geography book
DESCRIPTION
Geography of the United States activity book for children published by The Messenger in Fort Dodge, Iowa.TRANSCRIPT
Geographyof theUnitedStates
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Sunday, February 26, 2012
Question 1:Where�would�you�be�if�you�were�tour-ing�the�battlefield�of�the�Battles�of�Firstand�Second�Bull�Run?
A.�Richmond,�VA�B.�Hagerstown,�MDC:�Durham,�NC�D.�Manassas,�VA
Question 2:What�lake�does�Ohio�border?
A.�Lake�MichiganB.�Lake�ErieC.�Lake�SuperiorD.�Lake�Erie�AND�Lake�Michigan
Question 3:What�four�states�in�the�West�cometogether,�forming�a�perfect�cross�shapewhere�you�can�stand�in�all�four�states�atonce?
A.�Utah,�Arizona,�California�and�NevadaB.�Kansas,�Colorado,�Oklahoma�and�New�MexicoC.�Arizona,�Utah,�Colorado�and�New�MexicoD.�Iowa,�Missouri,�Kansas�and�Nebraska
Question 4:In�what�state�would�you�find�most�ofYellowstone�National�Park?
A.�UtahB.�South�DakotaC.�ColoradoD.�Wyoming
Question 5:What�is�the�largest�state�in�the�United�States?
A.�CaliforniaB.�AlaskaC.�TexasD.�Montana
Question 6:Where�is�Lake�Okeechobee�located?
A.�FloridaB.�MinnesotaC.�GeorgiaD.�Indiana
Question 7:Where�would�you�be�if�you�were�in�theAdirondack�Mountains?
A.�VermontB.�New�JerseyC.�New�YorkD.�Connecticut
Question 8:What�state�is�the�Ozark�Plateau�in?
A.�TennesseeB.�PennsylvaniaC.�West�VirginiaD.�Missouri
Question 9:What’s�the�state�capital�of�Pennsylvania?
A.�PhiladelphiaB.�PittsburghC.�HarrisburgD.�None�of�the�above
Question 10:Which�of�the�following�states�does�NOTborder�Canada
A.�IdahoB.�MinnesotaC.�VermontD.�Massachusetts
U.S. Geography TriviaWhere would you be if......
Answers on page 55
2
3
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Alabama
AlAbAmA was�the�22nd�state�admitted�to�the�Union,and�it�has�four�geographic�areas:�Gulf�Coastal�Plain,plateaus,�mountains,�and�valleys�and�ridges.
The� Appalachian� Mountains,� which� begin� in� thenortheast�corner�of� the�state�on�the�Georgia�border,bring� three� geographic� features� to� Alabama:� TheCumberland� Plateau,� Piedmont� Plateau,� and� ridgesand�valleys.
The� Cumberland� Plateau� is� located� on� the�westernside�of�the�mountains
The� Piedmont� Plateau� is� on� the� eastern� side� of� themountain.
The�Gulf�Coastal�Plain�dominates�more�than�65�per-cent�of�Alabama.
Southeastern� Alabama� is� serviced� and� watered� bytwo� rivers,� the�Chattahoochee�and� the�Perdido.�TheChattahoochee� forms� part� of� the� border� withGeorgia,�and�the�Perdido�forms�the�western�panhan-dle�border�with�Florida�in�what�is�called�the�heel�ofAlabama.
In� the�center�of� the� state,� starting�at� the�Mississippiborder,� is� a� banana-shaped�band�of� land� known�asthe�Black�Belt.
Alabama� is� known� as� “The� Heart� of� Dixie� State”which�dates�from�its�past.�The�Confederate�constitu-tion� was� written� here.� Montgomery� was� the� firstConfederate� capital� city� and� Jefferson� Davis� wassworn�in�there�as�president�of�the�Confederate�States.
The State BirdYellowhammer
✘Montgomery
4
AlASKA was� the�49th� state� admitted� to� the�Union.Also�the�largest�state,�it�has�four�geographic�regions:The� Pacific�Mountains� System,�Central�Upland� andLowlands,� Rocky�Mountains� and� the�Arctic�CoastalPlain.
The� Pacific� Mountains� Systems� includes� the� southcentral� part� of�Alaska,� the�Aleutian� Islands� and� the400-mile�panhandle�coastline.
Juneau,�the�state�capital,�is�located�in�the�panhandleregion.
Mt.� Wrangell,� an� active� volcano,� is� part� of� theWrangell�Mountains�in�the�eastern�section.
The� Alaska� Range� is� in� the� central� region,� and� itincludes� the� highest� point� in� North� America,� Mt.McKinley,�elevation�20,320.
The�Rocky�Mountains�include�the�Brooks�Range�andFoothills.
The� Central� Uplands� and� Lowlands� make� up� thelargest�region�in�Alaska.
The�Arctic�Coastal�Plain�is�located�on�the�north�slope,and�it�elevates�to�600�feet�from�its�beginning�at�sealevel.
The� area� has� permafrost,� an� area� of� frozen� groundwhich�reaches�1,000�feet�in�depth.�The�surface�thawsin�the�summer.
The�state’s�nickname�is�the�“Last�Frontier”,�as�Alaskahas�plenty�of�room�for�exploration�and�development.
Alaska
The State BirdWillow Ptarmigan
✘
Juneau
5
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ARIZONA was�the�48th�state�admitted�to�the�Union,and� it� has� two� geographic� regions:� The� ColoradoPlateau�plus�the�Basin�Range�Region.
The�federal�government�owns�70�percent�of�the�landin� Arizona,� 27� percent� of� which� includes� Indianhomelands.�Of�the�remaining�land,�16�percent�is�pri-vately� owned� and� 14� percent� is� state� owned.� TheColorado�Plateau�makes�up�40�percent�of�the�northernpart�of�the�state.
The�Navaho�and�Hopi�Indian�homelands�are�locatedin�the�northeast�corner�of�the�state.�A�dominant�featureof� the� region� is� the� Grand� Canyon� of� the� ColoradoRiver.
Further�downstream�on�the�Colorado�is�Hoover�Damand� Lake� Mead,� which� provide� water� service� for
Arizona,�Nevada�and�southern�California.�
The� basin� and� range� region� is� in� the� southern� andwestern�part�of�the�state.
The�Gila,�Mayatgal� and� Sierre�Ancha�Mountains� arethe�dominant�ranges�in�this�region.
The�Colorado�River� system�drains� 90� percent� of� thestate,� and� it� provides� the� irrigation� waters� for� thedesert�region�of�Arizona.
Phoenix,�the�state�capital,�is�located�in�a�basin�of�thisregion.
Arizona’s�nickname,�“Grand�Canyon�State”,�speaks�foritself.
The State BirdCactus Wren✘
Phoenix
6
Arizona
ARKANSAS was� the�25th�state� to�be�admitted� to� theUnion.�It�has�five�geographical�features:�a�plateau,�val-leys,�mountains,� alluvial� plain� and� the�Gulf� CoastalPlain.
The�Ozark�Plateau�is�shared�with�four�other�states.�Ithas� rugged� hills,� deep� valleys� and� swift� movingstreams�-�the�White�River�and�Black�River�in�the�east,Buffalo�River�in�the�central�area,�plus�War�Eagle�andMulbern�Rivers� in� the�west.�Fayetteville� is� located� inthe�western�part�of�the�region.
The� Arkansas� River� Valley� lies� between� the� OzarkPlateau� and� the�Quachita�Mountains.�The� rivers� runwest� to�east�across� the�state,�past� the�state�capital�ofLittle� Rock,� home� of� the� University� of� Arkansas,“Razorbacks”,�in�the�central�part�of�the�state.
The�Quachita�Mountains�extend�into�central�Arkansasfrom� the� west.� These� mountains� are� full� of� parallelridges�and�valleys�as�erosion�has�made�these�different
patterns.
Blue� Mountain,� elevation� 2,623� feet� dominates� thisregion.�The�man-made�Quachita�Lake�is�formed�in�thisregion� by� the� Quachita� River.� Lake� Chicot� is� thelargest� natural� lake� in� the� southeastern� part� ofArkansas.
The�western�Gulf�Coast�Plain�covers�the�corner�of�thestate�near�Texas�and�Louisiana.� It�has� the�lowest�ele-vation�in�the�state,�55�feet.�Pine�Bluff�is�in�this�region.
The� Mississippi� Alluvial� Plain� occupies� the� area� ineastern� Arkansas� from� Missouri� in� the� north� toLouisiana� in� the� south.� A� local� geographic� feature,Crowleys� Ridge,� has� deposits� of� gravel� or� yellowishminerals�throughout�the�region.
Arkansas’s� nickname� is� “The� Land� of� Opportunity”,which�the�state�has�to�offer�individuals�in�its�factories,farms�and�with�its�natural�resources.
The StateBird
Mockingbird
✘Little Rock
7
Arkansas
Fort Dodge Community School District www.fort-dodge.k12.ia.us/
Duncombe Elementary Fort Dodge Senior High Fair Oaks Middle School
Feelhaver Elementary
Phillips Middle School Cooper Elementary
Riverside Elementary Butler Elementary
8
California
CAlIFORNIA was�the�31st�state�to�be�admitted�to�theUnion,�and�it�has�three�geographic�areas:�mountains,Central�Valley�and�ridges�and�basins.
The�Klamath�Mountains�spill�over� from�Oregon�andare�in�the�northwest�corner�of�the�state.�
The�Coastal�Range� is�below� the�Klamath�Mountainsand�extends�down�the�coast�to�near�Santa�Barbara.
The� San� Diego� Range� is� at� the� southwestern� tip� ofCalifornia�and�extends�into�Mexico’s�Baja�CaliforniaPeninsula.
The� Los� Angeles� Range� is� a� traverse� range� whichextends�west�to�east�across�the�state.
The�Sierra�Nevada�Mountains�are�400�miles�of�mas-sive�rocks�on�the�Nevada�border�in�a�band�40�to�70miles�wide.�
The�Yosemite�Valley�and�Yosemite�National�Park�are�inthis�region.
The� Central�Valley� lies� between� the� Coastal� Rangeand�the�Sierra�Nevada�Mountains�and�is�serviced�bytwo�rivers,�the�Sacramento�and�the�San�Joaquin.�Thestate�capital,�Sacramento,�and�the�city�of�Fresno�are�inthis�region.
The�basin�and�ridge�region�is�part�of�a� larger�regionwhich�extends�into�Nevada�and�Oregon.�
The� coastline� of� California� has� two� major� harbors,San�Francisco�Bay�and�San�Diego�Bay.
The� nickname� for� California� is� “The�Golden� State”,which�came�from�the�1848�gold�strike�at�Sutter’s�Mill.
The State Bird CaliforniaValley Quail
✘Sacramento
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COlORADO was� the� 38th� state� admitted� to� theUnion,�and�it�has�four�geographic�regions:�ColoradoPlateau,� Intermontane� Basin,� Rocky� Mountains� andthe�Great�Plains.
The�Colorado�Plateau�is� located�on�the�western�bor-der�and�it�makes�up�20�percent�of�the�state.�It�has�highhills,�deep�valleys�and�mesas.
The�Rocky�Mountains�make�up�40�percent�of�the�stateand�are�located�in�the�northwest�corner�and�in�centralColorado.�There� are� several� ranges� within� the� stateincluding�the�Front�Range�which�contains�Pike’s�Peak,Park�Range�and�Sawatch�Range�plus� two�ranges� thatextend� into�New�Mexico� -� the� San� Juan�Mountainsand�the�Sangre�de�Cristo�Mountains.
The�Intermontane�Basin�is�located�between�the�moun-tains.�The�basin�is�surrounded�by�the�Rocky�Mountains
on�the�west�and�east.
