GEOG1H/Jan13/GEOG1(JAN13GEOG101)

General Certificate of EducationAdvanced Subsidiary ExaminationJanuary 2013

Geography GEOG1Unit 1 Physical and Human Geography

Monday 14 January 2013 1.30 pm to 3.30 pm

For this paper you must have:l a pencill a rubberl a ruler.You may use a calculator.

Time allowedl 2 hours

Instructionsl Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Use pencil only for drawing.l Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.l You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write

outside the box around each page or on blank pages.l Answer Question 1 and one other question from Section A

and Question 5 and one other question from Section B.l Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not

want to be marked.

Informationl The maximum mark for this paper is 120.l Each question is worth 30 marks.l The marks for questions are shown in brackets.l You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.l You will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.

Advicel Where appropriate, sketch maps and diagrams should be used to

illustrate answers and reference made to examples and case studies.l You are advised to spend about 60 minutes on Section A and

about 60 minutes on Section B.

Centre Number Candidate Number

Surname

Other Names

Candidate Signature

For Examiner’s Use

Examiner’s Initials

Question Mark

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8

TOTAL

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Section A

Answer Question 1 and one other question from this section.

1 Rivers, Floods and Management

1 (a) Describe different types of load a river carries.

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1 (b) Study Figure 1 which shows the Hjulstrom curve.

Figure 1

0.10.001

Particle size (mm)

Clay Silt Sand Gravel Pebbles Cobbles Boulders

0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000

0.5

1

5

10River

velocity(cm/sec)

Mean f

all or

settli

ng ve

locity

curve

Mean or critical erosioncurvevelocity

50

100

500

1000

Particlestransported

Particlesdeposited

Particles eroded

1 (b) (i) State the velocity at which particles of clay of 0.001 mm are eroded and the velocity at which pebbles of 10 mm are deposited.

Clay particles of 0.001 mm are eroded at .............................. cm/sec.

Pebbles of 10 mm are deposited at .............................. cm/sec.(2 marks)

1 (b) (ii) Describe the relationship between velocity, load size and transportation.

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1 (c) Study Figure 2 which is an extract from a newspaper article about flooding in Cornwall, in November 2010.

Figure 2

Rescue helicopters called in as floods cut Cornwall off from outside world

The region’s worst flooding for decades came after a night of torrential rain that struck as most people were asleep. Hundreds woke to find their homes flooded. Scores of motorists were forced to abandon their cars and, for a short time, Cornwall was all but cut off from the outside world.

Houses and shops in St Austell, St Blazey, Lostwithiel, Par and Mevagissey were inundated, and hundreds of residents cut off. Rescue helicopters were called to help motorists trapped in their cars. Luckily, perhaps miraculously, there were no casualties. The cars that went into the sea were all unoccupied.

At one point, both the main A30 and A38 were closed, as well as the main railway line between London and Penzance – which was hit by a landslip.

The steep cobbled streets of the fishing village of Mevagissey – a honeypot for tourists in summer – turned into a torrent of white water. At first swept clean by the flood waters, the streets were soon strewn with debris. Householders, trying to mop up, ejected everything from sodden carpets to sacks of firewood into the roads.

Cars were left floating in the main square, and most of the harbourside shops and businesses were flooded. The manager of the Ship Inn said: “I live above the pub and when I came down this morning it was just a scene of utter devastation. The bar was waist deep in muddy, brown water, and chairs and stools were floating around.

I knew the rain had been heavy overnight but I never expected this. I only took over the pub a month ago and who knows how long it will take to get it back on its feet.”

© The Times 11/2010

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Using Figure 2, describe and comment on the different impacts of flooding.

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1 (d) Describe how and explain why fluvial (river) landforms change downstream.

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2 Cold Environments

2 (a) Describe the distribution of polar and alpine cold environments.

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2 (b) (i) Study Figure 3 which shows drumlins in the Lake District.

Figure 3

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With the help of Figure 3 describe drumlins.

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2 (b) (ii) Explain the formation of drumlins.

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2 (c) ‘Antarctica is a fragile wilderness; its use can never be sustainable.’

Discuss this view.

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3 Coastal Environments

3 (a) Distinguish between constructive waves and destructive waves.

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3 (b) Study Figure 4 which shows coastal erosion in Happisburgh, Norfolk.

Figure 4

British Geological Survey © NERC. All rights reserved.IPR/144-01CT

3 (b) (i) Using Figure 4 only, describe evidence that this coast is being eroded.

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3 (b) (ii) Use one case study to describe the socio-economic consequences of coastal erosion.

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3 (c) ‘Soft engineering works in harmony with the natural environment and is effective in protecting the coast.’

To what extent do you agree with this view?

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4 Hot Desert Environments and their Margins

4 (a) Describe the location of areas of hot desert.

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4 (b) Study Figure 5 which shows some vegetation in a hot desert.

Figure 5

4 (b) (i) Describe the vegetation shown in Figure 5.

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4 (b) (ii) Explain how vegetation in hot deserts is adapted to the climate.

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4 (c) ‘The Sahel can be used sustainably, if carefully managed.’

Discuss this statement.

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Section B

Answer Question 5 and one other question from this section.

5 Population Change

5 (a) Study Figure 6 which shows the population structure of four countries.

Figure 6

Country Populationaged <15

(%)

Populationaged 15 – 65

(%)

Populationaged >65

(%)

Kenya 42 55 3

India 32 63 5

United Kingdom 18 66 16

Germany 14 66 20

Outline contrasts in population structure shown in Figure 6.

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5 (b) (i) Population structure changes throughout the stages of the demographic transition model.

Draw a sketch population pyramid to show the population structure of a country in stage 2 of the demographic transition model.

