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Page 1of 51 Geography 1979

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Geography (Mains) UPSCLast 33 years papers [1979-2011]

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Stupid IndexGeography 1979 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Geography 1980 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Geography 1981 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5Geography 1982 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Geography 1983 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8

Geography 1984 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Geography 1985 ................................................................................................................................................................... 11Geography 1986 ................................................................................................................................................................... 12

Geography 1987 ................................................................................................................................................................... 14

Geography 1988 ................................................................................................................................................................... 15


Geography 1991 ................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Geography 1992 ................................................................................................................................................................... 21


Geography 1995 ................................................................................................................................................................... 26

Geography 1996 ................................................................................................................................................................... 27


Geography 1999 ................................................................................................................................................................... 32

Geography 2000 ................................................................................................................................................................... 33


Geography 2003 ................................................................................................................................................................... 37

Geography 2004 ................................................................................................................................................................... 38


Geography 2007 ................................................................................................................................................................... 42

Geography 2008 ................................................................................................................................................................... 44

Geography 2009 ................................................................................................................................................................... 45

Geography 2010 ................................................................................................................................................................... 47

Geography 2011 ................................................................................................................................................................... 49

Geography 1979PAPER- I Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and any four of the remaining questions, selectingtwo from Section A and any two from Section B. All questions carry equal marks.1. On the map of India supplied to you, mark and name the following:(a) The mean annual isohyets of 100cm.(b) The regions of Regur (black cotton) soils.(c) The four most important centres for the manufacture of iron and steel.



Page 2of 51 Geography 1979


(d) Four of the most vulnerable tracts of India likely to be inundated by cyclonic storms.(e) Morvi, Marble falls, Chukha project, Kalpakkam, Sri Hari Kota and Thumba.OROn the map of the World provided, name and mark the following:(a) The International Dateline(b) The horse latitudes(c) The Air India route linking Delhi with New York via Moscow and London(d) The Durand line(e) The Great Wall of China(f) Diego Garcia(g) Namibia(h) Ruhr(i) Kalgoorlie(j) Benguela current(k) The mid-Atlantic rise(l) The Great Barrier reef of Australia

SECTION A2. What light does the study of earthquake, waves throw on the inner constitution of the

earth?3. Discuss the polar Front theory and examine how far it can be applied to explain theorigin of tropical cyclones.4. What factors control the density of ocean waters? Show how differences of surfacedensity determine the movements of water (a) in the open ocean and (b) between theocean and its partially enclosed seas.5. The land regulates the destinies of peoples with a blind brutality (Ratzal). Discussfully the arguments in favour and against this view.6. The 49thparallel is a boundary without a frontier the Himalayas is a frontier without aboundary. Discuss fully, bringing outthe implications of this to the countries involved.SECTION - B

7. Examine the aims and assets the achievements of Prince Henry and Navigator.8. The successful location of iron and steel plants is largely a matter of transportationcosts, not merely of raw materials but also of finished products. Discuss with illustrateexamples.9. Till about 1700 A.D. the history of India, was to a large extent delimited by itsGeography. Analyse fully.10. Describe the main racial characteristics and the cultural attainments of either the Todasor the Santhals.11. The distinction between Wet-Zone and Dry-Zone is fundamental in the agricultureof the Monsoon lands, resulting in typical crop combinations. Discuss with respect toeither India or China.

PAPER-II-1979Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and any four of the remaining questions, selectingtwo from Section A and any two from Section B. All questions carry equal marks.SECTION A1. With the help of selected examples, explain the relative importance of raw materials,and markets in the location and development of cotton textile industry.2. Explain the significance of diagnostic surveys for regional planning.3. Give a critical assessment of the concept of rural urban fringe. What criteria wouldyou suggest to democrat the rural urban fringe of Indian cities?4. The direct effect of physical factors on the distribution of population tends to decline



Page 3of 51 GEOGRAPHY 1980


as civi lization becomes more advanced. Discuss this statement.5. Calculate the coefficient of correlation from the following data:

Average Rainfall in inches in different Districts 32 38 27 44 33 24

Density of Population per sq. mile 450 500 400 550 450 350

6. No aviator or navigator can do without the charts based on Mercators and Gnomonicprojections in order to reach his destination covering the least possible distance. Justify thisstatement.

SECTION -B7. Give the geographical factors which affect the distribution and density of population inIndia. Is India over-populated? Discuss the various measures for solving the populationproblem of India.8. Account for the causes of soil erosion in India and discuss the method to control it.9. Comment on the development of iron and steel industry in India since Independenceand elucidate the future prospects of the Industry.10. A correct delineation and articulation of economic regions in geographic terms is anessential pre-requisite of economic development in developing country. Justify thisstatement with reference to economic regionalization in India.11. Do you consider that the agrarian problem lies at the root of al l problems in India

today? Support your answer with proper arguments.12. Assess the importance of Damodar Valley project or any other multipurpose river valleyproject, in the economy of the region.

GEOGRAPHY 1980Geography - 1980PAPER-ICandidates should attempt Questions 1 and any four of the remaining questions, selectingtwo from Section A and any two from Section B. All questions carry equal marks.1. On the outline map of India supplied, mark and name the following:(a) The regions with the highest variabil ity of rainfall (more than 15%) from year to year;

(b) The regions of rubber and tea cultivation;(c) Jog (Gersoppa), Ellora, Digboi, Neyveli, Kudremukh, Singareni;(d) Mahabaleshwar, Pachmarhi, Darjeeling, Kodai-kanal, Nainital, Simla;(e) Thalghat, Khandwa gap, Palghat, Banihal Pass, Aksai Chin and Bhorghat.OROn the outline map of the World provided, mark and name the following:(a) The zero degree Celsius (Centigrade) (32F) surface isotherm for the month of January.(b) The mean annual thermal equator,(c) The New England States,(d) Zimbabwe(e) Kuro Siwo

(f) St. Gotthard Pass,(g) The Soo Canal,(h) Bosporus,(i) The Trans-Siberian rail-route, with three important stations, on route.(j) The Wuhan conurbation,(k) Murray-Darling Basin and(l) Bogota.SECTION A 2. State, in detail, and appraise fully the arguments in favour of and against the theory ofContinental Drift.3. Discuss the complete mechanism by means of which the atmosphere is able to





maintain its heat-balance. Is the atmosphere getting progressively hotter, and if so, why?4. Describe and account for the surface currents of the Indian Ocean and explain howand why they differ from those of the Atlantic.5. Discuss the scope of human Geography.6. Is it true to say that Machinder's "Citadel of land power" stands mightier than ever,even at the present day?SECTION B7. What were the significant geographical ideas of the Arabs of the 10thand 12thcenturies? How did they differ from those of their Christian contemporaries?8. Analyse the factors of localization of the Iron and Steel industry with special referenceto India. Suggest an ideal location for this industry in India and make a comparativeassessment of the advantages and disadvantages of Visakapatnam and Salem steel plants.9. "The gates of India have become water gates and the way to India, the way of thesea." (Sir Thomas Holdich). Analyse the role of geographical factors in controlling, throughwell defined gates, the entry into India of migrants, both in peace and in war, from theearliest times and assess their relative importance.10. Discuss the basic geographical conditions, under which the pre-historic civilization ofIndus Valley flourished and describe the nature and structure of the pre-historic cities ofthe region.

11. Assess the nature of the "food problem" of India, both qualitatively and quantitativelyat the present time. What practical suggestions can you offer towards its solutions?

