geographical origins of regional innovation...
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Geographical Origins ofRegional Innovation Systems
Dr. Phil CookeAdjunct Professor, Department of
Development & Planning, Aalborg University
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The Classic Regional InnovationSystem
Regional socioeconomic and cultural setting
Knoweldge, resources and human capital flows and interactions
Knowledge application & exploitation subsystem
Knowledge generation & diffusion subsystem
firms
collaborators
customers
Competitors
contractors
Techno logy
mediating
organ isat ions
workforce
mediating
organ isat ions
Public Research
organ isat ions
Educational
organ isat ions
Fig 1. The Regional Innovation System: A schematic illustration
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Three Tributaries• Its ‘theoretical distinctiveness’ attracts fascination for regional
innovation systems, which according to Carlsson (2007) is thedominant innovation studies field since refereed articles beganappearing in the mid-1990s (Cooke, 1992). Its key elements in thisregard are the following:
• 1) It is based in systems theory, an epistemology it shares withmuch actual science, engineering and technology, but proximatelywith the tradition of ‘systems theories of planning’ (McLoughlin, 1969;Chadwick, 1971)
• 2) It populates its perspective on the object of interest with coresystems concepts such as ‘networks, nodes and interactions’including feedback and ‘institutional learning’ (Lundvall & Johnson,1994)
• 3) It is influenced by the Neo-Marshallian ‘industrial districts’concepts of ‘localised production systems’, co-operative relations,and innovation support systems
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Evolutionary Systems Innovation
• Accordingly, it is consciously evolutionary, having pioneered theintroduction of evolutionary economics thinking in regionalinnovation studies (Cooke, Uranga & Etxebarria, 1997; 1998) andhelped found the new and broader sub-field of ‘evolutionaryeconomic geography’, whose inaugural network meeting occurred inSt. Catharine’s College, Cambridge in April, 2006 (Boschma &Martin, 2008).
• Interestingly, it is open to small elements (increasing returns,asymmetric information, principal-agent relations, and possiblytransaction costs) but not the whole of neo-classical economics orspatial econometrics.
• This is owing to its Neo-Schumpeterian interest in variety, search,selection, routines, trust, embeddedness, collaboration, innovation,learning, path dependence, institutional change, disequilibrium andknowledge intermediation practices of institutions and organisations,including firms. These ‘bring life back into economic(s) geography’to paraphrase Hodgson (1993).
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Inside the ‘Black Box’ in the InnovativeRIS Region
Regional Innovation System
RegionalSocialcapital
Regionalknowledge
culture
RegionalInstitutions
GlobalisingNetworkRelations
Policy
Cluster Variety
BiotechCluster
Knowledge Transfer and R&D Outsourcing
KnowledgeTransfer
R&DOutsourcing
KnowledgeCommunity ICT
Cluster
CreativeCluster
The Innovative Region
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RIS Support System for Creative Region
KnowledgeEntrepreneurship
Financing Creativity & Innovation
Regional Innovation System
Creative Region
Cultural Economy &Creative Industries
Knowledge Transfer & R&D Outsourcing
Knowledge Exploitation
Knowledge Exploration
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MAR and Jacobs
• Boschma, Frenken, Van Oort et al Utrecht• MAR ascribed view that sectoral or cluster
specialisation furthers innovativeness• Jacobs ascribed view that diversification of
sectors is key to innovativeness• Research by Cantwell/Iammarino (2003);
Utrecht Team; C. Ketels - suggests growthdynamics (including innovation) are moreassociated with ‘related variety’
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Related Variety
• An evolutionary concept• Variety enhances health of species (cf. Dutch
elm disease; or contemporary devastation ofPonderosa pine forest in BC, Canada)
• Too much diversity makes ‘lateral absorptivecapacity’ difficult =‘cognitive dissonance’
• Neighbouring and proximate knowledgeinteraction ‘adds value’ to localised knowledgespillovers
• Clusters have some, but limited, related variety
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Greater Boston/Massachusetts: ASpecialised MAR RIS
DBF Abroad
DBF Non - proximate
DBF Proximate
Research Institute Proximate
DBF R&D Organiser
Research Institute Non - proximate
Big Pharma Proxima te
Big Pharma Non - proximate
Big Pharma Abroad
Fig 1: Biotechnology Linkages: Massachusetts DBF R&D Organisations (Based on Orsenigo et al., 2001)
Sankyo (J), Kirin (J), Chugai (J), Roche (SW), Bayer (G), Pharmacia (SD), Rhone P oulenc (F), Hoechst (G)
Sankyo (CA), Kirin (CA), Chugai (CA), Monsanto (MO), Abbott (IL), Bayer (NC), Paine Webber (NJ), Roche (NJ), Pharmacia Upjohn (NJ), Wyeth (PA) Schering Plough (NJ), DuPont (DL), Rhone Poulenc (PA), Hoechst (NJ), Bristol Myers Squib b (NJ), Merck (NJ).
