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Geology and Mining History of the Cady Mountains, San Bernardino County, California Gregg Wilkerson 2020 yosoygeologo@gmail.com

LOCATION The Cady Mountains are in the center of San Bernardino County, California in Townships 7 to 11 North and Ranges 4 to 8 East, San Bernardino Base and Meridian (Figure 1). They are: -south of the Mojave River, Alvord Mountains, Cronese Mountains and Cave Mountains. -east of the Mesquite Hills and Bristol Mountains -north of the Bullion Mountains, Lava Bed Mountains and Interstate 40. -west of the eastern Mojave Valley.

GEOLOGY The oldest rocks of the Cady Mountains are metamorphic rocks of Paleozoic Age. They crop out in the northwestern part of the Cady Mountains. The Paleozoic section was intruded by granite in the north Cady Mountains, by quartz monzonite in the south-central Cady Mountains and by biotite quartz diorite in the eastern Cady Mountains. During Oligocene (?) to Pliocene time there were a series of extrusive volcanic and sedimentary events that produced the Barstow, Yermo and Newberry Formations. In the Quaternary, sediments of Pluvial Lake Manix formed and now crop out in the northwestern part of the Cady Mountains. The geology of the Cady Mountains as depicted on the California Geological Survey San Bernardino Sheet (Bortugno and Spittler, 1986) is reproduced in Figure 2. A generalized geologic map is provided in Figure 3 and a generalized legend in Figure 4. A geologic index map for the Geologic Mosaic of the Cady Mountains is provided in Figure 5. A geologic mosaic of the Cady Mountains can be downloaded at https://www.academia.edu/44076294/Geology_and_Mining_History_of_the_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California_Geologic_Mosaic MINERAL DEPOSITS The U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resource Data System (MRDS, 2011) lists 62 mineral deposits in the area of the Cady Mountain Mining District illustrated on Figures 2 to 6. An alphabetical listing and data summary for these deposits is available at

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https://www.academia.edu/44076398/Geology_and_Mining_History_of_the_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_California_Appendix_01_Mineral_Deposits_listed_alphabetically A listing of mineral deposits by commodity is available at https://www.academia.edu/44076405/Geology_and_Mining_History_of_the_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_California_Appendix_02_Mineral_Deposits_listed_by_mineral_commodity A listing of mineral deposits by legal location is available at https://www.academia.edu/44076472/Geology_and_Mining_History_of_the_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_California_Appendix_03_Mineral_Deposits_listed_by_legal_location A generalized commodity map found in Figure 4. A detailed (1:50,000 Scale) mineral commodity map of the Cady Mountains is provided at https://www.academia.edu/44076354/Geology_and_Mining_History_of_the_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California_Commodity_Map There are 23 commodity groups in the Cady Mountains. They are summarized in Table 1

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Reports for all producing, past producing and deposits of special interest in the Cady mountains are found at these internet URL’s:

DEPOSIT OR MINE NAME URL

Afton Canyon Fluorite https://www.academia.edu/44045696/Afton_Canyon_Fluorite_Mines_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

Afton Canyon Magnesite https://www.academia.edu/44045775/Afton_Canyon_Mangesite_Mines_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

Afton Canyon Gemstones https://www.academia.edu/44045803/Afton_Canyon_Gemstones_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

Argos Strontium-Celestite https://www.academia.edu/44046179/Argos_Strontium_Celestite_Mine_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_California

Basin Sand and Gravel https://www.academia.edu/44054257/Basin_Sand_and_Gravel_Mine_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

Baxter Limestone https://www.academia.edu/44054393/Baxter_Basin_Limestone_Occurance_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

Beecher Sand and Gravel https://www.academia.edu/44054406/Beecher_Sand_and_Gravel_Mine_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

Big Reef -Black Butte Manganese https://www.academia.edu/44054535/Big_Reef_Black_Butte_Mine_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

Chalcedony https://www.academia.edu/44055469/Chalcedony_Crushed_Stone_Mine_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

Hansen Barite https://www.academia.edu/44055475/Hansen_Barite_Mine_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

Hector Hectorite https://www.academia.edu/44055688/Hector_Bentonite_Hectorite_Mines_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

Hoerner-Ross REE/U Pegmatite https://www.academia.edu/44055704/Hoerner_Ross_REE_and_U_Th_Pegmatite_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

Lee Yim Manganese https://www.academia.edu/44056214/Lee_Yim_Manganese_Mines_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

