geology dep. cairo univ.scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=ahmedabdelhalim/files/rs-ppt1.pdf · 9 geology dep....

1 Geology Dep. Cairo Univ. Remote sensing 1


• Pre master of Structural & Engineering Geology, University of Cairo

• Professional Master: Geomatics and Natural Resources Evaluation by the Istituto Agronomico per L’Oltremare, Florence, Italy

• Master degree of Structural and Engeneering Geology, Cairo University, Egypt

• PhD. Landscape Ecology Institute, Muenster University, Germany

Biography


objective Lectures Laboratory

Introduction and

concept

What is RS and earth observations What is satellite images

The important of RS technique Google earth

History of RS in earth science Be familiar with software

Cartography Global georefernces Data preparing (subset)

electromagnetic Physical concept image rectification

Data acquisition Processes of data acquisition Image display (color, bands,…etc.)

Satellite sensors

Multispectral Types and cost of satellites data Image info and spatial resolution

Mid term Exam Exam

Digital image Raster, vector, histogram…etc

Spectral enhancement Image

enhancement

and processing

Spatial resolution

Spectral resolution

Classification techniques Supervised and unsupervised

Applications Mapping Classification of land cover

Geology Classification of rock cover

Project seminar Student presentations Revision


Earth Observation (EO)

Cartography and Geodesy

Global Position System (GPS)

Electromagnetic

Content


Earth observation

“is the measurement or acquisition of information

of some property of an object or phenomena by a

recording device that is not in physical or intimate

contact with the object or phenomena under study”

RS Sensor Image data Analysis


• Includes geophysical tools (e.g. electromagnetic

induction, ground penetration radar,

aeromagnetic…etc.), aircraft, spacecraft, and satellite

sensors

• Products can be analog (e.g., photos) or digital

images

• Remotely sensed images need to be interpreted to

yield thematic information (roads, crop lands, etc.)


Type Bands Resolution Max. mapping scale

m/pixel at full size view

Landsat

MSS 4 60 1:100,000

TM 7 30 1:70,000

ETM 9 15 1:50,000

ETM 11 15 1:50,000

Spot-4 (Panchromatic) 1 10 1:40,000

Spot-5 (Multi spectral) 4

10

5 1:20,000

2.5 1:10,000

GeoEye (Panchromatic) 1

2 upto o.5 up to 1:500

GeoEye (Multi spectral) 4 or 8

Quickbird (Panchromatic) 1

Quickbird (Multi spectral) 4 or 8

World wiew (Panchromatic) 1

World wiew (Multi spectral)

4 or 8

Most popular satellite images

9 Geology Dep. Cairo Univ.

• Data without reference and coding is non-spatial or aspatial and would have no value at all within a geographic information system.

• Geocoding or (georefrencing) is the name commonly given to the process of converting object addresses to latitude and longitude, or some similarly universal coordinate system

• Geometry and projection the complex ways in which humans refer to specific locations on the planet, and how they measure locations.

Remote sensing 1

Cartography and Geodesy


Map projection and coordinates: in order to see the

whole Earth with approximately equal detail it must

be distorted in some way, and it is most convenient to

make it flat in terms of x and y.

The conformal property, the shapes

of small features on the Earth’s

surface are preserved on the projection (X,Y).

The equal area property, areas on the map are in the

same proportion to areas on the Earth’s surface.


There are three physical models

to identify the map projection:

• Cylindrical projections

• Azimuthal or planar

projections

• Conic projections


Examples of some common map projections. The Mercator projection is a tangent cylindrical type, (cylinder wrapped around the Equator). The Lambert Conformal Conic projection is a secant conic type, (the surface was projected intersected the Earth along two lines of latitude: 20 North and 60 North.


Global Position System (GPS)

The GPS is a satellite-based navigation system,

originally developed by the US Department of Defense.

GPS device Satellite system


Properties of GPS survey:

• Four GPS satellite signals are used to compute the position of any point in three dimensions on the Earth's surface.

• Select the geographic datum and projection

• Select map unit

•Trace trajectory and field track

• Reduction of the position error (Accuracies) Low cost, single receiver: 10-30m Medium cost, differential receiver: 50 cm-5 m High cost, differential GPS: 1 mm to 1 cm.


Electromagnetic radiation

Earth Surface

Sources

of Energy Sensing

Systems

• Energy sources and radiation principles (reflectance,

absorption, and refraction or scattering)


Energy Interaction with Earth Surface Features


The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from the shorter

wavelengths (including gamma and x-rays) to the longer

wavelengths (including microwaves and broadcast radio waves).

Spectrum name Spectrum range Spectrum channel

Ultra violet >0.4 um UV, X, and Gamma rays

Visible 0.4 to 0.7 um Blue, Green, Red

Infrared 0.7 to 3 um Nir and IR

Thermal Infrared 3 to 100 um Thermal IR

Microwave 10 mm to 100 cm Microwave

Broadcast <100 cm TVand Radio


Vis

ible

Lig

ht

near in

frare

d

mid

infra

red

therm

al in

frare

d

mic

row

ave

TV

and ra

dio

blu

e

red

UV near

infrared

1 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 104 103 102 10 107 106 105

wavelength (mm) wavelength (mm)

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 mm

• Different sensors measure different parts of the

electromagnetic spectrum


Characteristic of electromagnetic waves and earth observation

Remote sensing data


Remote sensing systems which measure energy that is naturally available are called passive sensors.

Active sensors, on the other hand, provide their own energy source for illumination.


Digital image and digital number (DN) • Digital image composed of pixels

• Pixel contains geometric unit and didgiatl number


Channel or band: The information from a narrow wavelength range is gathered and stored in a

channel, also sometimes referred to as a band.

Panchromatic Band combination


Course materials Text books: {Remote sensing and image interpretation by

Thomas M. Lillesand and Ralph W. Kiefer} (from geology department library) {Geographical Information Systems and Science 2nd Edition} (online)

User manual: RS software

Online: http://www.itc.nl/ilwis/applications/ Google search

Selected papers: find copy in library of Geology Dep. Or online at the website http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=ahmedabdelhalim

http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=ahmedabdelhalim

http://www.itc.nl/ilwis/applications/

http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=ahmedabdelhalim

geology dep. cairo univ.scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=ahmedabdelhalim/files/rs-ppt1.pdf · 9 geology dep....

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