PAPER-II-1980SECTION A 1. "The economic development of a country depends as much on he stage ofdevelopment of the people as on the able resources. Discuss this statement with examples.2. Discuss with examples the factors of origin and growth of towns and cities.3. What are the determinants of population growth? Discuss comparatively the trendspopulation growth in the developed and the developing countries of the world,mentioning the socio-economic implications of these trends in each case.

4. Compare the nature of the two given distributions on the basis of their mean, medianand coefficient of variation:Monthly Wet Bulb Temperature F)For Stations A and B MONTHS

Stations J F M A M J J A S O N D

A 53 55 57 58 70 76 79 80 77 66 60 55

B 65 56 64 60 55 51 50 51 55 57 61 64

5. Compare the properties of Sinusoidal and Moll -weide's projections. Make calculationsfor a graticule on Sinusoidal projections for an area extending from 30N to 60S and15W to 105W on a scale of 1:50,000,000. The interval between the parallels and

between the meridians is 15.SECTION B6. Give a critical account of the recent changes in agriculture in India which havecontributed to the agricultural development in general, and the green revolution inparticular.7. Asses the comparative geographical importance of the power resources in thedevelopment of industrial landscape of India.8. "The density of population is, as it were, the synthesis of all geographicalphenomena. "Examine this statement with reference to the spatial patterns of populationdistribution and density in India.9. Discuss the structure and evolution of the Himalayas.





10. Give an ideal geographical regionalization of India.

GEOGRAPHY 1981Geography- 1981PAPER- I 1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords, in you answer script, what you consider to be the most important aspects of each

one of them:(a) Bhadravathi(b) Khandwa gap(c) Kalpakkam(d) River Damodar(e) MacMohan line(f) Sivasamudram(g) Sri Hari Kota(h) Chukka project(i) 100 cm (40") annual isohyets(j) Barauni

OROn the map of the World provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords, in your answer script, what you consider to be the most important aspect of eachone of them.(a) The Sargasso Sea(b) Bay of Fundy(c) 10Celsius (Centigrade) or 50Fahrenheit isotherm for the warmest month in thenorthern hemisphere(d) Pittsburg(e) Monte Carlo(f) Wyville Thomson ridge

(g) Jerusalem(h) The region of olive cultivation(i) The bell of the doldrums(j) Taklamakan2. Answer any three of the following, answer to each should be in about 200 words:(a) Trans-humance(b) Cold water coasts(c) The typical features in a region of limestone rocks(d) GoodsSECTION A 3. With particular reference to India, explain the origin of the "monsoon". Describe andaccount for the World distribution of monsoon climates, bringing out the significant

differences between each of them.4. With suitable examples selected from different part of the World, discuss, in detail,the problems in using either language or religion as a criterion for boundarydeterminations.5. Present the classification of Oceanic deposits and account for the origin, types anddistribution of Pelagic deposits in the World Oceans.SECTION B6. Analyse the factors of localization of the cotton-textile industries, and assess how fartheir location has been influenced by the availabil ity of indigenous raw materials andproximity to the markets.7. "Over two thirds of the crop land of the United States is devoted to feed crops and





only slightly over one-fifth to food crops." Discuss the implications of the above statement.Explain with reasons why the conditions are totally different in India.8. Discuss the major contributions of the following eminent geographers:(a) Sir Halford Mackinder (b) Sir Dudley Stamp

PAPER-II-1981SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following answer to each should be in about 200 words:(i) Definition and Scope of Economic Geography(ii) Central Business District(iii) Demographic Transition(iv) Significance of Projected Profiles2. Examine the role of pull and push factors in the migration of population.3. The annual total rainfall (in cm.) of a particular station of a period of 40 years is givenbelow in sequential order:97,103,86,100,98,96,99,88,96,95,85,92,105,100,91,102,100,98,101,107,103,104,98,115,95,100,112,94,102,113,96,106,83,104,87,98,101,95,111,104.(a) Calculate the standard deviation.(b) If the years are categorised according to the following scheme, determine the

percentage of yearsin each category:Category Rainfall Amount

Exceptionally Drought Years (EDY) Less than M - 2

Moderately Drought Years (MDY) M - 2 to M -

Normal Rainy Years (NRY) M - 2to M +

Moderately Rainy Years (MRY) M + to M + 2

Exceptionally Rainy Years (ERY) More than M + 2

4. Selecting suitable standard parallels, make necessary calculations for a graticule onSimple Conic Projection with two standard parallels for an area extending from 62N to78N and 60N to 80E on a scale of 1:10,000,000. The interval between the parallel s and

between the meridians is 2.

SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following, answer to each should be in about 200 words:(a) Major Soil Types of India(b) Trend of Population Growth in India since 1901, and Significant Contributory Factors(c) Rajasthan Canal Project(d) Bases of Geographical Regionalization of India.6. Discuss the effect of relief and climate on the distribution of crops in India.7. Make an assessment of the relative significance of renewable and non-renewableenergy resources of India. What suggestions would you give for solving the energy-crisis inIndia?8. Explain the various population problems of India and suggest as to how this largehuman-resource can be made useful in the economic development of the country.

GEOGRAPHY 1982Geography-1982PAPER-I1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords, in your answer-script what you consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) The Pir Punjal





(b) The Luni River(c) Farakka Barrage(d) The Bombay High(e) Neyveli(f) Gangtok(g) 50 cm (20" annual isohyets)(h) Black cotton soil region(i) Areas affected by cyclones from the Bay of Bengal(j) Shortest air route from Varanasi to BangaloreOROn the map of the World provided mark the following and write in not more ten words, inyour answer-script what you consider to be the most important aspect of each one ofthem:(a) Elburze mountain(b) The Dead Sea(c) Fiji Islands(d) The Kiel Canal(e) The Falkland Island(f) Diego Garcia

(g) 80F. Isotherm of July(h) 100 cm (40") mean isohyets in winter (November to April)(i) Nairobi(j) The Kuroshio Current2. Write short notes on any three of the following, each answer should be in about 200words:(a) Peneplain(b) Indo-Pakistan border problem(c) The Naga Tribes(d) Air massesSECTION A

3. Discuss the mountain building process in the world with a special reference to theorigin of the Himalayas.4. "In the northern part of the Indian ocean there is a complete reversal of currentsbetween winter and summer as a result of the alternating monsoon winds." Discuss.5. "The position of United States in respect of power is almost impregnable at presentand in future. The U.S.S.R. is well situated although less so than the Unites States."Elucidate.SECTION B6. Discuss the factors of location of iron and steel industries in Great Britain with specialreference to the shifts in their location after the World War II .7. Discuss the contributions of either Paul Vidal De La Blache or W.M. Davis in

advancement of our geographical knowledge.8. Mention the types of farming commonly being practised in the tropics. Discuss theirsignificance and the present position in the international market.PAPER-II-1982SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each:(a) Discuss with suitable examples the influence of environment on productive occupationin the world(b) What is meant by Urban Functions? How are they different from Rural Functions?(c) Critically examine the concept of optimum population.(d) Is the Quantitative method in Geography a means to an end or the Geographic


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method itself? Discuss clearly bringing out the purpose of Geography.2. What is regional survey? How does it lead to planning? Discuss with suitableexamples.3. Discuss the distribution pattern of population in India. State how geographic factorshave influenced it.4. Which projection will you choose for the drawing of a map of the world to indicatesea routes? Discuss its properties.SECTION B5. Answer any three questions of the following in about 200 words each:(a) Discuss the structure of the Peninsular India.(b) Discuss the value of the Narbada Irrigation Project in economic development ofWestern India.(c) What are the problems of the Cotton Textile Industry in India?(d) Assess the iron ore resources of India.6. Give a brief account of the Power Resources of India and indicate how far they aredeveloped.7. India's budget is a gamble with the Monsoon. Elaborate the statement. How far doesthe variability of rainfall influence agriculture? What remedies have been effected?Divide India into its natural regions. State the basis which you have adopted.