The�Great�Plains,�on�the�eastern�border,�makes�up�40percent�of�Colorado�as�it�extends�from�Wyoming�andFort�Collins�in�the�north�to�New�Mexico�in�the�south.
Denver,�the�“Mile�High�City”,�is�the�state�capital�andis�located�at�the�center�of�the�region.
Colorado� is� nicknamed� “The� Centennial� State”because�it�was�admitted�to�the�Union�in�1876,�duringthe�United�States�Centennial.
Colorado
The State Bird Lark Bunting
✘Denver
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CONNECTICUT, which� was� originally� part� ofMassachusetts,� is� the� third� smallest� state� in� thenation.�It�was�the�fifth�state�to�ratify�the�Constitution.
The� Connecticut� River� divides� the� state� into� tworegions� of� uplands,� east� and�west.�The�ConnecticutRiver�Valley�provides�the�only�good�farmland�for�thestate.
The�Connecticut�River� is� navigable� to�Hartford,� thestate� capital.�The�northwestern�part� of� the� state�hasthe�highest�elevation�of�2,380� feet,�which� is�on� theplateau�of�Mt.�Frissell�in�Massachusetts.
The�Taconic�Mountains�are�in�this�rugged�northwestcorner� of� the� state.� This� area� is� drained� by� theHousatonic� River,� which� flows� into� Long� IslandSound.
The� Naugatuck� River� also� provides� water� anddrainage�for�western�Connecticut.�Lake�Candlewood
and� Barkhamsted� Reservoir� are� large� man-madelakes�which�serve�the�state.
Large�amounts�of�sand�and�clay�can�be�found�in�thisarea.� The� Thames� River� and� its� surrounding� tribu-taries,� the� Williamantic,� Natchaug,� Shetucket� andQuinebaug�Rivers,�dominate�the�water�system�of�thiseastern�region.
The�coastal�plain�is�flat�and�narrow�with�85�percentof� its� beaches� and� waterfront� area� being� privatelyowned.
Connecticut� is� officially� the� “Constitution� State”,because� it� was� Connecticut� which� proposed� thecompromise�that�made�the�document�acceptable�toall.�However,�the�unofficial�nickname�is�the�“NutmegState”.
Connecticut
The StateBird
Robin
✘Hartford
10
Delaware
DElAWARE is�the�second-smallest�state�in�the�nationand�was�the�first�state�to�ratify�the�Constitution.
The� land� was� originally� settled� by� Swedes� andPennsylvania�was� given� the� territory� by� the�King� ofEngland� in� his� land� grant.�William� Penn� agreed� toallow�his� three� lower�counties� to�become� the�sepa-rate�colony�of�Delaware,�which�is�how�the�arc�borderof�Delaware�came�into�being.
Delaware� is� located� on� the� Delmarva� (Delaware,Maryland,�Virginia)�Peninsula�and�has�two�geograph-ical�features:�a�piedmont�and�a�coastal�plain.
The� piedmont� region� spills� over� into� Pennsylvaniaand�has�an�elevation�of�400�feet�at�its�highest�point.Delaware’s�largest�city,�Wilmington,�is�located�in�thisregion.
The�Atlantic�Coastal�Plain�makes�up� the�majority�ofthe�geography�of�Delaware.�However,�the�dominantgeographic�feature�of�the�state�is�the�river�which�bearsits�name.�The�Delaware�River�empties�into�DelawareBay�in�the�eastern�border�of�the�state.
Dover,�the�state�capital,�is�located�in�this�region.�TheNanticoke�River� flows� into�Maryland�on� its�westernborder,�and�it�eventually�flows�into�Chesapeake�Bay.
The�Indian�River�ends�at�Rehoboth�Bay�on�the�east.Rehoboth,�which�fronts�on�the�Atlantic�Ocean,�is�themajor� tourist� attraction� for� the� state� because� of� itssandy�beaches.
Delaware’s�nickname�is�the�“First�State”,�as�it�set�thepattern�for�other�states�to�follow�for�ratifying�the�con-stitution.
The State Bird Blue HenChicken
✘Dover
SS tt .. PP aa uu ll LL uu tt hh ee rr aa nn SS cc hh oo oo ll SS tt .. PP aa uu ll LL uu tt hh ee rr aa nn SS cc hh oo oo ll S t . P a u l L u t h e r a n S c h o o l 1217 4th Ave. South
Fort Dodge, IA 50501 Telephone: (515)955-7208 • www.stpaulschoolfd.org
11
FlORIDA, the� 27th� state� admitted� to� the� Union,boasts�of�a�300-mile�coastline�with�excellent�lagoonsand�bays.
It� has� six� geographic� areas:� The� Gulf� and� Atlanticcoastal� plains,� Western� Highlands,� MarianaLowlands,�Tallahassee�Hills,� central� ridge� and� lakes,and�the�coastal�lowlands.
The� Atlantic� Coastal� Plain� extends� 30� to� 60� milesinland,�and� the�Gulf�Coastal�Plain�extends�10� to�40miles�inland.
The�Keys�are�an�extension�of� these�plains.�The�Keysare�built�on�a�limestone�and�coral�rock�base.
The�St.�Johns�River�flows�for�200�miles�up�the�coast-line�before�it�enters�the�ocean�at�Jacksonville.
The� western� highlands� make� up� the� panhandle� ofFlorida�along�the�Alabama�border.
The�Mariana�Lowlands�are�the�northern�Florida�east�ofthe�Apalachicola�River.�The�state�capital,�Tallahassee,is�in�this�area.
Gainesville�is�the�center�of�the�Tallahassee�Hills�and�islocated� south� of� the� Georgia� border� to� the� coastalplain.
The�central�ridge�and�lake�area�extends�from�centralFlorida�to�Lake�Okeechobee�in�the�south.�Walt�DisneyWorld�is�a�part�of�this�area.
The�Coastal�Lowlands�in�southern�Florida�are�poorlydrained� and� the� rivers� feed� the� Everglades�wetlandsand�swamps.
The�nickname�of�Florida�is�the�“Sunshine�State”�and�ithas� grown� in� popularity� as� a� retirement� area� as� aresult.
Florida
The State BirdMockingbird
✘Tallahassee
12
GEORGIA, the� southernmost� of� the� original� 13colonies,� was� the� fourth� state� to� ratify� theConstitution.
The�state�has�four�geographic�areas:�mountains,�pied-mont,�Fall�Line�Hills�and�coastal�plain.
The�Appalachian�Mountains�begin�in�Georgia,�whichincludes� the�Appalachian�Ridge� and�Valley� Region,plus�the�Blue�Ridge�Mountains�in�western�Georgia.
The� piedmont� is� a� plateau� region� with� descendingelevation� and� is� a� continuation� of� the� area� fromVirginia,�North�Carolina�and�South�Carolina.
Georgia’s�major�cities�are�located�in�this�region:�thestate� capital� of� Atlanta,� Macon,� Columbus� andAugusta,� home� of� the� world� famous� Masters� GolfTournament.
The�Fall�Line�Hills�provided�the�state�with�swift�run-ning� streams,� which� provided� Georgia’s� mills� withwater�power�during�the�early�industrial�days.
The� coastal� plain� is� shared� by� the�Atlantic� CoastalPlain� and� the� Gulf� Coastal� Plain.� The� 120-mileGeorgia�coastline�is�in�the�Atlantic�Plain.
The�Savannah�River� forms�most�of�Georgia’s�borderwith�South�Carolina.
Lake�Sidney�Lanier� is�a�major� lake� formed�from�theChattahoochee�River.
Other�man-made� lakes� can� be� found� on� the� SouthCarolina�and�Alabama�borders.
The�Sea�Islands�protect�the�main�coastline�area,�muchlike�the�Outer�Banks�protect�North�Carolina�from�theAtlantic�Ocean.
Georgia�is�nicknamed�the�“Empire�State�of�the�South”because�it�provides�industrial�and�economic�leader-ship� in� the�South� like�New�York�does� in� the�North.“The�Peach�State”�and�“Goober�Pea�State”�are�othernicknames�for�Georgia.
Georgia
The State Bird Brown
Thrasher
✘Atlanta
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14
Hawaii
HAWAII was�the�50th�state�admitted�to�the�Union.�Ithas� three�geographical� features� -�mountains,�valleysand�plains�along�with�various�features�found�on�trop-ical�islands.
Hawaii� has� 132� islands�which� extend� across� 1,523miles,� the� distance� between� New� York� City� andDenver.� There� are� three� islands� groups:� The� eightmain� islands� in� the� eastern� section,� islets� of� rockisland� in� the� central� region� and� coral� and� sandislands�in�the�northwest.
Hawaii�is�the�largest�island�-�4,038�square�miles.�Hilois�the�largest�city�and�the�island�has�five�active�volca-noes.
Mauna�Lea,�elevation�13,796�feet,�is�the�best�knownof�the�active�volcanoes.
Maui� is� the�Valley� Island�and�has� two�active�volca-noes.
Kahoolawe�is�the�smallest�island.�It�is�dry�and�wind-swept�and�has�no�inhabitants.
Molokai�is�called�the�“Friendly�Island”.�It�has�a�broaddry�plain�and�rugged�mountains�and�canyons.
Oahu�is�called�the�“Gathering�Place”�as�80�percent�ofHawaii’s� population� lives� on� this� island.� The� statecapital,�Honolulu,�is�also�there.
Lanai�is�called�the�“Pineapple�Island”.
Kauai� is� called� the� “Garden� Island”� because� of� itsrich,� thick�soil�which�produces�beautiful�green�veg-etables.
Niihau� is� the� “Forbidden� Island”.� It� was� bought� in1864�by�a�family�for�$10,000�and�they�have�ownedthe�island�ever�since.
Hawaii�is�nicknamed�the�“Aloha�State”.�Aloha�in�theHawaiian�language�means�love.
Hawaii
Maui
Kauai
Molokai
Oahu
The State BirdHawaiian
Goose
Honolulu✘
15
Idaho
IDAHO, the�43rd�state� to� join� the�Union,�has� threegeographic� characteristics:� The� Rocky� Mountains,Columbia�Plateau,�and�the�range�and�basin�region.
The�Rocky�Mountains�cover�almost�all�of� the� Idahopanhandle�and�the�central�part�of�the�state.
The�area�has�some�of�the�most�rugged�terrain�in�thenation.� People� can� enter� these� primitive� areas� onfoot,�horseback�or�by�boat.
The�region�has�many�tall�ranges:�the�Bitteroot,�SevenDevils,� Clearwater� and� Salmon� River� Mountainranges.
There�are�50�peaks�in�this�region�that�are�more�than10,000�feet�in�elevation.
The�Columbia�Plateau�follows�the�Snake�River�fromeast� to�west�and�up�a�corridor� in� the�panhandle�on
the�Oregon�border.
The�basin�and�range�region�is�in�the�southeast�cornerof�Idaho�near�the�Utah�border.
The� Snake� River� on� the�Oregon� border� has� carvedHells� Canyon,� which� is� deeper� than� the� GrandCanyon�of�Arizona.
The� Columbia� River� has� three� tributaries:� TheKootenai,� Pend� Oreille� -� which� forms� the� 148-square-mile� Pend� Oreille� Lake� -� and� the� SpokaneRivers.
Idaho�has�the�nickname�of�“The�Gem�State”,�whichtells�of�the�mineral�wealth�taken�from�its�mines.
The State BirdMountain Bluebird
✘Boise
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16
IllINOIS was�the�21st�state�admitted�to�the�Union.�Ithas� three� geographic� regions:� The� Central� Plains,Shawnee�Hills�and�Gulf�Coastal�Plain.
The�Central�Plains�is�a�combination�of�two�areas�-�theGreat�Lakes�and�the�Till�Plains.