Logan Manganese https://www.academia.edu/44056270/Logan_Manganese_Mine_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_California

Overlook Gold https://www.academia.edu/44069108/Overlook_Mine_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

Stacsite Clay https://www.academia.edu/44069155/Stacsite_Mine_Cady_Mountains_San_Berdino_County_California

Unnamed Au-Cu #1 https://www.academia.edu/44069183/Unnamed_Gold_Copper_No_1_Mine_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

Unnamed Au #2 https://www.academia.edu/44069751/Unnamed_Gold_Mine_No_2_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

Unnamed Jasper No. 21 https://www.academia.edu/44069759/Unnamed_Jasper_Occurrence_No_21_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

Unnamed Sand and Gravel No. 3 https://www.academia.edu/44069777/Unnamed_Sand_and_Gravel_Pit_No_3_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California

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MINING HISTORY The Cady mountains were likely prospected during the 1880’s to 1920’s when large mines were discovered and developed in the adjacent Lava, North Bullion, Afton and Cronese mountains. Selenite and crushed stone (jasper, chalecedony) were developed in 1916. Manganese mining commenced at the Lee Yim mine in 1917, at the Big Reef-Black Butte mine in 1918. and at the Afton Canyon Manganese mine by 1919. In 1918 aluminum and several other elements and silica were developed at the Big Reef Mine. The Afton Canyon Fluorite mines began production in 1921. In 1930 barite (Hansen) and phosphate (Lee Yim) were mined. Hectorite was mined at Hector in 1931. In 1935 uranium and rare earth elements were discovered in the Hoerner-Ross Pegmatite. Lead was discovered at the Preston mine in the early 1930’s. Sand and gravel was produced from the Basin and Beecher pits for Southern Pacific railroad prior to 1953. Prior to 1958, pumice (Farway, Heather), copper (Old Dominion), clay (Stacsite), gold (Overlook), and limestone (Baxter) were discovered. Currently, the Hectorite deposits are still being mined, as are some borrow pits. Other mines are idle. A mine and land status map for the Cady Mountains and surrounding areas can be obtained at: https://www.academia.edu/44076371/Geology_and_Mining_History_of_the_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California_Mine_and_Land_Status_Map

Figures 1. Location 2. Geologic Map CGS 3. Generalized geology USGS 4. Generalized geology legend 5. Geologic index map 6. Generalized commodity map

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Figure 1. Location of Cady Mountains in San Bernardino County.

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Figure 2. Topographic map for Cady Mountains.

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Figure 3. Geologic Map of the Cady Mountains and surrounding area from the California Geological Survey.

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Figure 4. Generalized geologic map of the Cady Mountains. Data from California Geological Survey.

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Figure 5. Legend to geologic map of Figure 4.

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Figure 6. Geologic index map for Geologic Mosaic

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Figure 7. Mineral commodity map for the Cady Mountains.

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Figure 8. Areal photograph of the Cady Mountains.

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Map Links

MAP URL

Geologic Mosaic of the Cady Mountains (Arch E, 36” x 42”; 1:50,000 Scale)

https://www.academia.edu/44076294/Geology_and_Mining_History_of_the_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California_Geologic_Mosaic

Commodity Map of the Cady Mountains (Arch E, 36” x 42”; 1:50.000 Scale)

https://www.academia.edu/44076354/Geology_and_Mining_History_of_the_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California_Commodity_Map

Mine and Land Status Map of the Cady Mountains (Arch E, 36” x 42”; 1:50.000 Scale)

https://www.academia.edu/44076354/Geology_and_Mining_History_of_the_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_County_California_Commodity_Map

Appendix Links to Mineral Deposit Tables

APPENDIX URL

Appendix 1: Cady Mountain Mineral Deposits listed by deposit name

https://www.academia.edu/44076398/Geology_and_Mining_History_of_the_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_California_Appendix_01_Mineral_Deposits_listed_alphabetically

Appendix 2: Cady Mountain Mineral Deposits listed by mineral commodity

https://www.academia.edu/44076405/Geology_and_Mining_History_of_the_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_California_Appendix_02_Mineral_Deposits_listed_by_mineral_commodity

Appendix 3: Cady Mountain Mineral Deposits listed by legal location

https://www.academia.edu/44076472/Geology_and_Mining_History_of_the_Cady_Mountains_San_Bernardino_California_Appendix_03_Mineral_Deposits_listed_by_legal_location

REFERENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, Paul M., 2015, Manganese deposits of the Cady Mountains, San Bernardino County, California, in Mojave Miocene, edited Robert E. Reynolds, California State University Desert Studies Center, 2015 Desert Symposium, April 2015, pp. 206-210. Agey, W.W., Hussey, S. J., and Long, W. J.,1952, Concentration of oxide manganese ores from San Bernardino County, California: U. S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 4846, 11-14. Ames, L. L., Jr., Sand, L.B., and Goldich, S.S., 1958, A Contribution on the Hector, California bentonite deposit: Economic Geology, v. 53, n. 1, p. 22-37. Baker, C. L., 1911, Notes on the later Cenozoic history of the Mojave Desert region in southeastern California, California University., Department of Geological Science Bulletin. 6, pp. 333-383. Bezore, S.P., 1997, Geology of a part of southwestern San Bernardino County: The Barstow-Newberry Springs area, California: California Division of Mines and Geology, Open-File Report 97-16, scale 1:62,500.

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Bortugno E.J. and T.E. Spittler, 1986, Geologic Map of the San Bernardino Quadrangle, 1:250,000, Regional Geologic Map Series, Map No. 3A (Geology), Sheet 1 of 5. Bradley, W.W. and others, 1918, Manganese and chromium in California: California Division of Mines Bulletin 76, p. 62, 95, 248. Bradley. W.W., 1930: Barite in California: California Division of Mines Report 26, pp. 45-57 . See pp 54-55. Burchard, E.F., 1934, Fluorspar deposits in western United States: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers Transactions, vol. 109, pp. 373-374. Byers, F.M., 1960, Geology of the Alvord Mountain Quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California, U.S.. Geological Survey, B-1089A. scale 1:62,500 Chesterman, C.W., 1957, Fluorspar: in Mineral Commodities of California, California Division of Mines Bulletin. 176, p.201-204 Cloudman, H. E., Huguenin, E., and Merrill, F. J. H., 1919, San Bernardino County: California Mining Bureau Report 15, pp. 775-899. Cohen, C. L. D., 1957, Aerial Economic Geology of T.7N, R.07 and 08E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished map in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987; revised by J. Gamble, 1959. Collier, John C. 1958, Aerial Economic Geology of T.10N, R.07 and 08E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished map in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. Collier, J.T. and E.A. Danehy, 1958a, Aerial Economic Geology of T.10N, R.05 and 06E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished map in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. Collier, J.T. and E.A. Danehy, 1958b, Geology and Mineral Resources of T.10N, R.05 and 06E, SBM, Caifornia, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished report in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. Coonrad, W. L., 1957a and 1958, Aerial Economic Geology of T.8N, R.05 and 06E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished map in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. Coonrad, W. L., 1957a and 1958, Geology and Mineral Resource of T.8N, R.05 and 06E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished report in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. Coonrad, W. L., 1958a1, Aerial Economic Geology of T.9N, R.05 and 06E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished map in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. In part after Cordell Durrell, 1953.

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Coonrad, W. L., 1958a2, Geology and Mineral Resources of T.9N, R.05 and 06E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished report in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. In part after Cordell Durrell, 1953. Coonrad, W. L., 1958b, Aerial Economic Geology of T.11N, R.07 and 08E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished map in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. Coonrad, W. L., 1959, Aerial Economic Geology of T.8N, R.07 and 08E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished map in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. In part after Cordell Durrell, 1953. Coonrad, W. L., 1959, Geology and Mineral Resources of T.8N, R.07 and 08E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished report in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. In part after Cordell Durrell, 1953. Cox, B.F., Griscom, Andrew, Kilburn, J.E., Raines, G.L., Knepper, D.H., Jr., Sabine, Charles, and Kuizon, Lucia, 1987, Mineral resources of the Newberry Mountains and Rodman Mountains Wilderness Study Areas, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 1712-A, scale 1:154,000 Crawford, J. J., 1894, California Division of Mines, 1894 XIIth Report of the State Mineralogist, California Division of Mines, Report 12, p. 69 Crosby, J. W., III, and S.R. Hoffman, 1951, Fluorspar in California: California Journal of Mines and Geology, vol. 47, pp. 619-638 (Afton Canyon Fluorite p. 633-636). Crossman, James H., 1889, San Bernardino County, 9th Annual Report of the State Mineralogist for the year ending December 1, 1889, California State Mining Burau, William Ireland, Jr., State Mineralogist. 352 p. Danehy, E.A. and J.T. Collier, 1958a, Aerial Economic Geology of T.11N, R.05 and 06E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished map in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. Danehy, E.A. and J.T. Collier, 1958b, Geology and Mineral Resources of T.11N, R.05 and 06E, SBM, California, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished report in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. Danehy, E.A. and J. Gamble, 1960a, Aerial Economic Geology of T.8N, R.03 and 04 and 04.5E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished map in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. In part after T.W. Dibblee, 1960. Danehy, E.A. and J. Gamble, 1960b, Geology and Mineral Resources of T.8N, R.03 and 04 and 04.5E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished report in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. In part after T.W. Dibblee, 1960.