GEOGRAPHY 1983Geography-1983PAPER-I

1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer script, what your consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) Pre-Cambrian land mass(b) Mikir hills(c) Banihal pass(d) 100 cm. (40") isohyte

(e) Largest mangrove forest area(f) Coffee producing areas(g) Anpara(h) Bhilai(i) Tarapur(j) Shortest air route from Porbandar to GauhatiOROn the map of World provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten wordsin your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:(a) Carpathian mountains(b) Great Salt Lake(c) Parana-Paraguay basin

(d) Canary islands(e) Areas with 50 to 100 cm. annual rainfall(f) Great Barrier Reef(g) Bering Strait(h) New York Metropolitan Region(i) Seoul(j) Trans-Siberian Railways with three important railway stations on it.2. Write short notes on any three of the following; each answer should be in about 200words:(a) Polycyclic land mass(b) Jet stream


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(c) Ecological imbalance(d) World energy crisisSECTION A 3. 'Landscape is the function of structure, process and stage.' Discuss.4. Divide world into major biotic regions giving the basis of your division.5. Discuss different types of maribe resources and mention their possible utilization.SECTION B6. Write a critical essay on the quantitative revolution in Geography.7. Briefly discuss the trend of urbanisation in the world since the beginning of the presentcentury.8. Discuss the food and nutrition problems of the world.PAPER-II-1983SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following questions in about 200 words each:(a) Examine the origin of the Deccan lavas and describe the scenery associated with it.(b) Comment on the role of social forestry in the economy of India.(c) Give a brief account of the petroleum resources of India.(d) Discuss the problems of livestock raising in India.2. "There is a gulf between rainfall statistics and water availability." Elucidate this

statement with reference to the agricultural efficiency of any region in India.3. Linguistic regions in India may have a cultural reality but no economic base. Examinethis view illustrate your answer with suitable examples.4. Discuss the factors which interact to limit the area within which a crop may besuccessfully grown commercially in India. Give examples to justify your arguments.

SECTION B5. Comment on any three of the following in about 200 words each:(a) The inadequacy of transport is the major obstacle to the trade and production of India.(b) Factors contributing to the growth of the urban fringe of either Calcutta or Bombay.(c) "Core Areas" for successful regional planning in India.

(d) The North Western Frontiers of India and the related political problem.6. What are the factors influencing the localization of industry? Illustrate your answerwith reference to the Iron and Steel industry of India.7. Indian cities are lacking in layout and function. How far is this true and what historicaland cultural factors are responsible for these features?8. How far is it true to say that the Indian Ocean is actually and potentially a major focusof international relations and dispute?

GEOGRAPHY 1984Geography-1984

PAPER-I

1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) 80E longitude(b) Anamalai Hills(c) Karakoram Pass(d) The damodar(e) Area receiving higher rainfall in winter(f) Tropical wet evergreen forest area(g) Bhakra Dam(h) Air route from Port Bliar to Delhi





(i) Kohima(j) AnklesvarOR

On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer script, what your consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) 90West longitude(b) Atlas mountains(c) Sakhaline Island(d) Niagra falls(e) Gulf of Bothania(f) Bass strait(g) Pampas(h) Loss Angelss(i) Air route from Colombo to Rio-de- Janeiro(j) Zurich2. Write short notes on any three of the following each answer should be in about 200words:(a) Karst land forms

(b) Marine resources(c) Urban sphere of influence(d) FederalismSECTION A 3. Discuss the mountain-building processes with suitable examples.4. Discuss the concept of warm and cold fronts and the weather associated with them.5. Discuss man's role in creating ecological imbalances taking examples from ageographical region.SECTION B6. Critically examine the development of determinism and possibilism in Geography.7. Discuss the petroleum resources of the Middle East and its impact on international

politics.8. Discuss the general distributional pattern of industrial development in the world andits associated problems.PAPER-II-1984SECTION A 1. Write short notes (in about 200 words each) on any three of the following:(a) Mountains as climatic barriers and their effect on the Indian Monsoons.(b) Why do rivers flood? State the areas of occurrence of floods in India.(c) Problems involved in the economic development of tribal areas of India.(d) Dairy Industry in India.2. Discuss the problems of agricultural development in the arid and semi-arid regions of

India.3. Discuss the value of a quantitative analysis of crop combinations for an agriculturalregionalization of India. Illustrate your answer from an area of which you have personalknowledge.4. "The present economic policy of India represents an attempt to maintain a balancebetween a subsistence agricultural economy and a top-heavy industrial economy."Critically examine the statement.SECTION B5. Write short notes (in about 200 words each) on any three of the following:(a) Unity and diversity are both inherent in Federalism.(b) The sea as a source of raw materials.





(c) Importance of coastal shipping in India.(d) Fertilizer industry of India.6. Discuss the location of and the modern trends in, the cotton textile industry of India.7. Discuss the impact of the development of electrical power in India on itsindustrialisation.8. What contribution has the geographer to make to an understanding of the problemsof land use in big cities?

GEOGRAPHY 1985Geography - 1985PAPER-ICandidates should attempt Q. 1 and 2 which are compulsory, and any three of theremaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carryequal marks1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer script, what your consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) Rajasthan (Indira) Canal

(b) Mettur Dam(c) Bombay High(d) Gandhinagar(e) Areas receiving more than 200 cm of annual rainfall(f) Palk Strait(g) Paradip(h) Tropic of Cancer(i) Maikal Range(j) Shortest rail route from Puri to New DelhiOROn the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten

words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) Arctic Circle(b) Cork(c) Selvas(d) Tagros Mountains(e) Greenwich(f) Hawaiian Island(g) Hwang Ho(h) Dogger Bank(i) Aswan Dam(j) Cook Strait

2. Write short notes on any three of the following, each answer should be in about 200words:(a) Hydrological Cycle(b) Ecosystem Concept(c) Rural Settlement Patterns(d) Regional Concept in Geography

SECTION A 3. Discuss the character of the main types of force and earth movements, involved in theproduction of land forms.4. Classify soils of the world and discuss the distribution and characteristics of each.5. Discuss the sources and nature of various deposit found on the floor of the oceans.





SECTION B6. Discuss the causes and consequences of major inter national migrations of the presenttime.7. Discuss the concepts of heartland and rimland and examine their present day validity.8. Mention different types of world agriculture and describe the areas and salientfeatures of each type.Geography-1985PAPER-IICandidates should attempt Q. 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of theremaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carryequal marksSECTION A 1. Give brief answers to any three of the following questions in about 200 words each:(a) Describe the physiographic characteristics of the Western Himalayas.(b) To what extent has the high yielding variety programme helped agriculturaldevelopment in India?(c) Why has attention been given to the development of marine fisheries in India?Describe the efforts that have been directed for their development.(d) Describe the impact of the rise in population density on economic development in

India.2. Attempt a division of India into climatic regions and described their characteristics andfloral conditions.3. Write an account of the growth and utilisation of irrigation potential in India withparticular reference to canal irrigation.4. Discuss the concept of land reform and indicate its importance for promotingagricultural development in India.SECTION B5. Write short notes in about 200 words each on any three of the following:(a) Importance of road transport in India-Development under the Plans.(b) Rural settlement patterns in the Ganga Valley.