The� plains� around� Lake� Michigan� are� made� up� ofsmall�hills,�marshes�and�lakes.
The� city� of� Chicago,� the� third� largest� city� in� thenation,�is�a�major�railway�and�lakeport�center�for�thisregion.
The�Till�Plains,�located�in�the�center�of�the�state,�arepart�of�the�Corn�Belt�which�extends�from�Nebraska�toOhio.
The� state� capital,� Springfield,� is� the� burial� site� ofAbraham� Lincoln,� the� 16th� U.S.� President,� and� is
located�in�the�heart�of�this�region.
The�Shawnee�Hills�(Illinois�Ozarks)�cover�an�area�ofsome� 70�miles,� ranging� from� a�width� of� five� to� 40miles,�and�an�elevation�of�30�to�1,065�feet.�the�GulfCoastal� Plain� covers� the� southern� tip� of� the� statewhere�the�Ohio�and�Mississippi�Rivers�meet.
The�Ohio�and�Mississippi�Rivers�meet�at�Cairo,�Ill.
The�nickname�of�Illinois�is�“The�Prairie�State”�as�theplains�cover�most�of�the�state.
Illinois
The State BirdCardinal
✘Springfield
Indiana
INDIANA was�the�19th�state�admitted�to�the�Union.It�has�three�geographical�regions:�Great�Lakes�Plain,Till�Plain�and�the�southern�hill�and�lowlands.�Plainsmake�up�90�percent�of�the�state.
The�Great�Lakes�Plains�in�northern�Indiana�are�part�ofthe�fertile�area�which�borders�the�Great�Lakes.
Lake�Michigan�makes�up�part�of�the�northern�borderand�the�Ohio�River�makes�up�the�southern�border�forIndiana.
The�Till�Plain� is�part�of� the�midwest�Corn�Belt�area,featuring� low� hills� and� shallow� valleys.� This� areamakes�up�the�large�central�portion�of�the�state,�whichincludes� the� state�capital,� Indianapolis,�well� knownfor�its�Indy�500�auto�race.
The� southern� hills� and� lowlands� extend� from� theIndianapolis�area�to�the�Ohio�River.�
The�Wabash�River�with� its� tributary,� the�TippecanoeRiver,� and� the� White� River� drain� 65� percent� ofIndiana.
The�Kankakee�River,�which�begins�near�South�Bend,home�of� the�Notre�Dame�University�“Fighting�Irish”and� the�Whitewater� River� drain� westward� into� theOhio�River.
Indiana� is� called� “The� Hoosier� State”,� which� isbelieved� to� come� from� an� Indiana� phrase,� “who’shere”�-�“hoosier”.
The State BirdCardinal
✘Indianapolis
17
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IOWA, the� 29th� state� admitted� to� the� Union,� hasthree�geographical�regions:�The�Dissected�Till�Plains,Young�Drift�Plains�and�the�Driftless�area.
The�Dissected�Till�Plains�are�located�in�the�southeast-ern� section� of� Iowa� near� the� Mississippi,� Missouriand�Big�Sioux�Rivers�areas.
The�great�glacier�covered�this�till�plain�region�,�leav-ing�layers�of�soil�and�rocks�behind.
The�Young�Drift�Plains�are�in�the�northern�and�centralareas�of�the�state.
The� Driftless� area� runs� parallel� to� the� MississippiRiver� in� the� northeast� corner.� Pine� trees� cover� therugged�hills�and�cliffs�of�this�region,�which�serves�as
a�popular�recreation�area.�The�city�of�Dubuque�is�inthis�area.
The�Des�Moines�River�covers�almost�500�miles�with-in�the�state�as�it� flows�from�the�northwest�corner�tothe� southeast� into� the� Mississippi.� Iowa� also� hasmany�natural�lakes,�including�the�Clear,�Okoboji�andSpirit.�Man-made�lakes,�like�Coralville�and�Red�RockReservoir,�also�dot�the�region.
Iowa�has�a�nickname�as�“The�Hawkeye�State”,�whichhonors�Chief� Black�Hawk,� the� Indian� leader� of� the1832�Black�Hawk�War.
Iowa
The State Bird Eastern
Goldfinch
✘Des Moines
18
SINCE 1895
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KANSAS was� the�34th� state� admitted� to� the�Union.Kansas�has� three�geographic� regions:�The�DissectedTill�Plains,�Southeastern�Plains�and�the�Great�Plains.
The�Dissected�Till�Plains�make�up�the�northeast�cor-ner�of�Kansas.
The�Southeastern�Plains�make�up�about�35�percent�ofthe� state� in� the� eastern� section,� south� to� theOklahoma�border.
The� area� is� divided� into� two� sections:� The� OsagePlains�and�the�Flint�Hills.
The�Osage� Plains� are� in� the� eastern� half� and� showsigns�of�eroded�limestone�and�shale.
The�Flint�Hills�are�made�up�of�flinty�limestone,�whichresists�erosion.
The�Great�Plains�make�up�more� than�60�percent�ofKansas� and� it� is� a� great�wheat� growing� region.�Mt.Sunflower,�elevation�4,039�feet,�is�the�highest�point�in
Kansas,�near�the�Colorado�border.
This�area�is�part�of�“Tornado�Alley”,�a�section�of�theWest�and�Midwest�where�such�storms�are�frequent.
Dodge�City,�home�of�Matt�Dillon,�Miss�Kitty�and�theLong�Branch�Saloon,�is�located�on�the�southern�por-tion�of�this�plain.
The�Cimarron�River�in�the�southwestern�section�flowsinto�Oklahoma.
Kansas� is� known� as� “The� Sunflower� State”,� a� namewhich� comes� from� the� bright� yellow� prairie� flower.“The� Jayhawker� State”� is� another� nickname� andcomes�from�the�pre-Civil�War�period�of�conflict�overwhether�Kansas�would�be�a�slave�or�a�free�state.
Kansas
The State Bird Western
Meadow Lark
✘Topeka
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The State BirdCardinal
✘Frankfort
20
KENTUCKY, the�15th�state�admitted�to�the�Union,�hasfive� geographic� regions:� the� Bluegrass,� Knobs,Cumberland� Plateau,� Pennyroyal-Mississippi� Plateauand�the�Eastern�Gulf�Plain.�Daniel�Boone�has�a�her-itage� line� to� both� Kentucky� and� Pennsylvania,� twostates�with�similar�geographic�make-up.
The� Bluegrass� Region� is� in� North� Central� Kentucky,centering�in�Lexington�and�moving�northeastward�tothe�Ohio� River.�The� Lexington� and� Cynthiana� lime-stone� belt� is� the� most� fertile� area� in� the� bluegrasscounty.
A�shale�area� separates� this� region� from� the�Mayvilleand�Richmond�limestone�region,�which�has�deep,�richsoil.�To�Kentuckians,�bluegrass�is�a�synonym�for�thor-oughbred� race�horses� and� the� farms�where� they� areraised.
The�Kentucky�River�flows�into�this�area�past�Frankfort,the� state� capital,� on� its� way� to� the� Ohio� River� atCarrollton.
The�Knobbs� region,� south�and�west�of� the�bluegrassarea,�is�a�2,200�square�mile�area�which�extends�fromVanceburg�on�the�Ohio�River�to�West�Point.�This�areaalso�is�south�of�Louisville,�the�largest�city�in�Kentucky,the� home� of� Churchill� Downs� and� the� KentuckyDerby.
The�Cumberland�Plateau�is�located�in�the�northeast�onthe�West�Virginia�border,�covering�25�percent�of� thestate.
The� Licking� River� rises� and� provides� access� for� theregion� to� the� Ohio� River� at� Covington.� ThePennyroyal-Mississippi�Plateau�is�south�of�the�Knobbsand�west�of�the�Cumberland�Plateau.�It�is�an�agricul-tural�region�noted�for�its�limestone�caves,�particularlythe�famous�Mammoth�Cave.
Kentucky�is�nicknamed�the�“Blue�Grass�State”,�whichtells� of� this� natural� wonder� and� reminds� people� ofthoroughbred�horses.
Kentucky
Louisiana
The StateBird Pelican
✘Baton Rouge
21
lOUISIANA was�the�18th�state�admitted�to�theUnion� and� has� one� geographic� feature,� theGulf�Coastal�Plain.
The�plain�is�divided�into�four�regions:�the�hillyuplands,� alluvial� flood� plain,� prairie� andcoastal�marshlands.
The� uplands� and� rolling� pine� hills� cover� twoareas�of�the�state.�One�area�is�located�betweenthe� Mississippi� and� Pearl� Rivers� and� north� ofLake� Pontchartrain� to� the� parallel� border� withMississippi.
The�second�area�is�the�western�part�of�the�statebetween� the� Sabine� and� Red� Rivers,� whichincludes� the� city� of� Shreveport.� DriskillMountain,� the�state’s�highest�point�with�a�435-foot�elevation,�is�in�the�region.
The�alluvial�flood�plain�covers�about�half�of�thestate,�from�the�central�part�of�the�state�north�ofthe� capital,� Baton� Rouge.� Three� Rivers� -� theRed,�Quachita�and�Mississippi�-�provide�the�siltfor�right�farmlands.
The� city� of� New� Orleans,� also� known� as� the“Cradle� of� Jazz”,� is� located� at� the� end� of� the
Mississippi� River� just� before� the� start� of� theriver’s�delta�area.
Swamps� and�marshes� stretch� the� length� of� theGulf� of� Mexico� coast� and� the� area� is� dottedwith�small�islands.
The�Mississippi� River� dominates� the� state,� butother� rivers� like� the� Pearl� on� the� Mississippiborder,�the�Sabine�on�the�Texas�border,�the�Redin�the�northwest�and�the�Quachita�in�the�northcentral� area� all� make� contributions� to� thestate’s�well-being.
Lake� Pontchartrain� on� the� north� and� LakeMaurepas,�southeast�of�Baton�Rouge,�are�natur-al� lakes.� The� largest� man-made� lake� is� theToledo�Bend�Reservoir�on�the�Texas�border.
Louisiana� is�called�“The�Pelican�State”,�namedfor� the� bird,� but� it� also� is� called� “The� BayouState”�because�of�the�slow-moving�water�at�theinlets�and�outlets�of�its�rivers�and�lakes.
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Maine
mAINE is�the�largest�of�the�New�England�states,�but�ithas�only�9�percent�of� the� �population� in� this� region.Maine�was�the�23rd�state�to�join�the�Union�as�part�ofthe�1820�Missouri�Compromise.
Located�in�the�northeast�corner�of� the�United�States,Maine�shares�a�common�border�with�only�one�otherstate,�New�Hampshire.�Two�rivers,�the�St.�John�and�theSt.� Francis,� help� to� form� borders�with� the� Canadianprovinces�of�new�Brunswick�and�Quebec.
Maine�has�four�geographic�regions�within�its�borders:a� coastal� low� land,� piedmont,� mountains� and� theupland.
Maine�has�the�third�largest�coastline�of�any�state,�afterAlaska� and� Florida.�Two� towns� on� this� lowland� arePortland� in� the�south�and�Belfast,�which�was�namedby�some�Scots�from�Northern�Ireland,�in�the�north.
The�piedmont�region�of�rolling�hills�moves�along�themountain�chain�from�the�southwest,�where�it�is�some30-miles�wide,�to�the�northeast�where�it�becomes�80-miles�wide.�The�city�of�Bangor,�the�state�capital,�is�inthis�region.
The� Appalachian� Mountain� Chain,� which� ends� inMaine,� features� the� Longfellow� Range� that� has� ninepeaks� of�more� than� 4,000� feet� in� elevation� and� theWhite� Mountains,� which� spill� over� from� NewHampshire.
