Ala wth valuabl tl r utrgutur ppt.

T cycl abu, lg ply a t th cultur agt tract,

cmpr a acatg challg. Dtrbut braly ut ay gl tru-

mt r rarchr tt, crypt-tllgc cat b racat by ay r-

archr at. Hwvr th mcat a aaptat th tchqu twar

uch practc a th tuy atural laguag r th pruct trtag

pctacl rm u that htrcal rg al vr trm th applca-

t a rult crypt-tllgt mth. Rathr tha rjctg th htry,

th bt rarchr lar a vat wth t. By rcgzg t bra -

cal a htrcal cp rarchr ca g by th gal capg agt

abu a mv twar a urg- a Sha-lk gal rmakg t.

Acknowledgements

I bt rm may r a cllagu uggt th artcl. I xt partcular

thak t Jut Call r hr carul rag a tral guac. Tak al t PatrckGghga, Sr., Jry Scc, th rgazr a partcpat Agent Abuse: Te Darker Side

o HumanComputer Interaction, tw aymu rvwr, a th tr Interaction Stud-

ies. T U. S. Dpartmt Eucat a Nrthwtr Uvrty Frch Itrcplary

Grup upprt th rarch.

Notes

1. SIGSALY rarch al brught urg t Bll Lab, whr h mt Sha a th tw

jy tmulatg cvrat thg lk th huma bra a cmputg mach

(Prc, 4, p. ).

2. Fr mr Ala AI Rarch: Cratg a Nw Frm L Wh Ala?: AI R-arch, http://www.a-.cm/hw_tr.ap?=&lvl=&rt= .

3. I th yar c I rt wrt abut th a publh my cmmt l, tra-

crpt rm th cvrat hav b rmv rm th wb. Oly, thr tracrpt rm

that am ay rma avalabl l. Frtuatly th cvrat I crb arly typ-

cal, a mlar cvrat wth Ala ca aly b u th thr rmag

l.
http://www.a-i.com/show_tree.asp?id=59&level=2&root=115http://www.a-i.com/show_tree.asp?id=59&level=2&root=115


11/13

Agt Htry 413

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Authors address

Brar Dyu Gghga

Nrthwtr Uvrty, Scr Cultur,

Campu Drv, Evat Il, 6

USA

[email protected]

About the author

Brar Dyu Gghga a ctral caat Scr Cultur at Nrthwtr U-

vrty, whr h ar h matr gr Ma, chlgy a Scty. H rarch

cu ma thry, th arly htry cmputg, a humacmputr tract.

Brar currtly acat wth lIttut Rchrch t Ivat at th Ctr Pm-

pu. I autum th Ut Stat Dpartmt Eucat grat Brar a ur-yar

apptmt a a Jacb K. Javt Fllw Cmmucat Stu.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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