(c) Industrial development in India during the Second and Third Plans.(d) Problems of slums and urban development with particular reference to any metropolisin India.6. Write an account of the raw materials, location, present situation and futureprospects of the paper industry in India.7. Discuss the regional disparities in the growth of manufacturing industries in India.Suggest remedies.8. Discuss the quality distribution and utilisation of coal in India.

GEOGRAPHY 1986Geography-1986

PAPER-I1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer script, what your consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) 821/2 E meridian(b) Siwalik Hills(c) Haldia(d) Mizoram(e) Chandigarh(f) Faraka Dam(g) HBJ pipeline





(h) Kanya Kumari(i) Mahanadi(j) DodabettaOROn the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) Mauritius(b) Nile(c) Pampas(d) Pamir(e) Jura Mountains(f) The Hague(g) Niagara Falls(h) 180 meridian(i) Namibia(j) Canberra2. Write short notes on any three of the following, each answer should be in about 200words:

(a) World's biotic regions(b) Pelagic deposits(c) Demographic transition(d) Diffusion of innovationSECTION A 3. Discuss the views of W.M. Davis and Walter Penck on the cycle of erosion.4. Compare the basis of the climatic classification of Koppen with thatof Thornthwaite's classification.5. Give an account of marine resources and discuss their present day utilization.SECTION B6. What is meant by quantitative revolution in Geography? Discuss its impact on the

development of the subject.7. Define the urban sphere of influences and discuss different methods of determining thespheres of influence of cities.8. Discuss the genetic classification of international boundaries. How does it differ from themorphological classification?PAPER-II -1986SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following questions (in about 200 words each):(a) The drainage systems of the two regions. Peninsular and extra-Peninsular India are verydifferent in their character. What are these difference and way?(b) Discuss the environmental problems regarding industrial pollution in India.

(c) Discuss briefly the utilization, distribution and production of manganese in India.(d) Describe the programmes for management and development of forests in India underthe National Forest Policy. Mention briefly the roles of other institutions in the developmentof forestry in the country.2. Describe the problems of production and distribution of food crops in India from theregional point of view.3. Discuss the geographical bases for rural industrialization for rural development.4. Give an account of the infrastructural factors necessary for promoting agriculturaldevelopment in the dry zones of India with specific examples.SECTION B5. Write short notes, in about 200 words each, on any three of the following:





(a) Development of Railway transport in India during different plan periods.(b) Functional and hierarchical patterns of Indian cities.(c) Aluminium industry in India.(d) Regional Planning in India.6. Discuss the location, present situation and future prospects of the jute industry inIndia.7. What is an industrial complex? Describe the growth, problems and prospects of anymajor industrial complex in India.8. Examine the geographical bases for growth of regional consciousness and regionalismduring last three decades in India.

GEOGRAPHY 1987Geography-1987PAPER-I1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer book, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one ofthem:(a) Kodaikanal

(b) Bhubaneshwar(c) Cauvery(d) Aravalli Hills(e) Arunachal Pradesh(f) Hirakund Dam(g) Shipki Pass(h) Sriharikota(i) Bharatpur(j) DigboiOROn the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten

words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) Appalachian Mountains(b) Fiji Islands(c) Tropic of Capricorn(d) Vienna(e) Zimbabwe(f) Nicaragua(g) Gobi Desert(h) Mekong(i) Patagonia(j) Palk Strait

2. Write short notes on any three of the following. Each answer should be in about 200words:(a) Characteristics of monsoon forests(b) Systems approach in Geography(c) Concepts of nation and state(d) Theories of agricultural location.SECTION A 3. Give a reasoned account of the contents of the Atlantic Ocean and their impact onthe climatic conditions of the coastal regions.4. Discuss critically the characteristics of tropical cyclones and analyse the extent towhich they differ from the temperate cyclones.





5. Discuss the evolution and characteristics of the land forms of graciated regions.SECTION B6. Give an account of the existing distributional pattern of population in the world andgive your assessment regarding the importance of geographical factors for such a pattern.7. Examine the various theories concerning the internal structure of cities and discusshow far they are applicable to Indian cities.8. Give an account of the pattern of international trade and examine the linkagesbetween resource endowed regions and resource utilizing regions.PAPER-II-1987

SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following question (in about 200 words each):(a) Give the salient features of the Aravallis is with respect to geologic structure, relief andimpact on human settlements.(b) Discuss the ecological problems associated with the use of river water resources inIndia.(c) Outline the impact of land reform measures on agricultural development in India.(d) Indicate the criteria of identification, demarcate the industrially backward areas ofIndia and enumerate the main hurdles in their development.2. Analyse the mechanism of Indian Monsoon. How are the spatial temporal variations

and vicissitudes in precipitation related to this mechanism?3. Discuss the population problem of India in regional perspective and make specificsuggestions for tackling the problem with respect to the broad population regions.4. Outline the agricultural regions of India indicating the bases of regionalization. Bringout the factors responsible for the emergence of different crop combination in differentregions.SECTION B5. Write short notes, in about 200 words each, on any three of the following:(a) Functional and Morphological Typology of Indian cities(b) Agro-based Industries of India(c) Centre-State relations and multi-level planning in India

(d) Geopolitical significance of Industrial Policy in Indian Ocean6. Trace the evolution of Industrial Policy in India and bring on its impact on industrialdevelopment of the country.7. Discuss the significance, traffic flow pattern, emerging trends and problems of roadtransport in India.8. Analyse the causes and consequences of regional disparity in the economicdevelopment of India and outline measures to reduce disparity.


Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 2 which are compulsory, and any three of theremaining questions, selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carryequal marks1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) Cherrapaunji(b) Pondicherry(c) Satpura Range(d) Gulmarg(e) Manga ore





(f) Bomdila(g) Tapi (Tapti)(h) Gulf of Kutch(i) Anklksvar(j) RameshwaramOROn the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) Pyrenees(b) Cyprus(c) Hud on Bay(d) Seoul(e) Kampuchea(f) Falkland Islands(g) Kalahari(h) Volga(i) Kilimanjaro(j) Geneva

2. Write short notes on any three of the following. Each answer should be in about 200words:(a) Environmental Determinism(b) Coral reets(c) Geopolitics(d) Karst landformsSECTION A 3. Attempt a classification of air masses and give the characteristic features andassociated weather conditions of each class.4. Discuss, in detail, man's impact on ecosystem as a result of the modern technologicaladvancement.

5. Critically analyse the concept of plate tectonics and bring out the evidences tosupport it.SECTION B6. Give a critical account of the cultural evolution of man. Illustrate your answer withsuitable examples.7. Analyse Christaller's Central Place Theory and the modifications introduced in it andexamine its relevance in the present day context.8. Discuss the various sources of energy and their uses. Suggest the measures toovercome the present day energy crisis.PAPER-II-1988Candidates should attempt 5 questions in all, selecting at least two questions from each

Section. All questions carry equal marks.SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following question (in about 200 words each):(a) Bring out the role of irrigation in rural development of India.(b) Give the geographical cases of unity and diversity in India(c) Discuss the utilization and conservation of coal of India resources.(d) Evaluate the Koppen's scheme of climatic regionalization of India.2. Explain the salient features of the structure, relief and drainage of the Himalayas.3. Analyse the ecological significance of forests in different regions of India indicatingthe impact of rapid deforestation.4. Analyse the relationship between cropping intensity and agricultural productivity and





throw light on the measures of increasing the cropping intensity in India.SECTION B5. Write short notes, in about 200 words each, on any three of the following:(a) Location and growth of Fertilizer Industry in India.(b) Characteristics of Rural-Urban Fringe in India.(c) Significance of District Planning in India.(d) The Sino-Indian Boundary.6. Discuss the process, pattern and impact of urbanisation in India.7. Differentiate between River Basin and Command Area. Discuss the advantages anddisadvantages of River Basins as planning regions in India. Give concrete examples.8. Demarcate the major industrial regions of India and analyse the structure andcontribution to the national economy of any one of them.