The� mountains� are� some� 50-miles� wide� across� thestate.�Mt.�Katahdin�is�the�highest�point�in�the�state�atan� elevation� of� 5,267� feet.� Presque� Isle� is� a� majorcommunity� in� the�northeastern�section�of� the�moun-tains.
Maine� is� called� the� “Pine�Tree� State”� because� of� itsvast�softwood�forests.
The State BirdChickadee
✘Augusta
22
mARYlAND, one�of�the�original�13�colonies,�was�theseventh�state�to�ratify�the�Constitution.
The� state� has� three� geographic� regions:� Tidewater,Piedmont�Plateau�and�the�Appalachian�Mountains.
The�Tidewater� stretches� the� length�and�width�of� theChesapeake� Bay,� the� largest� estuary� in� the� nation,which�dominates�the�life�of�the�state.�The�bay�is�at�themouth�of�the�Susquehanna�River�and�is�enriched�bysea�tides�from�the�Atlantic�Ocean.
The�city�of�Baltimore� is� in� the�eastern�shore� region.Francis�Scott�Key�wrote�“The�Star�Spangled�Banner”,at�nearby�Fort�McHenry.�Annapolis,�the�state�capital,is�also�located�in�this�area.
The�Great�Falls�of�the�Potomac�River�is�only�15�milesnorthwest�of�Washington,�D.C.
Western� Maryland� and� its� panhandle� make� up� theAppalachian� Mountain� landmass� of� the� state.� TheBlue�Ridge,�Catoctin�and�Allegheny�are�ranges�in�theAppalachian�chain.
Antietam�was�the�site�of�the�bloodiest�one-day�battleof� the� Civil�War,� with� more� than� 4,800� killed� andalmost�19,000�soldiers�wounded.
The�nickname�of�Maryland�is�the�“Old�Line�State”,�aname� taken� from� George� Washington’s� commentsabout� the�dependability�of�Maryland�troops�“on�theline”�during�the�Revolutionary�War.
Maryland
The State BirdBaltimore Oriole
✘Annapolis
23
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Decker Truck Line, Inc. Since 1931
4000 Fifth Avenue South, Fort Dodge, Iowa 50501
mASSACHUSETTS is� a� rectangular-shaped� stateroughly�50�miles�by�130�miles�with�the�60-mile�longCap�Cod�shoreline.
The� sixth� state� to� join� the� Union,� Massachusetts� isranked�45th�in�size�among�the�United�States.
Massachusetts�has� four�geographic�regions�within�itsborders:�mountains,�plateau,�piedmont�and�a�coastalplain.
The�mountains� are� in� the� western� part� of� the� state,where�the�Taconic�Mountains�can�be�found�near�theNew�York�border.�Mt.�Everett�is�the�highest�point�in�thesouthwest�with�an�elevation�of�2,624�feet.
The� central� plateau� region� is� divided� by� theConnecticut�River�and�the�valley�the�river�created.�TheConnecticut�Valley� is� three-miles� wide� in� the� northand�20-miles�wide�in�the�south.�The�Basketball�Hall�ofFame�is�located�in�Springfield�in�this�valley.�
The� piedmont� averages� an� elevation� of� 1,000� feet
above�sea�level.�Near�the�New�Hampshire�border,�Mt.Wachusett,�elevation�2,006,�is�the�highest�point�in�theregion.
The� coastal� plain� in� the� north� is� somewhat� ruggedaround�Cape�Ann,�but� it�becomes�more� level�as� theCharles�River�flows�to�the�state�capital�of�Boston�andaround� Lexington� and� Concord� where� � “the� shotheard�around�the�world”�was�fired.�The�RevolutionaryWar�for�America’s�independence�began�on�the�coastalplains�of�Massachusetts.
Cape� Cod,� Martha’s� Vineyard,� Nantucket� andElizabeth�Islands�dominate�the�plain�area�in�the�south,with� sandy� beaches� left� over� from� the� great� glacier.Massachusetts�is�called�the�“Bay�State”�because�of�theCape�Cod�coastline�which�dominates�the�state’s�geog-raphy.
Massachusetts
The State BirdChickadee
✘Boston
24
mICHIGAN was� the� 26th� state� admitted� to� theUnion,� and� it� has� two� geographic� regions:� TheSuperior�Uplands�and�the�Great�Lakes�Plain.
The�Superior�Uplands�is�located�on�the�upper�penin-sula,�which�is�an�extension�of�Wisconsin.
The�upper�and�lower�peninsulas�of�Michigan�are�con-nected� by� the� five-mile� long�Mackinac� Bridge� overthe�Mackinac�Bridge�over�the�Mackinac�Straits.
The� Great� Lakes� Plain� makes� up� the� entire� lowerpeninsula.�
The�capital,�Lansing,�is�located�at�the�division�of�theupper�and�lower�half.
Touching�four�of� the�five�Great�Lakes,�Michigan�hasmore�than�3,288�miles�of�shoreline,�the�most�of�anyinland� state.� Important� to� these� lakes� are� some� key
rivers.�The�Detroit�River�connects�Lake�Erie�to�the�St.Clair�River,�which�is�connected�to�Lake�Huron.�The�St.Mary’s�River�connects�Lakes�Huron�and�Superior.
In� an� unusual�map� location,� Detroit� lies� north� andwest�of�Canada.
Michigan�has�many�important�islands�in�the�lakes.
Some�of�the�large�ones�are�Isle�Royale,�2,120�squaremiles�in�Lake�Superior;�Beaver�in�Lake�Michigan;�andBois�Blanc�Island�in�Lake�Huron.
The� Michigan� nickname� is� “The� Wolverine� State”,which�dates�back� to� fur� trapper�days.�This�area�pro-vided�many�fine�wolverine�pelts�for�trading.
Michigan
The StateBird Robin
✘Lansing
25
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Minnesota
mINNESOTA, known�as�the�“Gopher�State”,�was�the32nd� state� admitted� to� the�Union.� It� has� four� geo-graphical�regions:�The�Superior�Upland,�Young�DriftPlains,�Dissected�Till�Plains�and�the�Driftless�Area.
The� Superior� Upland� is� at� the� southern� tip� of� theCanadian�shield�in�the�“arrowhead”�part�of�the�statein� the� northeast.� It� juts� into� Lake� Superior� like� apeninsula.�In�the�middle�of�the�state�on�the�Canadianborder�is�International�Falls,�which�is�often�the�cold-est�spot�in�the�nation�in�the�winter.
The�Young� Drift� Plains� once� contained� the� glacialAgassiz�Lake,�which�measured�700�by�200�miles.�Thegreat�glacier�reduced�it�to�Lake�Winnepeg�and�LakeManitoba.
The� Minnesota� River,� with� its� tributaries� of� theCottonwood�and�Pomme�de�Terre,�services�this�areauntil�it�joins�the�Mississippi�River�at�the�“Twin�Cities”
-�Minneapolis,�home�of�the�University�of�Minnesota“Golden� Gophers”� football� team,� and� St.� Paul,� thestate�capital.
The�Driftless�area�is�situated�along�the�west�bank�ofthe�Mississippi�River� in� the� southeastern�part�of� thestate.
Minnesota� has� 10,000� lakes� which� can� be� foundthroughout� the� state.� The� many� rivers� like� the� St.Croix,�Vermilion�and�the�Red�service�the�state�well.
The�state�has�many�waterfalls� like�Minnehaha�Falls,named�for�Minnehaha�from�the�poem�“The�Song�ofHiawatha”,� and� the�High� Falls,�which� tumbles� 133feet� in�Cook�County�near� the�Ontario,�Canada�bor-der.
The State Bird
Common Loon
✘St. Paul
26
mISSISSIPPI was�the�20th�state�admitted�to�the�Unionand� it� has� two� basic� geographic� regions:� theMississippi�Alluvial� Plain� and� the� Gulf� Coast� Plain.The� Mississippi� Alluvial� Plain� covers� some� 35,000square�miles�along�the�Mississippi�River�on�the�west-ern�border�of�the�state.
The�Gulf�Coast�Plain�covers�the�central�and�southernpart�of�the�state.�Jackson,�the�capital,�is�located�in�thecentral�part�of�this�region.
The�Tennessee�River�Hills,� in�the�northeast�corner�ofthe� state,� provide�Mississippi�with� its� highest� point,Woodall�Mountain,�elevation�806�feet.
Mississippi�has�44�miles�of� coastline�on� the�Gulf�ofMexico.� The� Pascagoula� River,� fed� by� theChickasawhay� River,� drains� the� southeastern� part� of
the� state� and� it� enters� Mississippi� Sound� atPascagoula.
Further�west,�the�small�Biloxi�River�enters�the�Soundof� Biloxi,� which� along� with� Gulfport,� provides� thestate�with�seaport�facilities�on�the�Gulf�of�Mexico.
Mississippi�Sound�provides�some�protection�from�thegulf�for�the�three�bays�along�the�Mississippi�coastline:St.�Lewis�Bay,�Biloxi�Bay,�and�Pascagoula�Bay.
Mississippi�is�known�as�“The�Magnolia�State”,�as�thestate�is�covered�with�magnolia�trees.
Every� spring� their� fragrant� blossoms� can�be� enjoyedthroughout�the�state.
Mississippi
✘Jackson
27
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Missouri
mISSOURI was� the�24th� state� to�be�admitted� to� theUnion,� in� 1821.� It� has� four� geographic� regions:Dissected�Till�Plain,�Osage�Plain,�Ozark�Plateau�andthe�Alluvial�Plain.�The�Dissected�Till�Plain�is�in�north-ern�Missouri.�This�part�of�the�state�was�covered�by�theGreat� Glacier,� which� left� deep� deposits� of� rich� soilbehind.
Three� rivers� provide�water� to� this� area� -� the�Grand,Chariton� and� the� Platte.� Kansas� City� andIndependence,� home� of� President� Harry� S.�Truman,are�also�in�this�region.
The� Osage� Plain� is� in� western� Missouri,� which� isprairie�country.
The�state�capital,�Jefferson�City,�the�man-made�HarryS.�Truman� Reservoir� and� Pomme� de�Terre� Lake� arelocated�in�this�region.
The�Ozark�Plateau�is�the�largest�region�and�has�an�ele-vation�range�of�500�to�1,700�feet.
The� Land� of� the� Ozarks,� a� man-made� lake� in� thisregion,�covers�65,000�acres�and�is�one�of�the�largestsuch�lakes�in�the�world.
In� the� “boot� heel”� of� Missouri� is� the� MississippiAlluvial�Plain.
The�Missouri�River,�which�cuts�diagonally�across�thestate,�is�the�most�important�river�in�the�state.
Missouri�is�called�“The�Show�Me�State”,�a�name�it�gotafter�Congressman�Willard�Duncan�Vandiuer�made�aspeech� in�which�he� said,� “I’m� from�Missouri,� you’llhave�to�show�me!”
The State BirdBluebird✘
Jefferson City
28
29
Montana
mONTANA was� the�41st� state� to� join� the�Union:� Ithas� two� geographical� regions:�The�Great� Plain� andthe�Rocky�Mountains.
The�Great�Plain�in�Montana�is�part�of�the�plain�whichextends�from�Canada�to�Mexico�and�it�covers�60�per-cent�of�the�state.
The�Missouri�River�has�a�region�called� the�MissouriBreaks,� which� extends� into� North� Dakota.� TheMissouri�River,�with� its� tributaries� -� the�Milk,�Teton,Musselshell� and� Yellowstone� Rivers� -� providesMontana� with� excellent� water� resources.� Fort� PeckLake� in� this� region� is� the� largest�earth-filled�dam� inthe�nation.
In� the� southeast� corner� of� the� region� are� the� bad-lands,�on�which�water�and�wind�erosion�has�left�bar-ren�gullies�with�red,�yellow,�brown�and�white�rocks.
