GEOGRAPHY

Urbanisation

Urbanisation

Is the growth of towns and cities over time

When did humans first build cities?Where were the first cities?Why did people move to cities?

Growth of an Irish City - Dublin

Six stages of development 1.Viking2.Norman3.Georgian 18th century4.19th Century5.20th century up to 19906.1990 – present (Celtic tiger)

Key points

Cities grew rapidly after industrial revolutionAs towns grew they took on a whole range of

functionsMore people live in urban areas then ruralPoorer countries tend to have larger rural

popTowns / cities in developing(poor) countries

are growing rapidly

Cities – Functional zones

Functional Zones mean –whatever the land is being used for.

1.Zone One = Central Business District (CBD)2.Zone Two = Shopping Area3.Zone Three = Residential Area4.Zone Four = Recreational Areas5.Zone Five = Industrial Area

1.The Central Business District (CBD)

Located in centre of city

Most valuable land Commercial

administrative and social activities

Higher high rise buildings

2. Shopping Area

Located near or around the CBD

City centreHigh street stores

3. Residential Zones

Suburbs and Urban Rural fringe

Apartment blocks Semidetached

housing estatesGeometric patterns

short streets cul de sacs

4. Recreational Zone

Open green areas within cities

Parks Playgrounds Sports fields further

out of city

5. Industrial Zone

Located in suburbsLand needed for large

buildings Residents provide

labourLess traffic

congestion Industrial Estates

Land Use and Values in Cities

Land Value Increased as you move towards the city centre

Building height also increases Retailers locate hereLarger shopping buildings locate in suburbs

e.g.. Large shopping areas ie Mahon Point

Class activity

Label the urban land use model and give a brief description of the characteristics of each zone

Urban Problems

1. Traffic Congestion – lack of investment has caused severe traffic congestion

2. Urban decline/ Urban decay – old derelict sites and poor public inner city housing

3. Inadequate Infrastructure – facilities are often not able to cope with influx of people. Social isolation occurs.

4. Urban sprawl – uncontrolled growth, haphazard unplanned developments

5. Urban Decline / Decay – public housing in bad condition. Old derelict site

6. Unemployment – low skilled jobs located on outskirts of town. Jobs in CBD are highly skilled and beyond the reach of locals

7. Crime – young people living in inner city experience social problems and drug problems. Crime to support habit

Solutions to Urban Problems

1. Traffic Initiatives (National Spatial Strategy – NSS )

Construction of M50 motorway Development of (LUAS) and (DART) Upgrading of Bus Routes and bus lanes Building Dublin’s Port Tunnel. Rigid enforcement of traffic regulation –

clamping and towing

Solutions to urban problems

2. Planning of new towns: Tallaght Built in 1960s to accommodate pop growth

(1,420 1961 – 63,000 2002) Provides services e.g. hospital college

industries Good transport infrastructure Young population structure

Solutions to urban problems

3. Inner city renewal and redevelopment The Historic Area Rejuvenation Project

(HARP) Urban renewal and redevelopment

Class test

Name and describe four problems caused by Urbanisation

Outline three solutions implemented to help resolve urban problems

Residential Accommodation in Cities

Old houses – terraced housingModern apartment blocks Georgian Housing 18th cetury Town housing – high quality apartmentsSemi-detached and detached estate houses

Task: find as many different types of residential accommodation in Mallow as you can?

Commuting to Work in Cities

Commute is the movement of people into and out of cities for work

This has a pattern – chaos routes Rush hours – traffic congestionCan you think of any solutions to this problem?Efficient public transport (rail and bus)Congestion charges references Car pooling Greater incentive to cycle or walk

Urbanisation in the Developing World

Sharp social and economic inequalities Wealth living close to PoorWealthy live in inner city – poor live in

suburbsFaster Population growthUnplanned developmentLack of infrastructure

Urban Problems in the Developing World

Shanty towns - CalcuttaShanty towns develop in poor areas (e.g.

India) Bastis/shanty towns are makeshift dwellings 250,000 pavement dwellers No fresh water, no education waste disposal

or sanitation People live in absolute poverty

Case study – Calcutta

4.5(M) or 30% of the POP live in Bastis (slums)

Street dwellers are the most disadvantaged – 250,000 of these

Development aid is being spent on infrastructure

Supply cant keep up with demand – rural to urban migration is too great

There is a huge contrast between rich and poor

Key Points

Urban Rural CBDCommuters Conurbation UrbanisationUrban fringe Urban redevelopment Urban renewal Urban sprawl

Questions

Name one city you have studied which has shanty towns?

Name and describe three problems for people living in shanty towns?

With reference to one Irish city you have studied – explain the factors which have led to its development (the growth of Dublin over time)

Name any new town in Ireland?Briefly describe two typical features of this new

town? (solutions to Urban Problems)

Urbanisation – Key Points

Development of Dublin over time ( stages of Development)

Functional Zones in the City Commuting to Cities – the Problems Urban Problems (Congestion and Urban

Decline)Solutions to Urban Problems (Case Studies NSS

& DDDA, Development of New Towns – Tallagh)Urbanisation in Developing world – Case study

on shanty towns in Calcutta