GEOGRAPHY 1989PAPER-I-1989Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 2 which are compulsory, and any three of theremaining questions, selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carryequal marks

1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) Paradeep(b) Karaikal(c) Bhilai(d) Baramula(e) Pachmari(f) Gulf of Mannar(g) Damodar River Valley(h) Sindri

(i) Chilka Lake(j) BandipurOROn the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) Irrawady River(b) Nevada Desert(c) Pearl Harbour(d) Libya(e) Tel Aviv(f) Honduras

(g) Urals(h) Gulf of Mexico(i) Patagonia(j) The Vatican city2. Write short notes on any three of the following. Each answer should be in about 200words:(a) Rejuvenated landforms(b) Ocean bottom relief(c) Major cultural realms of the world(d) Classification of citiesSECTION A





3. Explain the origin, characteristics and distribution of temperate cyclones.4. Divide the world into major biotic regions and explain the basis of your division.5. Examine the causes of ecological imbalances and briefly explain the measures takento rectify them.SECTION B6. Write an essay on the contribution of European geographers to the development ofgeographic thought.7. Discuss in detail the Heartland concept of Mackinder and the criticism it has attractedin recent years.8. Review in detail the various theories of the location of industries.PAPER-II- 1989SECTION A Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of theremaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carryequal marks1. Answer any three of the following questions in about 200 words each:(a) Explain the causes of soil erosion occurring over extensive areas in certain parts ofIndia. What measures would you suggest for solving this problem?(b) Discuss the problems of the tribal areas and suggest measures for solving them.

(c) Assess the fish resources of India and examine the present and future prospects oftheir exploitation.(d) Analyse the spatial patterns of the utilization of ground water for tube-well irrigationin different parts of India.2. Give an outline of the geological history of the Peninsular India and in its terms.Explain the salient features of the relief of the areas.3. Analyse the recent trends in the growth and density of population of India andevaluate the socio-economic and environmental problems generated by them.4. Formulate a suitable agricultural land-use policy that will achieve the twin goals ofoptimum agricultural efficiency and crop productivity.SECTION B

5. Write short notes, in about 200 words each, on any three of the following:(a) Decentralization of industries for achieving regional balance in economic growth(b) Significance of inland waterways in the development of transportation and trade(c) Role of rural markets in regional development(d) Regional consciousness and national integration6. Attempt a spatial analysis of the development of minerals based industries in relationto mineral resource potentialities and their exploitation in different states of India.7. Discuss the recent trends in urbanisation in India and briefly describe the maincharacteristics and problems of the major Indian cities.8. Analyse the prevailing patterns of regional disparities in the socio-economicdevelopment of India and evaluate the role of the five-year plans in reducing them.

GEOGRAPHY 1990PAPER-I-19901. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) Sardar Sarovar(b) Mandapam(c) Kovalam(d) Hassan(e) Gulf of Cambay





(f) Poonch(g) Mount Abu(h) Willington Island(i) Dibrugarh(j) RaniganjOROn the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) The Carpathians(b) Rhone River(c) Helsinki(d) Luxembourg(e) Dead Sea(f) Lake Victoria(g) Niagra Waterfalls(h) Christ Church(i) Kalgoorlie(j) Prairies

2. Write short notes on any three of the following. Each answer should be in about 200words:(a) Plate tectonics(b) Land capability(c) Diffusion of innovation in agricultural technology(d) Quantitative and behavioural revolutions in GeographySECTION A 3. Analyse the differences in the models of slope evolution proposed by Davis and Penk.4. Explain the basic criteria used in Thornthwaite's 1948 classification of climates.5. Discuss the theories of the formation of coral reefs proposed by Daly, Darwin andDavis.

SECTION B6. Examine the causes of the international migrations of the last 50 years or so and thesocio-economic and political problems generated by them.7. Enumerate the different models of the internal structure of cities. Choose one ofthem and discuss it in its application to a particular city.8. Give an account of the spatial pattern of world food production and analyse therelated problems of malnutrition and malnutrition diseases.PAPER-II-1990

SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each:(a) What is the significance of land capability classification in land use planning? Explain

the method of long capabil ity classification adopted by the All India land use and soilsurvey organisation.(b) Critically examine the political consequences of the regionalization of our country onthe basis of language.(c) Analyse the cause of the low literacy rate of India. Suggest feasible measures forraising the literacy level.(d) Discuss the spatial variation in the developmental levels of canal irrigation in India inrelation to the physical setting.2. Explain some of the important theories of the origin of the South-West monsoon inIndia. Evaluate the impact of its characteristics with occurrence of floods and droughts indifferent parts of our country.





3. Assess the fossil fuel reserves of India in terms of current and future demands forenergy. Examine the present and future and prospects of their utilization.4. Analyse critically whether the existing cropping in different parts of India would needany change for better agriculture performance in future.

SECTION B5. Write short notes in about 200 words each, on any three of the following:(a) Location and development of cement industry(b) Function, Classification and hierarchy of urban settlements(c) Growth of urban slums and problems associated with them(d) The international boundary of India and related issues6. Evaluate the contribution of the major ports of India to its international trade.7. Construct a spatial pattern of industrial development in our country. Identify theindustrially back ward areas and asses their potentialities for future development.8. What is meant by integrated rural development planning? What are its components?What has been the extent of its success in relation to its objectives.

GEOGRAPHY 1991

Geography-1991PAPER-I1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) Bhadravati(b) Chumbi Valley(c) Lakshadweep(d) Palk Strait(e) Hirakund Reservoir(f) Parasnath HILL

(g) Port Blair(h) Main Boundary Fault(i) Bombay High(j) Area receiving less than 25cm (10) rainfall.OrOn the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) Caucasus Mountains(b) Iceland(c) Lake Chad(d) Taklamakan Desert

(e) Lianos(f) Gulf Stream(g) Maldives(h) Great Barrier Reef(i) Danube River(j) Caracas2. Write short notes on any three of the following (each answer should be in about 200words).(a) Polycyclic landforms(b) Hydrological cycle(c) World energy crisis





(d) Concept of 'Limits to Growth'SECTION A 3. Analyse the sequential development of landforms in either Karst or Coastal region.4. Draw a hypsographic curve to represent the major physicographic units of the oceanand comment on their permanency.5. Explain the origin, distribution and characteristics of tropical cyclones.SECTION B6. Explain the major contribution by Arab geographers of the early medieval period inthe development of geographic thought.7. Trace and account for the various trends of population growth in the world duringthe present century.8. Examine the world patterns of industrial development and explain the problems ofindustrial development of national levels.PAPER-II-1991SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each:(a) Explain the origin and consequences of earthquakes in the Himalayas with specialreference to the Uttarkashi earth quake 1991.(b) Analyse the extent of urban population growth in India in the last four decades.

