geology and nonrenewable mineral resources chapter 12
TRANSCRIPT
Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Chapter 12
Core Case Study: Nanotechnology
Bottom-up manufacturing
Widespread applications
Potential risks
Need for guidelines and regulations
Future applications
Nanosolar Cells
Fig. 12-1, p. 261
12-1 What Are the Earth’s Major Geological Processes?
Concept 12-1 Gigantic plates in the earth’s crust move very slowly atop the planet’s mantle, and wind and water move matter from place to place across the earth’s surface.
The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet
What is geology?
Earth’s internal structure• Core• Mantle • Crust
Plate Tectonics
Tectonic plates
Lithosphere
Types of plate boundaries• Divergent• Convergent• Transform fault
Plate Tectonics and Natural Hazards
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Tsunamis
Geologic recycling and biodiversity
Earth’s Crust and Upper Mantle
Fig. 12-2, p. 263
Mantle (asthenosphere)
Mantle (lithosphere)
Mantle (lithosphere)
Continental crust(lithosphere)
Continentalrise
Continentalslope
ContinentalshelfAby
ssal
pla
in
Foldedmountain belt
Abyssal plain
Oceanic crust(lithosphere)
Abyssal hillsAbyssal
floorAbyssal
floorOceanic
ridgeTrench
Craton
Volcanoes
Plate Tectonics
Fig. 12-3, p. 264
Innercore
Hot outercore
Mantle
Continentalcrust
Cold densematerial fallsback through
mantle
Hot material rising through the mantle
Two plates movetowards each other.One is subductedback into the mantleon a falling convectioncurrent.
Mantleconvection
cell
Oceanic crustOceanic crust
Oceantrench
Spreadingcenter
Continentalcrust
Subduction zone
Material coolsas it reaches
the outer mantle
Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates
PACIFICPLATE
JUAN DEFUCA PLATE
CHINASUBPLATE
PHILIPPINEPLATE
INDIA-AUSTRALIANPLATE
AFRICANPLATE
ARABIANPLATE
SOMALIANSUBPLATE
ANATOLIANPLATE
CARIBBEANPLATE
EURASIAN PLATENORTHAMERICANPLATE
SOUTHAMERICANPLATE
NAZCAPLATE
Fig. 12-4, p. 265
ANTARCTIC PLATE
The San Andreas Fault
Fig. 12-5, p. 265
External Earth Processes
Weathering• Physical• Chemical• Biological
Erosion• Rain, flowing water, wind• Glaciers
12-2 What Are Minerals and Rocks and How Are Rocks Recycled?
Concept 12-2A Some naturally occurring materials in the earth’s crust can be extracted and processed into useful materials.
Concept 12-2B Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks in the earth’s crust are recycled very slowly by geologic processes.
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (1)
Minerals
Mineral resource• Fossil fuels• Metallic• Nonmetallic
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (2)
Identified resources
Reserves
Potential impact of nanotechnology
Rocks and Minerals
Rock• Igneous• Sedimentary• Metamorphic
Ore• High-grade ore• Low-grade ore
Rock cycle
The Rock Cycle
Fig. 12-6, p. 267
Metamorphic rockSlate, marble,gneiss, quartzite
Melting
Magma(molten rock)
Cooling
Granite, pumice,basalt
Weathering
Erosion
Transportation
Deposition
Heat, pressure
Heat, pressure,stress
Sandstone, limestone
Sedimentary rock
Igneous rock
12-3 What Are the Harmful Environmental Effects of Using Mineral Resources?
Concept 12-3 Extracting and using mineral resources can disturb the land, erode soils, produce large amounts of solid waste, and pollute the air, water, and soil.
Environmental Impact of Using Mineral Resources (1)
High energy use
Disturb land
Erode soil
Produce solid waste
Environmental Impact of Using Mineral Resources (2)
Pollute air, water, and soil
Total impact may depend on grade of ore
Life Cycle of a Metal Resource
Fig. 12-7, p. 268
Surfacemining
Metal ore Separationof ore fromgangue
Smelting Meltingmetal
Conversionto product
Discardingof product
Recycling
Conversionto product
Fig. 12-7, p. 268
Stepped Art
Surfacemining
Metal ore Separationof ore fromgangue
Smelting Meltingmetal
Discardingof product
Recycling
Environmental Effects of Using Mineral and Energy Resources
Fig. 12-8, p. 268
Extracting Mineral Deposits
Surface mining
Subsurface mining
Overburden
Spoils
Mining Methods
Open-pit mining
Strip mining
Area strip mining
Contour strip mining
Mountaintop removal
Open-pit Mining
Fig. 12-9, p. 269
Strip Mining
Fig. 12-10, p. 269
Contour Strip Mining
Fig. 12-11, p. 270
Spoil banks
Bench
Undisturbed land
Overburden
Pit
Mountaintop Mining
Fig. 12-12, p. 270
Harmful Environmental Effects of Mining
Disruption of land surface
Subsidence
Toxic-laced mining wastes
Acid mine drainage
Air pollution
Harmful Environmental Effects of Removing Metals from Ores
Ore mineral – desired metal
Gangue – waste material
Smelting• Air polluting by-products
Chemical removal processes
Toxic holding ponds
12-4 How Long Will Mineral Resources Last?