The�Rocky�Mountains�cover�about�40�percent�of�theland�in�western�Montana.�Between�the�mountains�areflat,� grassy�valleys� that� flow� in�a� southwesterly�pat-tern,�some�of�which�are�30�to�40�miles�long.
There�are�50�mountain�ranges�in�Montana.�
Helena,� the�state�capital,� is� located� in� the�center�ofthis�region.
Three�Forks,�in�this�region�southeast�of�Butte,�is�at�theheadwaters�of�the�Missouri�River.
Montana�is�nicknamed�“The�Treasure�State”�becauseof�the�gold�and�silver�which�its�mountains�have�yield-ed.�“The� Land� of� the� Shining� Mountains”� is� some-times�used�as�a�nickname�because�of�the�reflection�ofthe�sun�from�the�snow-capped�mountains.
The State Bird Western
Meadow Lark
✘Helena
Dealer Locations: Jazzy’s
Boutique 647 2nd St.
Webster City Radio Shack
2403 Superior St. Webster City
First Source Cellular
911 Central Ave. Fort Dodge
Nebraska
The State BirdWestern
Meadow Lark
✘Lincoln
NEbRASKA, the�34th�state�admitted�to�the�Union,�hastwo�geographic�regions:�The�Dissected�Plains�and�theGreat�Plains.
The�Dissected�Plains�make�up�the�eastern�20�percentof�the�state,�and�are�parallel�to�the�Missouri�River.
The�Great�Plains�comprise�the�remaining�80�percentof�the�state,�extending�into�Wyoming�and�Colorado.
The�state�capital�of�Lincoln�is�located�in�the�southeastsection�of�this�region.�Further�west�in�the�region,�thecity�of�North�Platte� is� located�at� the� juncture�of� theNorth�Platte�and�Platte�rivers.
The�North�Platte�River�comes�from�Wyoming,�and�theSouth�Platte�River�comes� from�Colorado.�North�andwest�of�the�Sandy�Hills�are�the�12,000�square�miles�ofhigh�plains.�This�area�gets�little�rain�and�dry�farmingmethods�have�to�be�used.
The�region�is�more�than�a�mile�high�in�elevation�andKimball�County�contains�the�high�point�for�Nebraskaat�5,426�feet.
The� northwest� corner� contains� the� Badlands� ofNebraska.�The�Niobrara�River� rises� in� the�northwestcorner�of�the�state�near�Wyoming,�and�it�moves�alongthe� northern� border,� where� it� forms� the� man-madeLake�Lewis�and�Clark�before�it�moves�on�to�join�theMissouri�River.
Nebraska� is� nicknamed� “The� Cornhusker� State”,which� denotes� the� leading� crop� the� state� produces,corn.
Nebraska�used�to�hold�cornhusking�bees�on�a�regularbasis.
30
Nevada
The StateBird
MountainBluebird ✘
Carson City
NEVADA was�the�36th�state�to�join�the�Union,�and�ithas� three� geographic� areas:� the� Columbia� Plateau,Sierra� Nevada� Mountains� and� a� basin� and� rangeregion.
The� Columbia� Plateau� covers� the� northeast� borderwith�Idaho.�A�deep�lava�bedrock�underlies�the�soil.
The�Sierra�Nevada�Mountains�are�a�rugged�range�onthe�bend�of�the�California�border.
The�basin�and�ridges�region�makes�up�95�percent�ofNevada.�There�are�30�broken�uplaid�mountain�rangesin�north�to�south�groupings.
The�elevation�of�the�region�ranges�from�a�low�of�500feet�to�more�than�13,000�feet�high.
The�rivers�of�Nevada�are�few,�and�the�small�ones�flow
only� during� the� wet� season.� The� Colorado� Rivertouches� the� state’s� border� in� the� southeast� whereHoover�Dam�provides�water�for�Las�Vegas,�Nevada’sbest-known�city.
The�state’s�capital�is�Carson�City.�
Nevada� has� the� nickname� of� “The� Silver� State”,which�dates�back�to�the�mining�days�of�1859�whenthe� Comstock� Lode� was� struck.� Old� mining� ghosttowns� can� still� be� seen� around�Virginia� City.� “TheSagebrush� State”� is� another� nickname� for� Nevadabecause�of�the�brush�that�is�found�in�abundance.
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31
New Hampshire
NEW HAmPSHIRE, the� ninth� state� to� ratify� theConstitution,� ranks� 44th� in� size� among� the� UnitedStates.
It�has�three�geographic�features:�mountains,�uplandsand�lowlands.�There�is�also�a�13-mile�coastline�alongthe�Atlantic�Ocean.
The�Appalachian�Mountain� Chain� extends� into� thenorthern� part� of� this� state� with� the� high� WhiteMountains,�which� get� their� name� from� the� greyish-white� color.�The�highest� peak� in�New�England,�Mt.Washington,� elevation� 6,288� feet,� is� part� of� thePresidential�Range,�a�series�of�mountains�named�forformer�presidents.
The�famous�Mt.�Washington�Cog�Railway�provides�ascenic� view� of� the� mountains� for� tourists,� a� major
industry�for�New�Hampshire.
Author� Nathaniel� Hawthorne� wrote� “the� GreatStoneface”,� which� deals� with� the� “old� man� of� themountain”�folklore�from�the�White�Mountains.
The� Pemigewasset� River� in� the� center� region� feedsinto� the�Merrimack�River� to�provide�a�major� valleyand�water�system�for�New�Hampshire.�Concord,�thestate� capital,� is� located� in� the� Merrimack� Valley.Manchester,�the�state’s�largest�city�with�a�populationapproaching�100,000�is�also�located�there.
New�Hampshire�is�called�the�“Granite�State”.�Qualitygranite�is�found�in�abundance�and�is�a�major�exportfor�the�state.
The State Bird PurpleFinch
✘Concord
32
NEW JERSEY was�one�of�the�original�13�colonies�andit�was�the�third�state�to�ratify�the�Constitution.
The� state� is� divided� into� four� geographic� regions:Ridge� and� valley,� highlands,� plateau� and� coastalplain.�More�than�100�Revolutionary�War�battles�werefought� in� the� state� because� of� its� location,� coastalplain�and�piedmont�areas.
Less�than�10�percent�of�New�Jersey�is�made�up�of�theAppalachian� Ridge� and�Valley� System.� High� Point,with� an� elevation� of� 1,801� feet,� the� highest� in� thestate,�is�located�in�the�Kittatinny�Mountains.
It�was�the�same�Delaware�River�that�General�GeorgeWashington’s� army� crossed� in� 1776� to� defeat� theHessians� at� Trenton� and� Princeton� to� save� theRevolution.
The�area�parallels�the�Kittatinny�Mountains�and�it�hasdeep,�narrow�valleys.�This�feature�comprises�some�10percent�of� the�state.�Some�20�percent�of� the�state� is
made�up�of�the�Piedmont�Plateau.
From� Sandy� Hook� to� Cape� May,� the� fertile� coastalplain�makes� up� 60� percent� of� the�New� Jersey� geo-graphic�scene.
The� entire� southern� part� of� the� state� is� within� thiscoastal�plain.
The�Hudson�River�and�the�Delaware�River�are�impor-tant�parts�of�the�New�Jersey�natural�water�system.�Thestate� capital,� Trenton,� is� located� on� the� DelawareRiver�in�the�central�portion�of�the�state.�The�nicknameof�New� Jersey� is� the�“Garden�State”�because� it�pro-vides� farm�produce� to� the� large�population�areas�ofPhiladelphia�and�New�York�City.
New Jersey
The State BirdEastern Goldfinch
✘ Trenton
33
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New Mexico
NEW mEXICO, the�47th� state� to�be�admitted� to� theUnion,�has�four�geographic�areas:�Great�Plains,�RockyMountains,�Colorado�Plateau�and�a�basin�and�rangeregion.
The� Great� Plains,� which� extend� from� Canada� toMexico,�cover�the�eastern�30�percent�of�the�state.
The� Rocky� Mountains� are� located� in� north� centralNew�Mexico.�The�Rio�Grande�River�has�its�origins�inthese�mountains.
Santa�Fe,�the�state�capital,�is�located�at�the�edge�of�thisregion�between�the�Rio�Grande�River�and�the�origin�ofthe�Pecos�River.
The�Colorado�Plateau�is�a�wide�valley�and�plain�areawith�deep�canyons�and�steep�cliffs.�Mesas,�flat-topped
hills,� can� be� found� in� this� region.� The� ContinentalDivide�runs�through�this�region.
The�basin�and�range�regions�makes�up�about�30�per-cent�of�the�state.
The� Guadalupe,� Mogollan,� Organ,� Sacramento� andSan�Andreas�Ranges�are�dominant.
Carlsbad�Caverns�are�east�of�the�Guadalupe�Range.
The� city� of� Albuquerque,� which� hosts� the� annualInternational� Balloon� Fiesta,� is� located� on� the� RioGrande�River�in�the�center�of�this�region.
The� nickname� for� New� Mexico� is� “The� Land� ofEnchantment”,�which� denotes� its� scenic� beauty� andvaried�history.
The State Bird Road Runner
✘Santa Fe
34
NEW YORK was�the�11th�state� to�ratify� the�constitu-tion�and�it�is�the�largest�of�the�middle�states.
New�York�has�three�geographic�characteristics:�moun-tains,�plateau,�plus�both�coastal�and�lake�plains.
The�Appalachian�Mountains�dominate�the�landscapeof�the�state�with�three�ranges:�the�Adirondack,�Catskilland�Taconic,�which�enter�the�state�from�New�England.
Mt.�Marcy,�elevation�5,344�feet,�is�the�highest�moun-tain� in�New�York.�The�Adirondack�Mountains�borderLake�Champlain�on�the�north,� the�Mohawk�River�onthe�east�and�Lake�Ontario�in�the�west.�New�York�hastwo�common�borders�with�Canada.
The�plateau�is�bordered�by�the�Catskill�Mountains�onthe�south�and�the�Hudson�River�on�the�east�and�north.In�this�region�the�Baseball�Hall�of�Fame�can�be�foundin�the�southern�tier�community�of�Cooperstown.
The�soil�of�Long�Island,�which�is�118�miles�in�length,shows�the�remains�of�the�great�glacier�as�its�soil�is�thin
with� large�deposits�of�sand�and�gravel� in� this�part�ofthe�coastal�plain.
The� water� features� of� New�York� are� abundant.� Thegreat�Hudson�River,�which�ends�at�the�largest�city�inthe�nation,�New�York�City;�the�Mohawk�River,�whichcarved� out� the� path� for� the� famous� Erie� Canal;� theFinger� Lake,� the� sources� for� the� Delaware� andSusquehanna� Rivers;� plus� the�Genesse� and�Oswegorivers�are�all�a�part�of�New�York’s�water�system.
The� spectacular� Niagara� Falls,� which� is� locatedbetween�its�two�Great�Lakes,�Erie�and�Ontario,�is�in�aclass�by�itself�as�a�water�feature.�Buffalo,�a�lake�port�inthe�west�and�Albany,�the�state�capital,�in�the�east�onthe� Hudson� River,� have� a� major� influence� in� theirregions�as�New�York�City�does�in�the�south.
New�York� is�called� the�“Empire�State”�because�of� itsinfluence� on� then� national� economy,� politics� andsocial�trends.
New York
The StateBird Bluebird
✘Albany
35
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NORTH CAROlINA, one�of�the�original�13�colonies,was�the�12th�state�to�ratify�the�Constitution.
It�is�the�third-largest�state�east�of�the�Mississippi�River,with�an�area�187�miles�by�503�miles�in�size.�It�was�thelargest�state�in�the�Old�South.