(c) Critically examine the relationship between deforestation and environmentaldegradation with specific examples from any one region in India.(d) What is meant by Operation Flood? Discuss the manner of its implementation and itssuccess in India.2. Elucidate the character of the Himalayan Rivers and examine their role in the Indianplains.3. Identify the major tribal communities in India by regions and examine the problemscommon to all of them and the ways of their solution.4. Discuss the role of animal husbandry in the agricultural economy of India with specialreference to any one region.SECTION B

5. Write short notes in about 200 words each, on any three of the following:(a) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Industrial Centralisation with specificexamples.(b) Give an account of the major groups of agro based industries of India. Criticallyexamine their contribution to regional economy and rural employment.(c) Explain the basis and characteristics of Dispersed Settlements in the N.E. Region ofIndia.(d) Discuss the political issued involved in the Tin Bigha or Siachen dispute.6. Analyse the role of different types of transport in the commodity flows of the Deltaregions of East India.7. Explain the hierarchical pattern of Indian cities and discuss their growth and

distribution.8. Discuss the changes brought about in Indian agriculture by the successive Five-YearPlans, mentioning their successes and failures.

GEOGRAPHY 1992Geography-1992PAPER-I1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) Kalpakkam





(b) Shyok Valley(c) Salsette Is(d) Adam's Bridge(e) Farakka Barrage(f) Rajmahal Hills(g) Itanagar(h) Somnath(i) Khetri(j) Alignment of Konkan Railway under construction.OROn the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each oneof them:(a) Appalachian Highlands(b) Malagasy(c) Lake Victoria(d) Gobi Desert(e) Pampas(f) Labrador Current

(g) Tasmania(h) Guiana Shield(i) Mississippi-Missouri(j) Leningrad2. Write short notes on any three of the following, (each answer should be in about 200words):(a) Classification of Earth Movements(b) Concept of Ecosystem(c) Land capability versus Land use efficiency(d) Central place theorySECTION A

3. Explain the factors causing rejuvenation in landscape and describe the resultantlandforms.4. Discuss the origin, movements and characteristics of air masses and explain their rolein influencing world cl imates.5. Present a classification of the soils of the world and give their economic significance.SECTION B6. Give a comparative assessment of the works of Humboldt and Ritter leading to thefoundation of modern geographical thought.7. Citing suitable examples from India, explain the role of site and other physical factorsin determining the types and patterns of rural settlements.8. Discuss the theories of Industrial location propounded by any two of the following:

Weber: Hoover and Smith.PAPER -II-1992SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 word each:(a) Explain the characteristics and productivity of the Regur black soils of India(b) Discuss the role of social forestry in any one region of India.(c) Explain the distribution and characteristics of dry zone agriculture.(d) What is meant by Green Revolution? Explain its successes and failures.2. Discuss the major characteristics of the Indian monsoon with special emphasis on thecausative factors.3. Examine critically the major factors responsible for the growth of two highest





population density zones in India.4. Explain the distribution of the major mineral resources of the Deccan plateau togetherwith the extent of their exploitation.

SECTION B5. Write short notes in about 200 words each, on any three of the following:(a) Types of rural industries and their basis in the Rajasthan Gujarat region.(b) Major characteristics of the rural-urban fringe around metropolitan cities.(c) Salient features of Tribal area planning.(d) Major issues involved in the sino-Indian boundary conflict. 6. Discuss the basis onwhich the current network of Airways is built in India, highlighting its role in the overalltransportation milieu.7. Describe briefly the internal structure of Indian cities, together with the ensulingproblems. Illustrate your answer with specific examples.8. Examine critically the advantages and disadvantages of multi-level planning withspecial reference to India.

GEOGRAPHY 1993

PAPER-I-19931. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer-book what you consider the most significant aspect of each one ofthem:-(a) Pokaran(b) Banihal(c) Kolleru Lake(d) Minicoy Is.(e) Maikal Range(f) Sabarmati River(g) Nunmati

(h) Bababudan Hills(i) Singrauli Coalfield(j) 35C June IsothermOROn the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer-book what you consider the most significant aspect of each one ofthem:-(a) Great Dividing Range(b) Cyprus(c) Yellow Sea(d) Rub-al-Khali(e) Selvas

(f) Agulhas Current(g) Laurentian Plateau(h) Str. Of Gibralltar(i) Rhine River(j) Hammerfest2. Write short notes on any three of the following (each answer should be in about 200words):(a) Treppen concept(b) Biotic succession(c) Measures of agricultural efficiency(d) System approach in Geography





SECTION A 3. Discuss, with examples, the influence of volcanism and diastrophism on the evolutionof landscape.4. Give a reasoned account of the distribution of salinity in the oceans and partiallyenclosed seas.5. Define ecosystem and describe briefly its various components. Also discuss how andto what extent the modern man has affected the various types of ecosystems.SECTION B6. Discuss the major international streams of migration in the world in recent times andaccount for the relationship that exists between population pressure areas and migrationprospects.7. Define umland and discuss, with specific examples, the criteria for its delimitation.8. Give an account of the agricultural typology of the world as presented by Whittleseyand critically examine the parameters used in its delineation.PAPER-II-1993Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of theremaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carryequal marksSECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following in about 250 words each:(a) Explain the geographical factors responsible for the growth of mangrove vegetation inIndia and discuss its role in coastal ecology.(b) Elucidate the current population policy of India and comment on its effectiveness.(c) Explain the role of institutional factors in the development of agriculture in India.(d) Analyses the changes in the literacy rate during the post independence period in India.2. 'India presents an example of unity in diversity.' Elucidate this statement in thiscontext of India's physical and human aspects.3. Delineate the flood prone areas of India by drawing a sketch map in the answer bookand discuss the causes and consequences of floods in the North Indian plains.4. Critically examine the marine resources of India and discuss the problems

encountered in their development.SECTION B5. Write short notes in about 200 words each, on any three of the following:(a) Growth of agro-based industries in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.(b) Role and characteristics of rural market centres in different parts of India.(c) Distinguishing features of an urban slum and its position in metropolitan area.(d) Major causes for regional disparities in the development of India.6. Identify the important periods of industrialisation in India and analyse the character ofits two most developed industrial regions.7. Discuss briefly the overall pattern of inter-regional trade in India.8. Examine critically the geographical basis of the Indian federation.

GEOGRAPHY 1994Geography-1994PAPER-I1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect of eachone of them:-(a) Barren Island(b) Marmagao(c) Agartala(d) Vadodara





(e) Tapi(f) Rana Pratap Sagar(g) Kavaratti Island(h) Leh(i) Badrinath(j) Atomic Power Project in U.P.OROn the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect of eachone of them:-(a) White Sea(b) Zambezi River(c) Tianshan Range(d) Hawarian Islands(e) Abidjan(f) Windhoek(g) Canberra(h) Areas of Mediterranean type of climate in Australia(i) Lake Balkhash

(j) Pyongyang.2. Write short notes on any three of the following, each answer should be in about 200words:(a) Bioldiversity(b) Models in Geography(c) Sustainable development(d) Slums and squatter settlementsSECTION A 3. Discuss the concept of cycle of erosion and bring out clearly the difference betweenthe view of Davis and Penck.4. Explain the basis of Koppen's classification of climates. Also mention its merits and

limitations.5. Indicate the major biotic regions of the world and discuss the ecological aspects of themonsoon region.SECTION B6. Examine critically the concepts of 'determinism' and possibilism. Bring out thesignificance of regional concept.7. Oil has placed in the hands of Arab nations a tremendous geopolitical weapon withwhich to wield power. Comment.8. Discuss Van Thunen's model of agricultural land use and examine if the model isapplicable in India.PAPER-II-1994

SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words:(a) Explain the drainage characteristics of Peninsular India.(b) Elucidate the population density types in India.(c) Examine the nature and extent of environmental degradation in the Himalayas.(d) Explain the salient features of Sardar Sarover Project and elucidate the controversyrelated to its implementation. 2. Discuss the recent theories put forward to explain theorigin and mechanism of the Indian Monsoon.3. Examine the forest resources of India and explain the principles of conservation whichcould be applied to improve the forest wealth of India.4. Differentiate between agricultural efficiency and agricultural productivity and discuss





the methods used in the determination of agricultural efficiency in India.