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Dibblee, T.W., 1966a, Geologic map of the Lavic quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-472, scale 1:62,500. Dibblee, T.W., 1967a, Geologic map of the Broadwell Lake quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-478, scale 1:62,500. Dibblee, T.W., 1967d, Geologic map of the Ludlow quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-477, scale 1:62,500. Dibblee, T.W., Jr., and Bassett, A.M., 1966a, Geologic map of the Newberry quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-461, scale 1:62,500. Dibblee, T.W., and Bassett, A.M., 1966b, Geologic map of the Cady Mountains quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-467, scale 1:62,500. Dibblee, T.W., and Minch, J.A., 2008a, Geologic map of the Broadwell Lake 15 minute quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California: Dibblee Geological Foundation, Dibblee Foundation Map DF-395, scale 1:62,500. Dibblee, T.W., and Minch, J.A., 2008c, Geologic map of the Old Woman Springs & Emerson Lake 15 minute quadrangles, San Bernardino County, California: Dibblee Geological Foundation, Dibblee Foundation Map DF-380, scale 1:62,500. Dibblee, T.W., and Minch, J.A., 2008d, Geologic map of the Rodman Mountains & Lavic 15 minute quadrangles, San Bernardino County, California: Dibblee Geological Foundation, Dibblee Foundation Map DF-378, scale 1:62,500. Dibblee, T.W., and Minch, J.A., 2008e, Geologic map of the Newberry and Cady Mountains 15 minute quadrangles, San Bernardino County, California: Dibblee Geological Foundation, Dibblee Foundation Map DF-394, scale 1:62,500. Dibblee, T.W., and Minch, J.A., 2008f, Geologic map of the Ludlow & Bagdad 15 minute quadrangles, San Bernardino County, California: Dibblee Geological Foundation, Dibblee Foundation Map DF-396, scale 1:62,500. Dibblee, T.W., and Minch, J.A., 2008g, Geologic map of the Alvord Mountains and Cave Mountains, 15 minute quadrangles, San Bernardino County, California: Dibblee Geological Foundation, Dibblee Foundation Map DF-398, scale 1:62,500. Dorsey, R. R., 1956, Aerial Economic Geology of T.8N, R.03 and 04E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished map in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. Modified by W.L. Coonrad, 1958. Dorsey, R. R., 1956, Geology and Mineral Resources of T.8N, R.03 and 04E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished report in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. Modified by W.L. Coonrad, 1958.