RW Johnson (SD)
Stanford (SV)
Burnham Institute (SD)
Alpha - Gene (G.Bos)
Genetics Institute (G. Bos)
ArQule (G. Bos)
Dyax (Camb)
Ariad
(Camb)
Gene Therapy (G. Bos)
Genzyme
(Camb)
Harvard
(Camb)
Ontogeny (Camb)
Acadia (SD)
ICA Gen (NC)
Aurora (SD)
Chiron (SF)
Scriptgen (SD)
Scios (SD)
Genentech (SF)
Signal (SD)
Affymax (PA)
Immunex (WA)
Corvas (SD)
Genovo (PA)
Cytogen (PA)
MorphoSys (G) Cambridge Antibody Tech. (UK) UK)
Solvay (BE)
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Micro-elektronica
Nanotechnologie
TelematicaCommunicatie
E-security
Mechatronica
Feed – food
- health
Life
sciences
L-SEC
DSP-Valley
Leuven.Inc
A Jacobian RIS Platform
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Researched RIS 1995-2004: NetworkingTendency
GRASSROOTS NETWORK DIRIGISTE
L
O
C
A
L
I
S
T
Tuscany
Tampere
Denmark
Slovenia
Tohoku
(Japan)
B
U
S
I
N
T
E
R
A
C
T
I
V
E
Catalonia
Baden -
Württemberg
Gyeonggi
(Korea)
I
N
E
S
S
I
N
N
O
V
G
L
O
B
A
L
I
S
E
D
Ontario
Brabant
(NL)
North Rhine -
Westphalia
Wales
Singapo re
A
T
I
O
N
GOVERNANCE OF ENTERPRISE INNOVATION SUPPORT
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What de we not know?
• How to determine the ‘contextual’ effect on RIS& cluster performance….business cycle, etc.
• What are the real effects of RIS & cluster policyon innovation system evolution?
• Can RIS set-ups, work for traditional industry?
• What, if any RISs for rural areas in theknowledge economy
• Are undiscovered key intermediaries importantto RIS economic performance?
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Terra Incognita: but some clues
• The ‘contextual effect’ is admitted to becrucial to the fate of cluster growth. E.g.400,000 jobs lost in Silicon Valley 2000-2002 (Ketels/Porter)
• This has significant effects on theinfluence of policy
• This explains some disaffection with &turning to RIS and away from ‘clusterpolicies’ e.g. Spain, UK
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Tuscany & Traditional RIS 1& 2
• Wine Associations e.g. Chianti, Grossetto• Tuscany Region/‘Strade Del Vino’ – 16 Wine Tours• Hospitality Association – Benvenuti in Toscana• Enoteca Training, Fiesole (nr. Florence)• High School & University Cuisine Training• Racolta Organic Food Distribution• Cuisine Farms, Art Farms, Agro-Tourism• Etruscan, Roman Archaeology• 3 Eco-Museums, GeoParks• Orchestras, Music Schools (e.g. Limana), Art Institutions,
L’Accademia Fine Arts, Florence
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Rogaland-Stavanger Culinary Innovation Platform
AquacultureResearch
Gastronomisk Institutt
‘ Meat and Drink Arena ’
University of StavangerHospitality and Tourism Management
Research on Omega 3 Food Enrichment
Regional, National and Global Supplier Industries (e .g . Horticulture, Organic Seafood and Meat, Non - organic Food, Ceramics, Wine, Beer and Spirits, Equity Finance, Culinary Law and Logistics, Chilling and Freezing, Restaurant Design)
Food Science Training Food High School Training
Government of Norway
Innovation NorwayRegions and Counties
Gourmet Chefs, Sommeliers & Waiters
Bocuse D ’Or European Cuisine Championships, “ Buffet ”Chef , “Young Chefs ” Competition s, “Green Fair, Gladmat , Food & Wine Festivals
Gourmet Restaurants ”Fusion ” Restaurants Etc.
Stavanger -Rogaland ”Norway ’s Finest Culinary Cluster ”
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Tuscany & Traditional RIS 1& 2
• Wine Associations e.g. Chianti, Grossetto• Tuscany Region/‘Strade Del Vino’ – 16 Wine Tours• Hospitality Association – Benvenuti in Toscana• Enoteca Training, Fiesole (nr. Florence)• High School & University Cuisine Training• Racolta Organic Food Distribution• Cuisine Farms, Art Farms, Agro-Tourism• Etruscan, Roman Archaeology• 3 Eco-Museums, GeoParks• Orchestras, Music Schools (e.g. Limana), Art Institutions,
L’Accademia Fine Arts, Florence
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-RubyRedLabs
-MusicToday-Ink.inc
-Androme-CreateThe- SpiDynamics-Pure Hacking-Ink.inc
-Thunderhead-Password
CrackersInc.
-Cisilion-SpiDynamics-Pure Hacking
-Cuttlefish Digital Arts-Thunderhead-RubyRed Labs-FFAB:UK-Magnetic One-1st Avenue Machine
DigitalMedia/IT
-IntellectualVentures
-Acacia-PAN-IP-Smileyworld-Stealth
Industries
-Intellectual VenturesPatent Trolls
-Innocentive-Deveraux &
Deloitte-Vantage Law
-Focalyst-Innocentive-Syngene
-Advanced FuelResearch Inc.
-InternationalTechnologicalUniversity
-Deveraux & Deloitte-Oxford Business Group-Future Farmers
Researchers
-What If!-Cambridge/MIT Institute-Yet2.com
-Transitions-Cambridge/MIT Institute-Honey Bee
Network-NineSigma-YourEncore
-Yet2.com-BrainStore-What If!-Brain Reactions-Big Idea Group
Seekers
Web-BasedStart UpMNCs
ExploitersChannelsConnect &Develop
Entrepreneur
EntrepreneurshipKNOWLEDGE
New Intermediaries: Knowledge Entrepreneurs?
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Innovation & DesignKEs in Europe
Red= 1, Black= 4
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Innovation & DesignKEs in US
Red= 1, Black= 4
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Conclusions
• Economic geography and regional sciencehave progressed dramatically in the fifteenyears of RIS research and policy
• Plenty of new challenges face the newgenerations of spatial researchers
• Policy remains a challenge BUT we haveenlarged our knowledge base substantially
• Thus there is a good intellectual base forthe next ten years of RIS research