SECTION B5. Write short notes in about 200 words each on any three of the following:(a) Identification of industrially backward areas and problems in their development.(b) Competitive and complementary character of the Indian rail-route and road network.(c) Internal structure of an Indian city.(d) Problems of militancy in India's border states.6. Draw a sketch map to delineate the major industrial complexes of India and discusstheir important characteristics.7. Bring out the salient characteristics of Indian urbanization with suitable examples.8. Discuss the growth of regional planning in India and account for regional disparities indevelopment.

GEOGRAPHY 1995Geography-1995PAPER-I1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten

words in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect of eachone of them:-(a) Kolleru lake(b) Maikal range(c) Palghat(d) Darjeeling(e) Ellora(f) Ran of Kachchh(g) January Isotherm of 20 C(h) Ghanghara River(i) Bokaro

(j) Corbett ParkOROn the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect of eachone of them:-(a) Danube river(b) Leipzig(c) Sierra Nevada(d) Washington D.C.(e) Red Sea(f) Canadian National Railway(g) Ashkhabad

(h) Ulan Bator(i) Port Said(j) Pampas2. Write short notes on any three of the following (each answer should be in about 200words each):(a) Natural Hazards(b) Inversion of temperature(c) Food from the sea(d) Dryland farmingSECTION A 3. Discuss the limitations of the theory of Continental Drift and show how the theory of





Plate Tectonics is an improvement over it.4. Explain the life-cycle of a temperate cyclone and also describe the weather associatedwith it.5. 'Man must realize the importance of maximizing agricultural production withoutdestroying the ecological basis on which our entire food production systems rests.' Explainwith examples.SECTION B6. Discuss the contributions of Al Biruni towards the development of geographicalknowledge.7. Examine the theories about population control and explain the relative merits of thesetheories in l imiting population growth.8. Explain and illustrate the models of internal structure of cities as proposed by Burgessand Hovt. Mention also the limitations of these models.PAPER-II-1995SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each:(a) Explain the factors responsible for uneven distribution of rainfall in India.(b) Examine the origin and characteristics of the soils of the North Indian Plain.(c) Discuss the problems of tribal areas in India.

(d) Elucidate the measures taken to limit the growth of population in India.2. Draw a sketch-map in your answer book to delineate the main physiographic regionsof India and provide a reasoned account of the relief and structure of the Himalayanregion.3. Examine the fossil fuel resources of India with particular reference to the present andfuture demands for energy.4. Discuss the role of infrastructural, scientific and technological development in therecent transformation of Indian agriculture.SECTION B5. Write short notes in about 200 words each or any three of the following:(a) Recent changes in India's basic industrial policy.

(b) Role of rural market centres in promoting intra and inter-regional trade.(c) Land-use characteristics of the rural urban fringe in India.(d) Importance of India in the geopolitics of the Indian Ocean realm.6. Examine critically the factors for the localization of iron and steel industry in India withspecial reference to the newer centres of steel production.7. Explain, with the help of suitable examples and illustrations, the distribution of variouspatterns of rural settlements in India.8. Give the hierarchy of planning regions and bring out the role of metropolitanplanning in fostering regional development in India.

GEOGRAPHY 1996Geography-1996PAPER-I1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect of eachone of them:-(a) Malwa Plateau(b) Pamban Island(c) Zaskar Range(d) The Godavari(e) Koyana Project(f) Gold mines of India





(g) Ranthambore(h) Barauni(i) Nanda Devi biosphere(j) RourkelaOROn the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect of eachone of them:-(a) Caribbean Sea(b) Atlas Mountain(c) River Rio Grande(d) Jiticaca(e) Paris(f) Canaries Current(g) Ouagadougou(h) Verkhoyansk(i) Mauritius(j) Melbourne2. Write short notes on any three of the following (each answer should be in about 200

words):(a) Growth of population and food resources of the world(b) Desertification and its preventive measures(c) Globalization of trade and industry(d) Man and the Amazon rainforestSECTION A 3. Discuss the processes of mechanical and chemical weathering and show theirrelationship with soil formation.4. Examine critically the drawbacks of Koppen's Classification of climates. Explain howThornthwaite attempted to overcome Koppen's limitations.5. Explain and illustrate the ocean floor topography and give a detailed account of the

Mid-Atlantic Ridge.SECTION B6. "The emergence of Behavioural Geography was due to the disillusionment withaxioms on which models were based and the axioms were far removed from reality."Comment.7. Examine the bases of classification of agricultural regions as proposed by Whittleseyand explain the causes for the essential different between intensive subsistence til lage withrice dominant and without rice in the crop association.8. Without the Mediterranean Europe could not be held, with out the Middle East theMediterranean could not be held. Discuss.PAPER-II-1996

SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each:(a) Examine the origin and characteristics of the antecedent drainage system of theHimalayas.(b) Explain the criteria used in the identification of drought-prone areas in India.(c) Discuss the distribution and characteristics of the evergreen forest in India.(d) Elucidate the genesis of ethnic and cultural diversities in India.2. Draw a sketch-map in your answer book to delineate the main climatic regions ofIndia and discuss the important climatic characteristics of each region.3. Critically examine the metalliferous mineral resources of India with particularreference to their present and future demands.





4. Discuss the importance of irrigation in Indian Agriculture and describe the methods ofirrigation practised in either the Ganga Valley or the Karnataka-Maharashtra region.SECTION B5. Write short notes in about 200 words each on any three of the following:(a) Geographical impediments in the development of inland waterways in India.(b) Factors for the growth of slums in the metropolitan cities of India.(c) Magnitude of regional imbalances in economic development in India.(d) Geographical basis of the Indian Federation.6. Analyse the factors for the localization of either the cotton textile or the sugarindustry in India and note the recent trends in the industry.7. Name the million cities of India according 2001 census and critically examine thefactors for unprecedented growth in their population in the last 50 years.8. Explain the salient features of the tribal development programme with particularreference to either Dandakaranya or Chotanagpur.