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Durrell, Cordell, 1953, Celestite Deposits Near Ludlow, San Bernardino County, California, in Geological Investigations of Strontium Deposits in Southern California. California Division of Mines and Geology, Special Report 32, p. 37-48 Fairbanks, Harold W., 1882, Geology of San Diego County ; and also portions of Orange and San Diego Counties, XIth Report of the State Mineralogist, California Division of Mines, Report 11, p. 354 Gardiner, Dion L., 1940a, Geology of the Newberry and Ord Mountains, San Bernardino County, California , Master’s Thesis Department of Geological Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California. Gardner's map covers an area about 58 miles long by 34 miles wide. His geologic map is at scale of 1 inch equals 2 miles. An abridged version or Gardner's report has been published in the California Journal of Mines and Geology, Vol. 36, No. 3, July 1940, P• 257-292. Gardiner, Dion L., 1940b, Geology of the Newberry and Ord Mountains, San Bernardino County, California: California Journal of Mines and Geology, vol. 36, pp. 257-292 Glazner, A.F., 1998, Geologic map of the Sleeping Beauty area, southern Cady Mountains [San Bernardino County, California]: Geological Society of America, Digital Maps and Charts, Bulletin, v. 100, p. 424-435, 10 figs., 4 tables, March 1988; scale 1:25,000. Glazner, A.F., Bartley, J.M., and Sanner, W.K., 2000, Nature of the southwestern boundary of the central Mojave Tertiary province, Rodman Mountains, California: Geological Society of America, Bulletin v.112, no.1, scale 1:64,500. Goodwin, J. G., 1957 , Lead and Zinc in California, California Journal of Mines and Geology, California Division of Mines and Geology, Vol. 53 , No. 3 & 4; P. 353-724. Hewett, D. F., 1964, Veins of Hypogene Manganese Oxide Minerals in the Southwestern United States, Economic Geology, 59, 1429-1472. Hewett, D. F. and M. Fleischer, 1960, Deposits of Manganese Oxides, Economic Geology, 55, 1-55. Hewett, D.F., Eugene Callaghan, B.N. Moore, T.B. Nolan, W.W. Rubey and W.T. Schaller, 1936, Mineral resources of the region around Boulder Dam: U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 871, 197 p. See pp. 86, 117-118. Kupfer, D.H., and Bassett, A.M., 1953, Preliminary geologic reconnaissance map of part of the southeastern Mojave Desert, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 56-74, scale 1:120,000. See https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5674 Kupfer, D.H., and Bassett, A.M., 1962, Geologic reconnaissance map of part of the southeastern Mojave Desert, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Investigations Field Studies Map MF-205, scale 1:125,000. Jennings, Charles W., John L. Burnett and Bennie W. Troxel, 1962, Geologic Map of California, Trona Sheet, Olaf P. Jenkins Edition, California Division of Mines and Geology.

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Larose, Kim, Les Youngs, Susan Kohler-Antablin, and Karen Garden, 1999, Mines and Mineral Producers Active in California (1997-1998), California Division of Mines and Geology, Special Publication No. 103, 169 p. Miller, C.D., 1989, Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California [Amboy Crater area]: U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 1847, scale 1:500,000. Miller, D. M., Howard, K. A., and John, B. E., 1982, Preliminary geology of the Bristol Lake region: in Cooper, J. D., compiler, Geologic excursions in the California Desert: Geological Society of America 78th Annual Meeting Cordilleran Section, Anaheim, CA, April 19-21, 1982, p. 91-100. Miller, D.M., Menges, C.M., and Lidke, D.J., 2014, Generalized surficial geologic map of the Fort Irwin area, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report OF-2013-1024-B, scale 1:100,000. Miller, R. D., 1950, Geology of a part of the·Afton Fluorite Mining District, San Bernardino County, California: Stanford Univ. M.S. thesis (unpublished). Miller, S.T., 1980, Geology and mammalian biostratigraphy of a part of the northern Cady Mountains, Mojave Desert, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report OF-80-878, scale 1:8,000. MRDS, 2011, Mineral Resource Data System, U.S. Geological Survey, https://mrdata.usgs.gov/mrds/. Mitchell, James R., Gem Trails of California, Expanded, Revised Edition, 1986, Gem Guides Book Company, 315 Cloverdale Dr., Suite F., Baldwin Park, CA 91706, 159 p. See p. 68-69. Newman, M.A., 1923a, Los Angeles field division: California Mining Bureau Report 18, pp. 232, 307-311, 614,742-744. Newman, M.A., 1923b Los Angeles field division, San Bernardino County: California Mining Bureau Report19, pp. 29-32, 61-64, 98-100. Oesterling, W.A. and Spurck, W.H. (1964), Minerals for Industry, Summary of Geological Survey 1955 - 1961: Vol III - 242 pp., Southern California, Southern Pacific Company, San Francisco, CA 94105: 115. Phelps, G.A., Bedford, D.R., Lidke, D.J., Miller, D.M., and Schmidt, K.M., 2012, Preliminary surficial geologic map of the Newberry Springs 30' x 60' quadrangle, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report OF-2011-1044, scale 1:100,000. Rapp, J.S., and Vredenburgh, L.M., 1992, Industrial Mineral Resource Potential of Tertiary Playa Deposits of the Fort Irwin Area, San Bernardino County, California, Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Incorporated, Preprint Number 92-44, 9 p. Reheis, M.C., Redwine, J.R., Wan, Elmira, McGeehin, J.P., and Van Sistine, D.P., 2014, Surficial geology and stratigraphy of Pleistocene Lake Manix, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Map SIM-3312, scale 1:24,000. Rogers, Thomas H., 1967, Geologic Map of California, Olaf P. Jenkins Edition, San Bernardino Sheet, California Division of Mines and Geology.

