Slide 1

Geographers Making Sense of the World 2: Measuring Well-Being and Contemporary World Order

Slide 2

Measurements of Economic Health and Social Well-Being a) Gross Domestic Product (GDP): an estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services produced by a country in a particular year. (normally given per capita)

Slide 3

b) Gross National Income (GNI): The value of all final goods and services produced within a countrys borders (gross domestic product GDP), plus the net income from abroad (formerly referred to as gross national product, or GNP) c) Various other measures such as: life expectancy, infant mortality, adult literacy, access to internet, gender equity, physicians per capita, etc. Thrilling Example of Graphing Measurements! Gapminder: http://graphs.gapminder.org/worldgraphs.gapminder.org/world

Slide 4

d) Population pyramids. These display the population of a country by age and gender. World Population Change over Time: http://content.bfwpub.com/webroot_pubcontent/Content/BCS_4/Pulsipher5e/T hematic_Interactive_Maps/ch01/pr01pm01.htm

Slide 5

d. Population Pyramids Figure 1.33 Dynamic population pyramids: http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html

Slide 6

e) Measurements of Equity United Nations Development Programmes Gender Empowerment Index. womens incomes, their participation in labor force in professional and managerial roles, number of government seats held.

Slide 7

UNs Gender Development Index Ranks countries on whether they provide basic literacy, health care, access to income available to both men and women.

Slide 8

f. Alternative Measurements of Well-Being 1. Material Culture: the stuff people own A Californian Familys Possessions

Slide 9

A Mongolian Familys Possessions

Slide 10

2.What People in a Place Eat 3.Gross National Happiness Index http://www.grossnationalhappiness.com/gnhIndex/intruductionGNH.aspx Mastering Geography Video: Gross National HappinessGross National Happiness

Slide 11

Measurements of Economic Health and Social Well-Being: Summary a) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) b) Gross National Product (GNP) c) Various measures such as: life expectancy, infant mortality, adult literacy, etc. d) Population pyramids e) ) Alternative Measures: Gross National Happiness f) UNDPs Gender Equity Index and UNs Gender Development Index

Slide 12

Contemporary World Order

Slide 13

This lecture focuses on the way that power is organized among the worlds regions, and how this order came to be.

Slide 14

Contemporary World Order: Three Tiers The Core : those regions that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies. They enjoy relatively high per capita incomes. The success of core countries depends on their dominance and control over other regions.

Slide 15

The Periphery : regions that have resisted or remained economically and politically unable to participate in this process of incorporation into the world system. Peripheral regions are characterized by dependent and disadvantageous trading relationships, by inadequate or obsolete technologies, and by undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity.

Slide 16

Semi-Periphery are able to exploit peripheral regions but are themselves exploited and dominated by the core regions. The status of states is fluid and change over time.

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Developed countries are shown in blue. (According to the International Monetary Fund, as of 2008).International Monetary Fund Least developed: pink

Slide 21

European Colonization and Imperialism: late 1500s-early 1900s Example: 1880-1912: Europeans carved up the African continent. Reason behind colonization and imperialism: search for expanded arena for trade, need for raw materials, commercial opportunities Colonial Resource Extraction How did this World Order come to be?

Slide 22

Colonialism and Imperialism Created an International Division of Labor that persists in many places today: wherein countries and regions specialized in a product or material that the core needed, that the core couldnt produce itself, and that the country could produce with comparative advantage over other countries.

Slide 23

Neo-colonialism: refers to economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas or people.

Slide 24

Globalization: the growth of interregional and worldwide linkages and the changes they are bringing about. Interconnectedness

Slide 25

Globalization and Culture Change Cultural homogeneity A perceived lack of diversity Seen as resulting from globalization Cultural identity Sense of distinctiveness Revived by ease of telecommunication, transportation Multiculturalism The state of relating to, reflecting, or being adapted to several cultures

Slide 26

How is Global Economy Organized? in other words: wheres the power? World War II saw the end of old colonial system Replaced by multinational corporations, who: Control vast amounts of capital Operate across conventional borders, maximizing profit by operating globally Use disparities in labor costs and standard of wealth across borders

Slide 27

There are three main consequences of todays economic globalization: 1. There are three main core areas in the world which house the major transnational corporations and financial institutions. The three cores are connected through investment, trade, and communication.

Slide 28

The Triadic Core

Slide 29

2. Economic globalization has intensified the differences between rich and poor.

Slide 30

The top fifth of the worlds population has 74% of the worlds income, while the bottom fifth of the worlds population has 1% of the world income. 2. Economic globalization has intensified the differences between rich and poor.

Slide 31

The top fifth of the worlds population has 74% of the worlds income, while the bottom fifth of the worlds population has 1% of the world income. If you remove the countries that contribute 5% of the global GDP from a world map, you remove nearly half of the worlds population from the map. 2. Economic globalization has intensified the differences between rich and poor.

Slide 32

Origin: FiveThirtyEight website Retrieved from: Strangemaps.com The World Map Minus Those Countries that Contribute the Bottom 5% of Global Gross Domestic Product (constitutes 2.9 billion people)

Slide 33

The top fifth of the worlds population has 74% of the worlds income, while the bottom fifth of the worlds population has 1% of the world income. If you remove the countries that contribute 5% of the global GDP from a world map, you remove nearly half of the worlds population from the map. The top fifth of the worlds population has 74% of the worlds telephone lines, the bottom fifth has 1.5%

Slide 34

The top fifth of the worlds population has 74% of the worlds income, while the bottom fifth of the worlds population has 1% of the world income. If you remove the countries that contribute 5% of the global GDP from a world map, you remove nearly half of the worlds population from the map. The top fifth of the worlds population has 74% of the worlds telephone lines, the bottom fifth has 1.5% In 2000 life expectancy in Australia was 79 years, in Ethiopia it was 42 years. In most African countries, only 60-70% of the population will live to age 40. Consider other Life Expectancy rates: http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/

Slide 35

3. Economic globalization is not matched by political globalization. In other words, there is no political globalization or system that provides an adequate framework for coping with the consequences of globalization. Traders work on the New York Stock Exchange floor, Monday Oct. 6, 2008. Wall Street tumbled again Monday, joining a sell-off around the world as fears grew that the financial crisis will cascade through economies globally despite bailout efforts by the U.S. and other governments. (AP Photo/Richard Drew) (the day the Dow dropped below 10,000 shares for first time since 2004) From: Huffington Post.com

Slide 36

Have a great day!