GEOGRAPHY 1997PAPER-I-19971. On the outline map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than

ten words in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect ofeach one of them:-(a) Mettur Dam(b) Kaziranga Park(c) Loktak lake(d) Puri(e) Vidhyan Mountains(f) Mahanadi(g) Itanagar(h) Haldia(i) Sunderbans

(j) Khetri copper minesOROn the world map provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words inyour answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect of each one ofthem:-(a) Lake Erie(b) Black Forest(c) New York(d) Jamaica(e) Falkland Island(f) Winnipeg(g) Lake Mansarovar

(h) Tigris River(i) Sharjah(j) Area of Mediterranean climate in Africa2. Write short notes on any three of the following (each answer should be in about 200words):(a) Buffer zone(b) Marine resources, biotic, mineral and energy resources(c) Weathering and soil formation(d) Rural-urban fringe

SECTION A





3. Discuss the concept of polycyclic landforms and present an analytical study of thepolycyclic landforms of a selected region.4. Define air masses. How do they originate? Classify them and state the characteristicsof any one type.5. Examine critically the theories of the formation of coral reefs and atolls.SECTION B6. "Water is a scarce resource in plenty." Comment and discuss its importance in thebalanced habitat development. Support your answer with examples from Asia.7. Critically examine Alfred Weler's Theory of the Location of Industries.8. Critically examine the concept of dualism with special reference to physical versushuman Geography.PAPER-II-1997SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following question in about 200 words each:(a) Discuss the origin and main geographic feature of Thar Desert of India(b) Examine the significance of social forestry in the rural economy of India.(c) Examine the genesis of racial diversity in India.(d) Discuss the impact of green revolution on the agricultural production in India.2. Critically examine the factors affecting the distributional pattern of population in

India.3. Evaluate the nature of ecological problem in India and suggest measures for theirmeasurement.4. Divide peninsular India into agricultural regions. Explain the basis of such aregionalization.

SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each:(a) Analyse the locational pattern of cement industry in India.(b) Examine the census concept of urban areas in India.(c) Discuss the nature of commodity flows in India.

(d) Evaluate the benefits of Block Level development planning in India.6. Critically examine the locational pattern and trend of production of forest basedindustries in India.7. Draw a sketch map of India showing major river basins. Examine the feasibility of theconcept of river basins as a planning unit.8. Explain the basis and consequences of the establishment and implementation ofrecommendations of the State Reorganisation Commission in India since 1950s.


1. On the outline map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more thanten words in your answer-book what you consider to be the most significant aspect ofeach one of them:-(a) Hirakund Darn(b) Konkan Coast(c) Satpura Range(d) Narmada River(e) Lava Region(f) Paradip Port(g) Visakhapatnam(h) Lucknow





(i) Chilka Lake(j) Bangalore

OROn the world map provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words inyour answer-book, what you consider to be the most significant aspects of each one ofthem:(a) Caspian Sea(b) Hwang Ho River(c) Gulf of Oman(d) Madagascar Island(e) Appalachian Mountain(f) Gibson Desert(g) Sicily Island(h) Palk Strait(i) Dogger Bank(j) Amazon River2. Write short notes on any three of the following (each answer should be in about 200words):(a) Soil genesis

(b) Geomorphic processes(c) Locational Triangle(d) Types of Farming

SECTION A 3. Discuss the concept of volcanicity and show how the theory of Plate Tectonicsexplains the mechanism of volcanism and volcanic eruptions.4. Discuss the nature and composition of earth's atmosphere.5. Explain and illustrate the submarine relief of the Atlantic Ocean.SECTION B6. What is understood by quantification in Geography? Discuss the significance ofquantification in modern geographical studies with examples.

7. Explain the term resource management. Discuss its relevance in the context of globalresource scarcity and the future of mankind.8. Examine the impact of advanced agricultural technology on environment. Supportyour answer with examples.PAPER-II-1998SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each:(a) Evaluate the feasibility of the proposed Ganga-Cauveri drainage link.(b) Discuss the role of institutional factors in the efficiency and productivity of agriculturein India.(c) Examine the resources of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

(d) Bring out the present day position of exploitation and processing of nuclear mineralsin India.2. Critically examine the problems and prospects of tribal areas in India.3. Discuss the cropping patterns in different agricultural regions of India.4. Examine the pattern of distribution and mode of exploitation of bauxite in India.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each:(a) Examine the importance of industrial estates in India.(b) Discuss the geographical control of rural settlement pattern in India.(c) Explain the role of railways as a unifying factor in Indian economy.(d) Discuss the geopolitical importance of Indian Ocean area.





6. Bring out the trands in the development of fertilizer industry in India.7. Discuss the concept of city region and referring to Indian cities, examine criticallyfunctional indicators used for delimiting the city region.8. Discuss the role of languages in regional consciousness and national integration inIndia.

GEOGRAPHY 1999Geography-1999PAPER -I1. On the outline map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more thanten words in your answer-book what you consider the most significant aspect of each oneof them:-(a) Farakka barrage(b) Kavaratti(c) Manali-Leh highway(d) Majuli riverain island(e) Rajmahal hills(f) Palghat gap

(g) Chhattisgarh plain(h) Luni River(i) Karwar(j) Anandpur SahibOR

On the outline map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than tenwords in your answer-book what you consider the most significant aspect of each one ofthem:-(a) Greenwich(b) Caribbean Sea(c) Eritrea

(d) West Bank(e) Dakshin Gangotri(f) Vatican City State(g) Great Dividing Range(h) Tai-pei(i) Alaska(j) Chagai hills2. Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:(a) Cs type of climate, as per Koeppen's classification(b) Submarine canyons(c) Gravity model(d) Primate city

SECTION A 3. Bring out the distinctions between the continental drift theory and the plate tectonicstheory.4. Make a comparative study of the tropical and temperate cyclones.5. Discuss the relevance of watershed', as an ecosystem for the purpose of sustainabledevelopment.SECTION B6. Describe the sequence of major paradigm shifts in geographic thought during thetwentieth century.7. Bring out the contrast between the internal structure of the pre-industrial andindustrial cities.





8. How far do the patterns of economic development and those of human developmentcorrespond with each other in the world? Illustrate your answer with examples.PAPER -II-1999Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 2 which are compulsory, and any three of theremaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carryequal marksSECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each:(a) Explain the rise of the Himalayan ranges.(b) Elucidate the mechanism of the Indian Monsoon.(c) Examine the need for conservation of biotic resources in India.(d) Discuss the genesis of ethnic and racial diversities in India.2. Write an essay on the role of animal husbandry and household industries in thedevelopment of rural economy in India.3. Discuss the factors for the localization of either the cement or the cotton textileindustry in India and analyse the pattern of its distribution.4. Critically examine the role of infrastructural and institutional factors in the recenttransformation of Indian agriculture.

SECTION B5. Write short notes in about 200 words each on nay three of the following:(a) Role of rural market centres in fostering intra and inter-regional trade in India.(b) Hierarchical pattern of Indian towns.(c) Nature and utility of multi-level planning in India.(d) Regional consciousness versus national integration in India.6. Explain with suitable examples and sketch-maps, the distribution of various patternsof rural settlements in India.7. Analyse the causes of regional disparities in the economic development of India andsuggest measures for their removal.8. Critically examine the complementary and competitive character of the Indian rail -

routes and the road network.

GEOGRAPHY 2000PAPER-I- 2000SECTION A 1. On the supplied outline map of the world mark any TEN of the following and write inyour answer script the most significant aspect of each of them in not more than TENwords:(a) Addis Ababa(b) Vladivostok(c) Mt. Cotopaxi

(d) Mt. Gunnbjorn(e) Pidurutalagala(f) Amu Darya(g) Long Island(h) Nubian Desert(i) Karkloof Waterfall(j) Yellow Sea(k) Great Bear Lake(l) Welland Canal2. With reference to the theory of Plate Tectonics, explain the origin and growth of theyoung Fold Mountain Systems of the world.





3. Give an account of the types and distributi

geography (mains) previous 33 years question papers [1979-2011] by (www.mrunal.org) for upsc ias ips...

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