North� Carolina� has� three� geographic� regions:� theAtlantic�Coastal�Plain,� the�Piedmont�and� the�moun-tains.
The�coastal�plain�makes�up�40�percent�of� the�NorthCarolina�terrain.�The�area�is�featured�with�fertile�soil,beaches,�islands,�swamps�and�forest�dunes.
A�series�of�islands�called�the�Outer�Banks�stretch�formore� than�100�miles,� including�Knotts� Island� in� thenorth,�Kitty�Hawk�on�Albermarle�Sound�and�EmeraldIsle�in�the�south.
The�plain�has�five�sounds�and�three�capes.�The�soundsare:�Currituck�Albermarle,�Pamlico,�Core�and�Bogue.The�capes�are�Lookout;�Hatteras,�which�is�called�thegraveyard�of�ships;�and�Cape�Fear�at�the�mouth�of�theFear� River� at�Wilmington.�The� Pee� Dee� River� startsnear�Winston-Salem�and�flows�into�South�Carolina.
The�Piedmont�region�is�an�area�of�some�200�miles�inwidth�with�rolling�hills�and�a�red�clay�soil.�Hard�woodtrees�with�an�abundance�of�pine�trees�can�be�found�inthe� Piedmont.� Important� cities� such� as� Charlotte,Durham,�Greensboro� and�Raleigh,� the� state� capital,are�located�in�this�area.
The� Blue� Ridge� Mountains� of� Virginia� extend� intoNorth�Carolina�in�the�west.
The�Great� Smokey�Mountains� can� be� found� on� theTennessee�border.
North�Carolina� is� called� the� “Tar�Heel� State”.� Somepeople�say�the�term�dates�back�to�the�Civil�War�days,when� Confederate� leaders� threatened� soldiers� withhaving�their�heels�tarred�so�they�would�have�to�stay�todefend�the�state�alongside�the�North�Carolina�Militia.Others�believe� the�nickname�comes� from� the� state’searly� days� of� building� wooden� sailing� ships,� whenbarefoot� workers� were� constantly� stepping� into� tarused�to�waterproof�the�wood�joints.
North Carolina
The State BirdCardinal
✘Raleigh
36
North Dakota
The State BirdWesterm
Meadow Lark
✘Bismark
NORTH DAKOTA, the� 39th� state� admitted� to� theUnion,� has� three� geographical� features� -� the� youngDrift�Plain,�Red�River�Valley�and�the�Great�Plains.
The�Red�River�Valley�is�a�flat�area�on�the�Minnesotaborder,�and�it�was�part�of�the�glacial�Lake�Agassiz.
The�Youth�Drift�Plain�extends�from�the�River�Des�Lacson�the�north�to�the�James�River�in�the�southeast.
The�Turtle�Mountains�border�the�region�on�the�north.
The�Great�Plains�occupy�the�south�and�western�por-tions�of�the�state.�The�plains�extend�from�Canada�tosouthern�Texas.�The�region�begins�with�a�300-to-400-foot�escarpment�above� the�Drift�Plains,�which� is�anescarpment�above�the�Red�River�Valley.
Buttes,�flat-top�hills�several�hundred�feet�high,�breakup�the�plains.�Bismarck,�the�state�capital,�is�centrallylocated�in�these�plains�where�the�Heart�River�meetsthe�Missouri�River.
The�Badlands�of� southwestern�North�Dakota� stretchfor�190�miles�and�are�six-�to�20-miles�wide.�In�addi-tion,�wind� and�water� erosion� has� left� behind�manyodd-shaped�buttes�and�hills.
White� Butte,� North� Dakota’s� highest� point,� has� anelevation�of�3,506� feet�and� is� located� in� these�bad-lands.
The� nickname� of� North� Dakota� is� “The� FlickertailState”,�which� refers� to� the� Flickertail� squirrel� in� thecentral�part�of�the�state.�“The�Sioux�State”�is�anothernickname,� as� Dakota� means� friend� or� ally� in� theSioux�language.
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37
OHIO, the�17th�state�admitted�to�the�Union�was�alsothe� first� state� to� be� admitted� from� the� NorthwestTerritory.�
Ohio�has�four�geographical�features:�The�Great�LakesPlains,�Appalachian�Plateau,�Till�Plains�and� the�BlueGrass�area.
The�Great�Lakes�Plains�is�an�area�from�5�to�10�mileswide�at�the�Pennsylvania�border�to�50�miles�wide�atthe�Port�of�Toledo,�which�is�located�on�Maumee�Bayalong�Lake�Erie.
The�Appalachian�Plateau�dominates� the� eastern�halfof�Ohio.
This� plateau� extends� into� Pennsylvania� and� WestVirginia.�The�northern�35�percent�of� the�plateau�wascovered�by� a� great� glacier�which� left� behind� rollinghills,�valleys�and�rich�farm�land.�The�lower�65�percentof� this� plateau� is� rugged,� has� steep� cliffs� and� a� thin
soil,�as�the�glacier�did�not�reach�this�area.
The�Till�Plains�cover�the�western�half�of�Ohio,�and�arepart� of� the� great� midwestern� plain� which� is� betterknown�as�the�corn�belt.
The�Blue�Grass�area�leaps�across�the�Ohio�River�as�anextension�of�the�famous�Blue�Grass�area�of�Kentucky.
The�Ohio�River�drains�70�percent�of�the�state�from�ittributaries� of� the� Miami,� Little� Miami,� Scioto� andMuskingum�Rivers.
Ohio�has�more� than�100� lakes,�but� the� largest� -� theGrand,�Berlin,�Indian�Mosquito�Creek�and�SenecavilleLakes�-�are�man-made.
Ohio’s�nickname�is�“The�Buckeye�State”�as�the�buck-eye�tree�dominated�the�landscape�when�the�state�wasfirst� settled.� Settlers� used� the� buckeye� to�make� theirlog�cabins.
The StateBird
Cardinal
✘Columbus
38
Ohio
OKlAHOmA was� the� 46th� state� admitted� to� theUnion,� and� it� has� four� geographic� regions:� moun-tains,�hills,�plains�and�the�Ozark�Plateau.
The�mountain� region� is� located� in� the� southeasternand�southern�part�of�Oklahoma.
The�Arbuckle�Mountains�cover�about�a�1,000-square-mile� area� in� the� south� central� region.�These�moun-tains�were�once�high,�but�erosion�has�reduced�themto�elevations�of�600�to�700�feet.
The� Ozark� Plateau� is� shared� with� Missouri� andArkansas.�Like�the�region�in�those�states,�swift�movingstreams� cutting� through� this� hilly� terrain� resulted� insteep-sided�hills�with�flat�valleys.
The� Arkansas� River� separates� the� plateau� from� the
Ouachita�Mountains�as�it�nears�the�Arkansas�border.
The� Prairie� Plains� are� south� and�west� of� the�OzarkPlateau,�which�is�farm�and�cattle�country.�OklahomaCity,� the� state� capital,� and� Norman,� home� of� theCowboy�Hall�of�Fame,�are�on�this�plain.
The� High� Plains� are� located� in� the� panhandle� ofOklahoma,� which� is� 34� miles� wide� and� 166�mileslong.
Oklahoma�has� the�nickname�“The�Sooner�State”,�asthe�settlers�who�came�for�the�government�open�rangeland�rush�claimed�some�land�“sooner”�than�they�weresupposed�to.
Oklahoma
The State BirdScissor-tailed
Flycatcher
✘Oklahoma City
39
515-573-8991 13 S. 3 rd Street
Fort Dodge, IA 50501 NNooww aa CCoommmmuunniittyy CCrreeddiitt UUnniioonn Now a Community Credit Union
OREGON was� admitted� to� the� Union� as� the� 33rdstate� in� 1859.� Lewis� and� Clark,� and� their� guideSacajawea� explored� this� state� for� President�ThomasJefferson.
Oregon�was�the�destination�for�many�settlers�who�fol-lowed�the�famous�Oregon�Trail�westward�to�begin�anew�life.
The�geography�of�Oregon�is�dominated�by�mountainsand�valleys.
The�Coast�Range�is�more�than�150�miles�long,�and�itparallels�the�rugged�Pacific�Coastline.
The�Cascade�Range�makes�up�65�percent�of�the�east-ern� border� of�Oregon.�Mt.�Hood,� elevation� 11,255feet,�is�the�highest�peak�in�the�state.
The� Blue� Mountains,� Wallawu� Mountains� and� theDeschutes�Plateau�make�up� the�geographic� featuresof�northeastern�Oregon.
The� Columbia� River� makes� up� most� of� the� state’snorthern� border,� and� is� fed� by� the� Williamette,Deschutes�and�John�Day�Rivers.
The� mountains� provide� natural� lakes� like� LakeHarney�and�Lake�Malheur.�Crater�Lake�is� located�inwhat�remains�of�an�extinct�volcano,�Mt.�Maszama.
Wildlife�in�the�mountains�gave�Oregon�its�nicknameof�the�“Beaver�State”,�from�its�early�trapping�and�trad-ing�post�heritage.
Oregon
The State BirdWestern
Meadow Lark
✘ Salem
40
Pennsylvania
PENNSYlVANIA, one� of� the� original� 13� colonies,was�the�second�state�to�ratify�the�Constitution.
Geographically,� the� state� is� made� up� of� sevenregions:�the�Atlantic�Coastal�Plain,�the�Piedmont,�theBlue�Ridge,�New�England�Upland,� the�AppalachianRidge� and� Valleys,� Appalachian� Pleateau� and� theGreat�Lake�Plain.
The�Atlantic�Coastal�Plain�is�in�the�southeast�cornerof� the� state� on� the� Delaware� River.� This� area� sur-rounds� Philadelphia,� the� state’s� largest� city.� TheSchuylkill� River� joins� the� Delaware� River� atPhiladelphia.
The� Piedmont� contains� some� of� the� richest,� best-maintained�farmland�in�the�world.�This�area�extendsabout�100�miles�westward�to�include�the�state�capi-tal�of�Harrisburg.
German�immigrants�and�the�Pennsylvania�Dutch�set-tled�in�this�region.
The�Blue�Ridge� in� the� south�central� region�and� theAppalachian�Ridge�in�the�northeast�region�began�asa�part�of�Pennsylvania’s�Appalachian�Mountains.�Mt.Davis,�elevation�3,312�feet,�is�the�highest�point�in�the
state.
The� Appalachian� Plateau� covers� some� easternregions� like� the� Pocono� Mountains� and� the� entirewestern�half�of�Pennsylvania.
This� region� has� three�major� rivers� and� valleys,� theMonogahela,�the�Ohio�and�the�Allegheny.
The� Beaver� River� flows� into� the� Ohio� River.Pittsburgh�is�at�the�hub�of�this�water�system.
The�Great�Lake�Plain�is�in�the�northwest�corner�of�thestate� along� Lake� Erie.� The� city� of� Erie� isPennsylvania’s� lake�port.� Pennsylvania’s� largest� nat-ural�lake,�Conneaut,�is�in�this�region,�but�it�is�small-er�than�the�man-made�Pymatuning�Reservoir,�whichcovers�17,200�acres.
Pennsylvania� is� nicknamed� the� “Keystone� State”,� aname�from�the�days�of�Colonial�America�because�ofits� geographic� location� in� relation� to� the� othercolonies.
The State BirdRuffed Grouse
✘Harrisburg
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41
Rhode Island
RHODE ISlAND is�not�only�the�smallest�of�the�NewEngland� states,� but� it� also� is� the� smallest� of� the� 50states.�Once� a� part� of�Massachusetts,� Rhode� Islandgot�its�own�royal�charter�in�1663�under�the�leadershipof�Roger�Williams.�Rhode� Island�was� the� last�of� theoriginal�13�states�to�ratify�the�constitution.�The�state’sgeography� is� dominated� by�Narragansett� Basin� andNarragansett�Bay.