(3 marks)

5 (b) (ii) Figure 7 shows a population pyramid for people aged up to 85 in England and Wales in 2010.

Figure 7

00

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age

0250 250Population (thousands)

500 500

Male Female

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‘The England and Wales population pyramid displayed the characteristics of a country in stage 4 until 2001, but the evidence of this stage is less clear in 2010.’

Provide evidence from Figure 7 for this statement.

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5 (c) Discuss the implications of an ageing population.

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5 (d) Discuss the usefulness of at least two population measures (such as birth rate, death rate, fertility rate, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, migration rate and population density) as indicators of development.

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6 Food Supply Issues

6 (a) Figure 8 shows percentage change in food production per capita, between 1960 –1981 and 1960 – 2001.

Figure 8

Area 1960 – 1981(% change)

1960 – 2001(% change)

Africa - 6 -10

Asia 14 73

South America 15 44

World 12 26

Summarise trends shown in Figure 8.

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6 (b) Figure 9 shows the top five global food retailers in 2009.

Figure 9

Company Location ofHead Office

Sales($ million)

Wal-Mart USA 405 000

Carrefour France 115 240

Tesco UK 86 012

Schwarz Group Germany 80 600

Metro Germany 78 460

6 (b) (i) Outline characteristics of the top five food retailers shown in Figure 9.

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6 (b) (ii) Suggest issues regarding the supply of food that may result from these characteristics.

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6 (b) (iii) Figure 10 is a statement by Tesco, a transnational corporation (TNC), of some of its policies on food production.

Figure 10

We seek to buy all our seafood from responsibly managed fisheries, to maintain a viable and long-term future for wild fish and shellfish populations. Our Fish Sustainability Working Group, including technical experts from across the business, meets regularly to review our fish sourcing policies and identify priority areas for us to work on with our suppliers to make further progress. We have codes of practice for farmed fish which cover feed, welfare, environment and other critical issues. These are independently audited.

All the farms that supply us have to meet our livestock standards and codes of practice. Since 2010, all of the animals that arrive with us for processing have a health check to ensure they have been appropriately raised.

When we source meat from other countries for sale in the UK, we insist on the same standards we require from UK farmers. For example, we do not allow the use of sow stalls in pig production anywhere. We have improved welfare standards at 14 poultry suppliers in six countries, accounting for about 95% of our overseas poultry purchases.

With the help of Figure 10, comment on the positive role that TNCs may have in food production.

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6 (c) Assess the success of high technology strategies (such as the Green Revolution and genetic modification) to increase food supply.

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7 Energy Issues

7 (a) Figure 11 shows the primary energy mix of Brazil, China and France.

Figure 11

Energy consumption by type (%)

Energy Source Brazil China France

Coal 5 68 5

Natural gas 7 3 16

Oil 49 21 35

Nuclear 1 1 38

HEP 36 6 5

Other renewables 2 1 1

7 (a) (i) Summarise contrasts in the primary energy mix shown in Figure 11.

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7 (a) (ii) For either Brazil or China or France, outline one or more issues likely to result from the energy mix.

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7 (b) Figure 12 shows heat loss from the front of terraced housing.

Figure 12

KeyHighest Lowest

Dr Arthur Tucker / Science Photo Library

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7 (b) (i) Describe the pattern of heat loss shown in Figure 12.

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7 (b) (ii) Explain how homes may be designed and/or adapted to conserve energy.

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7 (c) With reference to case studies at a national scale, comment on two contrasting approaches to managing the demand for energy.

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8 Health Issues

8 (a) Figure 13 shows projected world mortality from infectious diseases between 2002 and 2030.

Figure 13

02002 2006 2010 2014 2018

Year

KeyHIV / AIDS

2022 2026 2030

5

10Deaths(millions)

15

20

0

5

10

15

20

Respiratory infectionsOther infectiousdiseases

8 (a) (i) Summarise the trends shown in Figure 13.

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8 (a) (ii) Suggest reasons for the trends shown in Figure 13.

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8 (b) Figure 14 shows deaths from coronary heart disease for the top 26 countries worldwide in 2005.

Figure 14

Key

120 and above

(per 100 000 peopleper year)

90 – 119.989.9 and below

8 (b) (i) Describe the pattern shown in Figure 14.

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8 (b) (ii) Comment on the impact of one non-communicable disease (eg coronary heart disease, cancer) on economic development.

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8 (c) ‘Transnational corporations have both negative and positive roles in world health.’

Discuss this view.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT-HOLDERS AND PUBLISHERS

Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements in future papers if notified.

Figure 1: Adapted with permission of Nelson Thornes Ltd from Geography: An Integrated Approach (4th edition) by David Waugh, 978-1-4085-0407-9, first published in 2009.

Figure 2: © The Times 11/2010Figure 3: Photo taken by John SmithFigure 4: British Geological Survey © NERC. All rights reserved. IPR/144-01CTFigure 5: Photo taken by Lucy ColeFigure 6: www.prb.orgFigure 7: Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0.Figure 8: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Changes in per capita food production since 1960.Figure 9: Adapted with the permission of Nelson Thornes Ltd from ‘The Geopolitics of Food’ by Simon Nash, Geofile online, Series 29, Unit

628, first published in September 2010.Figure 10: © Tesco Stores LimitedFigure 11: Adapted with the permission of Nelson Thornes Ltd from ‘The Energy Mixes of China, Brazil and France’ by Barbara Melbourne,

Geofile online, series 28, Unit 599, first published in September 2009.Figure 12: Dr Arthur Tucker / Science Photo LibraryFigure 13: By kind permission of Cross Academe LimitedFigure 14: http://www.nationmaster.com/red/graph/hea_hea_dis_dea-health-heart-disease-deaths

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