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Ross, T.M., 1995, North-south-directed extension, timing of extension, and vertical-axis rotation of the southwest Cady Mountains, Mojave Desert, California: Geological Society of America, Bulletin v.107, n.7, scale 1:50,000. Schlocker, J., 1942, Magnesium-bearing minerals in the Boulder Dam area for the production of magnesium metal: U. S. Bureau of Mines Circular 7216, 16 p. See pp. 6-7. Southern Pacific Company, 1964, Minerals for Industry, Southern California, Volume 3, Special Publication 64, 269 p. Sweet, Wilbur E., Jr., 1980, The Geology and Genesis of the Hectorite, Hector, California, in Geology and Mineral Wealth of the California Desert, Edited by Donald L. Fife and Arthur R. Brown, Dibblee Volume South Coast Geological Society, P.O. Box 10244, Santa Ana California, 92711, 555 o. See p. 279-283. Trask, Parker, Ivan F. Wilson, and Frank S. Simons, 1943, Manganese in California, California Division of Mines and Geology, Bulletin 125, p. 164. Trask, Parker D, Ivan F. Wilson and Frank S. Simons, 1943, Manganese in California: California Division of. Mines Bulletin. 125, Table for San Bernardino County, Deposit No. 2, p. 160 (Black Butte), p. 161 (Lee Yin). Trask, Parker D, and 23 others, 1950, Geologic description of the manganese deposits in California, California Division of Mines Bulletin. 152, pp. 188-208, April 1950. Tucker, W. B., 1921, Los Angeles field division, San Bernardino County : California Mining Bureau Report 17, pp. 333-374 see p. 353-354 Tucker, W. B., 1930, Commercial grinding plants in California, Southern California plants: California Division of Mines Report. 26, pp. 340-345. Tucker, W. Burling and Reid J. Sampson, 1931, Los Angeles Field Division; 27th Report of the State Mineralogist; San Bernardino County: California Mining Bureau. Report 27: 262-401. Tucker, W. Burling and Reid J. Sampson, 1940a, Current mining activity in southern California: California Division Mines Report 36, p. 29. Tucker, W. Burling and Reid J. Sampson, 1940b, Economic mineral deposits of the Newberry and Ord Mountains, San Bernardino County: California Division Mines Report 36(3): 232-233. Tucker, W. Burling and Reid J. Sampson, 1943, Mineral resources of San Bernardino County, California Division of Mines Report 39: pp. 427-550. Vanderpool, John S., 1956a, Aerial Economic Geology of T.10N, R.03 and 04E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished map in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987.

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Vanderpool, John S., 1956b (and E.A. Danehy and W.L. Coonrad, 1958), Aerial Economic Geology of T.9N, R.03 and 04E, SBM, Southern Pacific Corporation, Unpublished map in support of Minerals for Industry, Southern California Volume III, Special Publication 95, California Division of Mines and Geology, 1987. Vitalian. C.J., 1950, Needles magnesite deposit San Bernardino County, California: California Journal of Mines and Geology., pp. 367-372, pls. 62-65. Wilkerson, Gregg, Larry Vredenburgh, Thomas J. Serenko and Ted H. Eyde, 2001, The Franklin Wells Hectorite Deposit, Inyo County, California, in The Changing Face of the East Mojave Desert, Robert E. Reynolds, editor, 2001 Desert Symposum, Woodburne, M.D., 1998, Arikareean and Hemingfordian faunas of the Cady Mountains, Mojave Desert province, California: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 325, scale 1:357,000. Wright, Lauren A., Ricard M. Stewart, Thomas E. Gay, Jr., and George C. Hazezbush, 1953, Mines and mineral resources of San Bernardino County, California: California Journal of Mines and Geology: 49(1-2), pp. 48-247 with tables. Yount, J.C., Schermer, E.R., Felger, T.J., Miller, D.M., and Stephens, K.A., 1994, Preliminary geologic map of Fort Irwin basin, north-central Mojave Desert, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report OF-94-173, scale 1:24,000. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Tim Elam reviewed this document and provided many helpful suggestions