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Geological Time Geology 12

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Page 1: Geological Time Geology 12. Uniformitarianism “The present is the key to the past”- the fundamental principle that underlies most of geology. Put simply,

Geological Time

Geology 12

Page 2: Geological Time Geology 12. Uniformitarianism “The present is the key to the past”- the fundamental principle that underlies most of geology. Put simply,

Uniformitarianism

“The present is the key to the past”- the fundamental principle that underlies most of geology. Put simply, it explains that the present processes occurring on earth have occurred throughout geological time.

Page 3: Geological Time Geology 12. Uniformitarianism “The present is the key to the past”- the fundamental principle that underlies most of geology. Put simply,

Relative time ("chronostratic") -- subdivisions of the Earth's geology in a specific order based upon relative age relationships (most commonly, vertical/stratigraphic position). These subdivisions are given names, most of which can be recognized globally, usually on the basis of fossils.

Page 4: Geological Time Geology 12. Uniformitarianism “The present is the key to the past”- the fundamental principle that underlies most of geology. Put simply,

Relative Dating: Determining the chronological sequence of rock units by using six fundamental principles of geology. It estimates the order of prehistoric and geological events determined by using basic stratigraphic rules, and by observing where fossil organisms lay in the geological record, often in horizontal, stratified bands of rocks present throughout the world. Relative dating can determine the sequential order in which a series of events occurred, but not precisely when they occur.

Page 5: Geological Time Geology 12. Uniformitarianism “The present is the key to the past”- the fundamental principle that underlies most of geology. Put simply,

6 laws/ principles used to determine the relative age of rocks

2. Principle of Original Horizontality - The observation that sediment particles deposited from water under the influence of gravity form essentially horizontal layers. Non-horizontal rocks have been disturbed after deposition and lithification.

1. Principle of Superposition -In an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, the youngest beds are at the top and the oldest beds are at the bottom (also applies to volcanic rocks).

Page 6: Geological Time Geology 12. Uniformitarianism “The present is the key to the past”- the fundamental principle that underlies most of geology. Put simply,

3. Principle of Lateral Continuity - Sediment extends laterally in all directions until it thins, pinches out, or terminates against the edge of the depositional basin.

4. Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships - An intrusion or fault that cuts through another rock is younger than the rock it cuts.

Page 7: Geological Time Geology 12. Uniformitarianism “The present is the key to the past”- the fundamental principle that underlies most of geology. Put simply,

5. Principle of Inclusion - Inclusions are older than the rock that contains them.

6. Principle of Faunal Succession - Fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and determinable order, so any time period can be recognized by its fossil content. General evolution pattern is from simple to complex organisms.

Page 8: Geological Time Geology 12. Uniformitarianism “The present is the key to the past”- the fundamental principle that underlies most of geology. Put simply,

4 Types of FOSSILS:

Actual unchanged remainsRemains replaced by mineralsMolds and casts Impressions (i.e tracks,

footprints)

Page 9: Geological Time Geology 12. Uniformitarianism “The present is the key to the past”- the fundamental principle that underlies most of geology. Put simply,

In order to be considered an “Index Fossil” the organism must:

A) be found over a wide geographic area

B) have only existed for a relatively short time span (and therefore found in only a few distinct rock layers)

C) be easy to distinguish from other similar fossils

Page 10: Geological Time Geology 12. Uniformitarianism “The present is the key to the past”- the fundamental principle that underlies most of geology. Put simply,

Absolute time ("chronometric") -- numerical ages often in "millions of years”; most commonly obtained via radiometric or isotope dating methods performed on appropriate rock types.

Page 11: Geological Time Geology 12. Uniformitarianism “The present is the key to the past”- the fundamental principle that underlies most of geology. Put simply,

Absolute Dating: A general term applied to a range of techniques that provide estimates of the age of objects or materials in real calendar years either directly or through a process of calibration with material of known age. Such techniques include radiocarbon and radiometric dating.

Page 12: Geological Time Geology 12. Uniformitarianism “The present is the key to the past”- the fundamental principle that underlies most of geology. Put simply,