The�lowlands�provide�sandy�beaches,�fertile�land�forfarming,� plus� marshes� and� ponds� for� wildlife.Narragansett�Bay�has�35�small�islands,�including�thecity�of�Newport,�which�began�the�famous�America’sCup�Yacht�Race�Competition.�The�United�States�wonthe� first� 132� years� of� the� races.� The� state� capital,Providence,�is�located�in�this�region.
Block� Island� is�another� important�part�of� the�Rhode
Island� landscape,� and� it� is� located� in� Block� IslandSound.
The�uplands�have�a�state�high�elevation�of�812�feet�atJerimoth�Hill.�The�uplands�have�rolling�hills�and�smallvalleys.�The�major�river�systems�of�the�state�are�foundin� this� region� and� include� the� BlackstoneWoonasquatucket,�Wood�and�Ponaganset.
The� Ponaganset� River� feeds� the� Scituate� Reservoir,which�is�the�largest�lake�in�Rhode�Island.
The� state� has� two� official� nicknames:� the� “OceanState”�and�“Little�Rhody”.�The�first�name�comes�fromthe� location�of� the�state�on� the�Atlantic�Ocean.�Thesecond�name�comes�from�its�size�when�compared�toother�states,�which�gave�rise�to�the�song�“Poor�LittleRhode�Island”.
The StateBird
Rhode IslandRed
✘Providence
42
South Carolina
SOUTH CAROlINA, one�of�the�original�13�colonies,was�the�eighth�state�to�ratify�the�Constitution.
John� Rutledge� led� the� state� delegation� to� theConstitutional�Convention�as�he�had�done�earlier� in1776.
South� Carolina� has� three� geographic� areas:� moun-tains,�the�Piedmont�and�the�Atlantic�Coastal�Plain.
The� Blue� Ridge�Mountains� are� in� the� northwesternpart�of�the�state�and�range�in�elevation�from�1,200�to3,500� feet.� They� are� a� continuation� of� the�VirginiaRange.� Sassafras� Mountain,� elevation� 3,560� feet,� isthe�highest�point�in�the�state.
The� Piedmont� region� gradually� descends� from� themountains�to�the�Fall�Line,�100�miles�wide�located�inthe�center�of�the�state.�Columbia,�the�state�capital,�islocated�in�this�region.
An�interesting�feature�of�this�area�is�the�Sandy�Hills,
which� are� 5� to� 30� miles� wide� and� stretch� fromCheraw�on�the�North�Carolina�border�to�Aiken�on�theGeorgia�border.
The� coastal� plain�makes� up� 65� percent� of� the� stateand�varies�in�width�from�10�to�40�miles.
The�Pee�Dee�River�drains�part�of�the�northern�sectionof�the�state�and�enters�the�sea�at�Georgetown.�MyrtleBeach�is�located�north�of�the�Pee�Dee�River�region.
South�Carolina’s�nickname�is� the�“Palmetto�State”,�aname� it� got� from� a� Revolutionary�War� sea� captainwho� said� the� smoke� from�a�burning�British�warshiplooked�like�a�palmetto�tree�as�the�smoke�circled�intothe�sky.
The State Bird Carolina
Wren
✘Columbia
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South Dakota
SOUTH DAKOTA, the� 40th� state� admitted� to� theUnion,� has� four� geographic� features,� Young� DriftPlains,�Dissected�Till�Plains,�the�Great�Plains�and�theBlack�Hills.
The� Young� Drift� Plains� Region� starts� on� the� NorthDakota�border�and�extends�south�near�the�James�Riveron�the�South�Dakota�border.
The�Dissected�Till�Plains�make�up�the�southeast�cor-ner�of�the�state.
The�city�of�Sioux�Falls�is�on�the�edge�of�the�region�onthe�Missouri�River.
The�Great�Plains�make�up�more�than�60�percent�of�thestate.
The� Missouri� River� has� tributaries� of� the� Grand,Moreau,�Cheyenne�and�White�Rivers.� Lake�Oahe,� aman-made� lake,� runs� 250�miles� along� the�MissouriRiver.
Pierre,�the�state�capital,�is�in�the�center�of�this�region.
Some�badlands�have�developed�on�the�southwesternportion� of� the� region� over� the� years� from�wind� andwater�erosion,�resulting�in�steep�hills�and�deep�gullies.
The�Black�Hills�are�a�low,�isolated�group�of�mountainsreferred�to�by�some�as�the�Missouri�Hills.�The�magnif-icent�tribute�to�four�U.S.�Presidents,�Mt.�Rushmore,�isin�these�hills.
Medicine�Lake�produces�an�oddity�for�the�state.�It�is�alake�which�has�a�salt�factor�of�4�percent.�The�oceanshave�a�salt�factor�of�3.5�percent.
The� nickname� for� South� Dakota� is� “The� SunshineState”�because�of� the�great� amount�of� sunshine�andclear�skies�the�state�gets�regularly.
The State BirdRinged-necked
Pheasant
✘Pierre
44
TENNESSEE was�the�16th�state�admitted�to�the�Union,following�Kentucky,�its�neighbor.�It�has�six�geograph-ic�areas:�mountains,�ridges�and�valleys,�CumberlandPlateau,�Highland�Rim,�Nashville�Basin�and�the�GulfCoast�Plain.
The�Tennessee�Mountains�are�part�of�the�AppalachianChain� which� include� the� Unaka� Mountains,� theCumberland� Mountains,� the� Great� SmokeyMountains� and� Clingmans� Dome,� elevation� 6,643feet,�the�highest�point�in�Tennessee.
The� ridge� and� valley� areas� are� part� of� the� regionwhich�starts�in�northwest�Georgia�and�extends�north-east�to�West�Virginia.�This�area�is�35�to�55�miles�wide,and�it�includes�part�of�the�well-known�Blue�Ridge.
The�Cumberland�Plateau�begins�at�Walden�Ridge�andextends�eastward�to�the�Great�Valley,�which�is�some1,�000�feet�in�elevation.
The� Highland� Rim� encircles� the� middle� part� ofTennessee,� which� includes� the� state� capital� ofNashville.
The�Gulf�Coastal�Plain�takes�in�the�southwest�cornerof�Tennessee,�which�is�a�long�state�in�shape.�The�state
is�115�miles�wide�and�480�miles� long�at� its� farthestpoint.�Memphis�is�located�in�this�region.
The�rivers�of�Tennessee�for�the�most�part�do�not�staywithin� the� boundaries� of� the� state.� The� TennesseeRiver�starts�in�the�eastern�mountains,�leaves�the�stateand� goes� into�Alabama� to� the� south,� then� re-entersTennessee�in�the�western�part�of�the�state.
The� Cumberland� River� starts� in� Kentucky,� entersTennessee,�then�returns�to�Kentucky.
The�wild�flowing�Tennessee�River�was�a�target�of�theFranklin� Roosevelt� administration� to� create� dams� toprevent�erosion�and�flood�damage,�as�well�as�providea�source�of�hydroelectric�power�for�this�rural�area.
The�nickname�of�Tennessee� is� the�“Volunteer�State”,which�shows� the� readiness� for� the�people� to�defendtheir�freedom�when�it�has�been�threatened.
Tennessee
The State BirdMockingbird
✘Nashville
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TEXAS, formerly�a�republic,�was�the�28th�state�admit-ted�to�the�Union.�It�has�four�geographic�regions:�WestGulf�Coastal�Plain,�North�Central�Plains,�Great�Plainsand�the�basin�and�range�region.�The�West�Gulf�Coastregion�is�an�area�150-by-350�miles�in�size.�Its�eleva-tion�ascends�from�sea�level�to�300�feet.
Part� of� the� area� has� a� subtropical� climate,� likeHouston,� and� it� has� a� 367-mile� coastline� with� 13deep-water�ports,�plus�15�barge�and�small�boat�ports.
The�capital�of�Texas�is�Austin.�The�cities�of�Dallas�andFort� Worth� are� located� in� the� western� part� of� thisregion.
The�North�Central�Plains�have� the�best� farmlands� inthe�state.
The� Great� Plains� are� in� north� central� and� westernTexas,�extending�to�the�panhandle.
High� dry� spurs,� which� are� extensions� of� the� RockyMountains,�are�there,�as�well�as�Guadalupe�Peak,�ele-vation�8,751,�the�highest�point�in�Texas.
Texas�is�also�known�as�“The�Lone�Star�State”,�whichdates�back�to�Texas�being�a�republic.
The�Texas�flag�both�as�a�republic�and�now�as�a�statehas�only�one�star�on�it,�thus�the�term�“Lone�Star”.
Texas
The State BirdMockingbird
✘Austin
46
UTAH was�the�45th�state�to�join�the�Union,�and�it�hasthree� geographical� regions:� Rocky� Mountains,Colorado�Plateau�plus�a�basin�and�ranges�region.
The�Rocky�Mountains�are�in�the�northeast�corner�ofthe�state�and�contain�the�Uinta�and�Wasatch�Ranges.
The�Uinta�Range�extends�from�Colorado�on�the�northto� outside� Salt� Lake�City,� the� state’s� capital,� on� thesouth,�and�it�runs�in�a�west�to�east�direction.
Between� the� mountains� are� flatbottomed� canyonsand�glacial�lakes.
The�west�side�of�the�mountains�are�slopes�of�6,000�to8,000�feet�above�the�valleys.
The�Snake�River�drains�this�region�and�moves�on�intoIdaho.
The� Colorado� Plateau� occupies� the� eastern� half� ofUtah� below� the� Rocky� Mountains.� This� plateauextends�into�Arizona,�Colorado�and�New�Mexico.
The�Colorado� and� the�Green� Rivers� provides�waterfor�the�region,�and�the�Colorado�has�mountains�botheast�and�west�of�its�path.
The�basin�and�range�region�is�in�the�west�and�centralareas.�The�Great�Salt�Lake�Desert,�which�has�a�surfaceas� hard� as� concrete,� covers� 4,000� acres.�The�GreatSalt�Lake�has�a�salt�content�four�to�seven�times�greaterthan�the�oceans�because�salt� is� left�behind�after� thewater�evaporates�in�the�heat.
Utah� is� nicknamed� “The� Beehive� State”,� after� theMormon�description�Deseret,�a�place�for�hard-work-ing�and�industrious�people.
Utah
The State BirdCalifornia Gull
✘Salt Lake City
47
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Vermont
VERmONT, the� 14th� state� to� join� the�Union,� is� theleast� populated� of� the� states� east� of� the�MississippiRiver.
The�state’s�geography�takes�two�forms,�mountains�andriver�valleys.�The�Connecticut�River� forms�part�of� itseastern�border�with�New�Hampshire.
The�river� is�one�of� two�water�access�routes� the�statehas�to�the�sea.
The� Green�Mountains� literally� are� the� backbone� ofVermont.�They�dominate� the� state.�That�backbone� isbroken�in�two�areas,�thereby�allowing�for�populationand�economic�growth.
The�first� is�along�the�Winoski�River� in� the�north�andwestern� parts� of� the� state.� The� state� capital� ofMontpelier�is�in�the�region.
The�other�broken�area�follows�the�path�of�the�WhiteRiver�and�lies�in�the�center�of�the�state�near�Granville.
Otter� Creek,� approximately� 90-miles� long,� is� thelargest�river�wholly�contained�in�the�state.
Lake�Memphremagog�near�Newport�is�the�largest�lakein�Vermont,�but�only�60�square�miles�of�it�are�actual-ly� in� the� state.�Seventy-five�percent�of� the� lake� is� inQuebec,�Canada.