Concept 12-4 An increase in the price of a scarce mineral resource can lead to increased supplies and more efficient use of the mineral, but there are limits to this effect.
Uneven Distribution of Mineral Resources
Abundant minerals
Scarce minerals
Exporters and importers
Strategic metal resources• Economic and military strength• U.S. dependency – four critical minerals• Sources?
Supplies of Mineral Resources
Available supply and use
Economic depletion
Six choices after depletion• Recycle, reuse, waste less, use less, find a
substitute, do without
Depletion time
Depletion Curves for a Nonrenewable Resource
Fig. 12-13, p. 272
Recycle, reuse, reduceconsumption; increasereserves by improvedmining technology,higher prices, andnew discoveries
Mine, use, throw away;no new discoveries;rising prices
Recycle; increase reservesby improved miningtechnology, higher prices,and new discoveries
Depletiontime A
Time
Depletiontime C
Depletiontime B
Present
Pro
du
ctio
n
A
B
C
Effect of Market Prices on Supplies of Nonrenewable Resources
Role of economics in mining
Standard economic theory
Limited free market in developed countries• Subsides, taxes, regulations, import tariffs
Economic problems of developing new mines
Mining Lower-grade Ores
Improved equipment and technologies
Limiting factors• Cost• Supplies of freshwater• Environmental impacts
Biomining• In-situ mining• Genetic engineering
Ocean Mining (1)
Minerals from seawater
Minerals for ocean sediments
Hydrothermal deposits
Manganese-rich nodules
Ocean Mining (2)
Mining issues in international waters
Environmental issues
12-5 How Can We Use Mineral Resources More Sustainably?
Concept 12-5 We can try to find substitutes for scarce resources, recycle and reuse minerals, reduce resource waste, and convert the wastes from some businesses into raw materials for other businesses.
Finding Substitutes and Alternatives for Scarce Mineral Resources
Materials revolution• Ceramics and plastics
Limitations
Recycle and reuse• Less environmental impact
Using Nonrenewable Resources More Sustainably
Decrease use and waste
3M Company • Pollution Prevention Pays (3P) program
Economic and environmental benefits of cleaner production
Sustainable Use of Nonrenewable Minerals
Fig. 12-14, p. 275
Case Study: Industrial Ecosystems (1)
Mimic nature to deal with wastes – biomimicry
Waste outputs become resource inputs
Recycle and reuse
Resource exchange webs
Case Study: Industrial Ecosystems (2)
Reclaiming brownfields
Industrial ecology
Ecoindustrial revolution
An Industrial Ecosystem
Fig. 12-15, p. 276
Pharmaceutical plant Local farmers
Fish farming
Cement manufacturer
Area homes
Surplus natural gas
Surplusnatural gas
Surplussulfur
Waste heat
Wasteheat
Wasteheat
Wasteheat
Sludge
Sludge
Wasteheat
Wastecalciumsulfate
Electric power plant
Wallboard factory
Sulfuric acid producer
Fly ash
Greenhouses
Oil refinery
Electric power plant
Sulfuric acid producer
Surplussulfur
GreenhousesWasteheat
Cement manufacturer
Fly ash
Oil refinery
Waste heat
Surplusnatural gas
Area homes
Wasteheat
Fish farming
Wasteheat
Wallboard factory
Wastecalciumsulfate
Surplusnatural gas
Local farmers
Sludge
Sludge
Pharmaceutical plant
Wasteheat
Stepped Art
Fig. 12-15, p. 276
Animation: Geological Forces
PLAYANIMATION
Animation: Plate Margins
PLAYANIMATION
Animation: Sulfur Cycle
PLAYANIMATION
Animation: Resources Depletion and Degradation
PLAYANIMATION
Video: Continental Drift
PLAYVIDEO
Video: Asteroid Menace
PLAYVIDEO
Video: Indonesian Earthquake
PLAYVIDEO
Video: Tsunami Alert Testing
PLAYVIDEO
Video: Mount Merapi Volcano Eruption
PLAYVIDEO