Lake� Bomeseen,� eight� square� miles� in� size,� is� thelargest� lake�wholly�within�Vermont.�Sterling�Pond�atStowe� is� the� highest� body� of� water� in� the� state� at3,200�feet.
Vermont� is� known� as� the� “Green� Mountain”� state.Vermont�means�“green�mountain”�in�French.
The State BirdHermit Thrush
✘Montpelier
48
Virginia
VIRGINIA was� established� as� the� first� successfulEnglish�colony�in�1607.�it�was�the�10th�state�to�ratifythe� constitution� for� which� its� native� son,� JamesMadison,�was�the�principal�author.
Virginia� has� three� geographical� areas:� tidewater,piedmont�and�mountain�and�valley.
The� tidewater�area� is� found�along� the� shores�of� theChesapeake�Bay,�which�is�bordered�by�the�DelmarvaPeninsula�on� the�east�and� the�main�coastal�area�onthe� western� side� of� the� bay.� Virginia� shares� withMaryland�the�estuary�region�of�the�Chesapeake�Bay.
Four�rivers,�the�Potomac,�Appomattox,�Rapahannockand� James� are� important� to� the� tidewater� area.�Theland� rises� steadily� as� you�move�westward� from� thecoast�and�when�300�feet�of�elevation�is�reached,�theFall�Line�begins.�The�Great�Falls�of�the�Potomac�is�just20�miles�from�Alexandria,�the�Rappahannock�falls�atFredericksburg,� and� the� James,� joined� by� the�YorkRiver,�falls�at�Richmond,�the�state�capital.�Jamestownand�Williamsburg�are�located�in�this�area.
The� Piedmont� Plateau� ascends� from� the� Fall� Line1,000� feet� to� the� beginning� of� the� Blue� Ridge
Mountains.
The�mountain�and�valley�area�features�two�mountainranges:�The�Blue�Ridge�and� the�Appalachian�Ridge,which�extends�to�the�West�Virginia�border.
The�Blue�Ridge�Mountains�are�northeast�and�south-east�in�location.
Roanoke�and�Lynchburg�are�located�at�the�foothills�ofthe�Blue�Ridge�Mountains.
In� between� these� ridges� is� the� Great�Valley,� but� inVirginia� this� is� better� known� as� the� ShenandoahValley.�The�Great�Valley�is�some�360-miles�long,�andranges�from�35�to�100�miles�in�width.
Virginia�is�nicknamed�the�“Old�Dominion�State”,�asKing�Charles�II�named�the�first�colony�a�dominion,�aself-governing�territory.
The State BirdCardinal
✘Richmond
49
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WASHINGTON, the�42nd�state�to�join�the�Union,�hasthree� geographic� features:� mountains,� Puget� SoundLowlands�and�the�Columbiana�Plateau.
The� Rocky�Mountains,� sometimes� referred� to� as� theColumbia�Mountains,�are�located�in�the�northeast�cor-ner� of� Washington,� and� they� are� a� spillover� fromMontana.
The�Olympia�Mountains�are�in�the�northwest�corner�ofthe�state,�and�they’re�surrounded�by�the�Puget�SoundLowlands,� the� Pacific� Ocean� and� the� Straits� of� SanJuan.
The� Cascade� Range� is� in� central�Washington� and� itextends� into� Canada� and� Oregon.� Mt.� St.� Helens,which�erupted�in�1980,�is�in�the�southwestern�part�ofthe�region.
Mt.� Rainier,� a� dormant� volcano,� has� an� elevation� of410�feet�and�is�the�highest�point�in�the�state.�The�CoastRange� is� in� the� southwestern� corner� of�Washingtonand�it�extends�into�Oregon�and�the�Pacific�Ocean.
The�Columbia�Plateau�is�in�the�central�and�southeast-ern�region�of�the�state.
The� Puget� Sound� Lowlands� encompass� most� of� thecentral� part� of� the� state,� and� the� lowlands� almostenclose� Puget� Sound� and� its� 3,026� miles� of� tidalshoreline.
Washington� is� called� “The� Evergreen� State”� becauseits�many�mountain�slopes�are�covered�with� fir,�hem-lock�and�pine�trees.
The State BirdWillow
Goldfinch
✘Olympia
50
Washington
WEST VIRGINIA became� a� state� in� 1863�when� thewestern� counties� of�Virginia� refused� to� secede� fromthe�Union�during�the�Civil�War.
Two� geographic� features� highlight� the� state:� theAppalachian�Plateau�and�the�Appalachian�Ridge�andValley.
The�plateau�has�an�average�elevation�of�1,500�feet�andhas�large�deposits�of�soft�coal�folded�between�its�lay-ers�of�rock.�One-half�of�the�state�has�coal�deposits.
Spruce�Knob,�in�the�mountain�section,�has�an�eleva-tion�of�4,863�feet,�and�is�the�highest�point�in�the�state.Harpers�Ferry,�elevation�240�feet,�is�the�lowest.
The�Ohio�River,�which�forms�275�miles�of�its�westernborder,� dominates� the� life� and� commerce� of� WestVirginia.� The� largest� cities,� Wheeling,� Weirton,Parkersburg,�Huntington�and�Charleston,� the�capital,are�all�located�on�this�river.
In�the�state’s�rugged�terrain,�the�rivers�and�streams�ranunchecked�for�years.�The�Cheat,�Tygart�and�West�Ford
Rivers�drain�into�the�Monongahela,�which�starts�highin� the�West�Virginia�Mountains�and� flows�north� intoPennsylvania.�The�Monogahela�is�one�of�the�few�riversin�the�northern�hemisphere�to�flow�in�that�direction.
The� Shenandoah,� North� Branch� and� South� BranchRivers�are�feeders�for�the�Potomac�River.�West�Virginiahas� no� natural� lakes,� but� man-made� lakes� likeSummerville� have� been� created.� However,� mineralsprings� have� made� White� Sulphur� Springs� andBerkeley�Springs�popular�health�spa�resort�areas.
West�Virginia� is� called� the� “Panhandle� State”.� Onelook�at� the�map�shows�why:� two�panhandles�borderPennsylvania�and�Maryland.
The StateBird
Cardinal
✘Charleston
51
West Virginia
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WISCONSIN was�the�30th�state�to�be�admitted�to�theUnion,� and� it� has� five� geographic� regions:� LakeSuperior�Lowlands,�Superior�Uplands,�Central�Plains,Western�Uplands�and�Great�Lakes�Plain.
The�Lake�Superior�Lowlands,�formerly�part�of�the�lakebed,� make� up� a� five-to-20-mile� wide� strip� on� thenorthern� border� of� Wisconsin,� but� the� area� endssharply�with�steep�cliffs�about�it.
The�Superior�Uplands�are�a�flat�area,�which�is�madeup� of�most� northern�Wisconsin,� and� it� extends� intothe�upper�peninsula�of�Michigan.
The�Central�Plains�were�glacier�covered�in�the�easternand�northwestern�sections;�the�southern�part�was�leftuntouched.
The�Great�Plain�stretches�from�Green�Bay�in�the�northto�the�Illinois�border�in�the�south,�and�has�some�381miles�of�shoreline�on�Lake�Michigan.
The�Western�Uplands�make�up�an�area�of�steep,�wind-ing� ridges,�with� limestone� and� sandstone�bluffs� thatprovide�a�stunningly�beautiful�view�of�the�MississippiRiver.
The�Wisconsin� River� with� its� tributary,� the� BarabooRiver,�drain�the�largest�portion�of�the�state.
Wisconsin�is�called�“The�Badger�State”,�which�comesfrom�a�name�for�some�early�miners.�Lead�miners�usedto�dig�out�caves�in�the�hillsides�in�which�to�live,�andpeople�who�saw�them�said�the�caves�looked�like�bad-gers�burrowed�holes,�thus�the�name�“badger”�stuck.
The StateBird
Robin
✘Madison
52
Wisconsin
Wyoming
WYOmING was� the�44th�state� to� join� the�Union.� Ithas� three� geographical� features:� The� Great� Plains,Rocky�Mountains�and�Intermontone�Basins.
The�Great�Plains�take�up�almost�all�the�eastern�corri-dor� of� Wyoming,� except� for� the� northeast� corner,which�contains�some�of�the�Black�Hills.�Devil’s�TowerNational�Monument� is� also� in� this�northeast� corner.The�plains�get�very�little�rain�and�dry�farming�methodsand�water�irrigation�make�agriculture�possible.
Cheyenne,� the� state� capital,� is� tucked� away� in� thesoutheast�corner�of�this�region.
The�Rocky�Mountains�are�in�the�northwest�corner�andthe�western�corridor�of�Wyoming.
Yellowstone�National�Park,� the� first�national�park,� islocated�in�these�northwestern�Rockies.�In�addition�to
its� well-known� geysers,�Yellowstone� has� the� LowerFalls,� which� is� twice� as� high� as� Niagara� Falls.� TheGrand�Teton�Mountains� are� also� here.�The� southernpart�of�the�Rocky�Mountains�in�Wyoming�run�parallelto�the�Great�Plains.
the�Intermontone�Basin�Region�has�two�major�basinsin�the�north�-�Bighorn�and�Powder�River�-�and�one�inthe�central�region�-�the�Wind�River.
Wyoming�is�nicknamed�“The�Equality�State”.�Womenwere�first�given�the�right�to�vote,�to�hold�public�officeand�to�serve�on�juries�in�Wyoming.
The State Bird
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Black�Belt Region� in� Alabama� and� Mississippiwith� a� band�of� dark� clay� and� sandymixture�of�soil.
Blowouts Areas�where�wind� erosion� occurs� inovergrazed�land�in�Nebraska�and�theWest.
Butte Loan�standing�hills�in�a�flat�area�withsteep�sides�which�are�smaller� than�amesa.
Confluence The�joining�together�or�merger�of�tworivers�or�streams.
Drumlins Oval� shaped� hills� found� inConnecticut.
Escarpment High� cliffs� which� separate� two� levelland�surfaces�by�hundreds�of�feet.
Estuary A�water�passage�where�the�ocean�tidemeets�a�river�current�at�the�mouth�ofa�river.
Fall�Line A� line� that�marks� the� point�where� ariver� falls� suddenly� from� an� uplandarea�to�a�lower�area�of�elevation.
Intermontone�
Basins High-walled� lowlands� that� are� sur-
rounded�by�mountains.
Knobs Small,�rounded�isolated�hills.
Loess Wind-blown� particles� which� settleand�enrich�the�soil�in�South�Dakota.
Moraines Deposits�of�stone�and�soil�left�by�glac-ier�after�it�melts.
Palisades A�line�of�high�cliffs� that�rise�above�aplain,�often� in�a� river�valley� such�asalong�the�Hudson.
Permafrost A� permanently� frozen� layer� of� soilbelow�the�land�surface�in�frigid�areassuch�as�the�Arctic�Circle.
Piedmont An�area�lying�or�formed�at�the�base�ofa�mountain.
Tidewater Water� from�an�ocean�that� is�affectedby�the�ebb�and�flow�of�tides,�usuallyin�low�coastal�areas.
GlOSSARY
Question�1:� manassas, VA
Question�2:� lake Erie
Question�3:� Arizona, Utah,
Colorado
& New mexico
Question�4:� Wyoming
Question�5:� Alaska
Question�6:� Florida
Question�7:� New York
Question�8:� missouri
Question�9:� Harrisburg
Question�10: massachusetts
55
UNITED STATES GEOGRAPHYQUIZ ANSWERS
Some�sources�of�information�and�graphics�for�this�special�edition�include�Everyday�Geography(GuildAmerica�Books,�1993),�An�Instant�Guide�to�Birds�by�Mike�Lambert�and�Alan�Pearson,�TheWorld�Book�Encyclopedia�and�www.funtrivia.com
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