Lake Tahoe Basin, Cave Rock Brandon Barkdoll

Geology 103 Field AssignmentMark Lawler, Instructor

ContentsContents

Lake Tahoe and Surrounding areasLake Tahoe and Surrounding areas MapsMaps Many species live in the Lake Tahoe Many species live in the Lake Tahoe

BasinBasin Jeffrey PineJeffrey Pine ManzanitaManzanita Mallard DuckMallard Duck Black BearBlack Bear Cave Rock – GraniteCave Rock – Granite Near Cave Rock – Granite with LichenNear Cave Rock – Granite with Lichen

Granite on Lake TahoeGranite on Lake Tahoe Banded HornfelBanded Hornfel Granite Composition ChartGranite Composition Chart ObsidianObsidian QuartzQuartz SiltstoneSiltstone

LAKE TAHOE ANDLAKE TAHOE AND

THE SURROUNDING MOUNTAINSTHE SURROUNDING MOUNTAINS

How were they created?How were they created?

The Lake Tahoe Basin was formed by geologic block (normal) faulting about 2 to 3 million years ago. A geologic block fault is a fracture in the Earth's crust causing blocks of land to move up or down. Uplifted blocks created the Carson Range on the east and the Sierra Nevada on the west. Down-dropped blocks created the Lake Tahoe Basin in between. Some of the highest peaks of the Lake Tahoe Basin that formed during this process were Freel Peak at 10,891 ft (3,320 m), Monument Peak at 10,067 ft (3,068 m) (the present Heavenly Valley Ski Area), Pyramid Peak at 9,983 ft (3,043 m) (in the Desolation Wilderness), and Mt. Tallac at 9,735 ft (2,967 m). http://tahoe.usgs.gov/facts.html

““Following the faulting and volcanic period of the Basin, an Ice Age developed.  Huge glaciers formed and moved Following the faulting and volcanic period of the Basin, an Ice Age developed.  Huge glaciers formed and moved down the V-shaped canyons on the western side of the lake.  These glaciers scoured away loose rock and reshaped down the V-shaped canyons on the western side of the lake.  These glaciers scoured away loose rock and reshaped the canyons into broad U-shaped valleys.  The rock and gravel left behind at the sides and end of these melting the canyons into broad U-shaped valleys.  The rock and gravel left behind at the sides and end of these melting glaciers are called moraines.  As these glaciers melted away, they also left behind brilliant bays, jagged peaks, glacial glaciers are called moraines.  As these glaciers melted away, they also left behind brilliant bays, jagged peaks, glacial polished ridges and crystal clear lakes”. polished ridges and crystal clear lakes”. Lake Tahoe Basin Mgt Unit - Learning Center. (n.d.). Retrieved June 16, 2015, from

http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/ltbmu/learning/?cid=stelprdb5109570

Lake Tahoe Basin Mgt Unit - Learning Center. (n.d.). Retrieved June 16, 2015, from http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/ltbmu/learning/?cid=stelprdb5109570

Lake Tahoe and surrounding mountains were created about 24 million years ago. The Sierra Nevada Lake Tahoe and surrounding mountains were created about 24 million years ago. The Sierra Nevada block was formed by tremendous uplifting.  Two principal faults evolved: the eastern margin created the block was formed by tremendous uplifting.  Two principal faults evolved: the eastern margin created the Carson Range, while the Sierra Nevada developed on the western side.  From the “up thrown” fault Carson Range, while the Sierra Nevada developed on the western side.  From the “up thrown” fault blocks, the highest peaks in the region originated while “down thrown” block sank creating a large valleyblocks, the highest peaks in the region originated while “down thrown” block sank creating a large valley

Many types of rocks and plants are found in and around the Many types of rocks and plants are found in and around the Lake Tahoe BasinLake Tahoe Basin

More photos around the BasinMore photos around the Basin

Photos Brandon Barkdoll

Jeffrey PineJeffrey Pine

Jeffrey Pine, Pinus jeffreyi also known as Jeffrey’s Pine, yellow pine and black pine, is Jeffrey Pine, Pinus jeffreyi also known as Jeffrey’s Pine, yellow pine and black pine, is a North American pine tree. It is mainly found in California, but also in the westernmost a North American pine tree. It is mainly found in California, but also in the westernmost part of Nevada, southwestern Oregon, and northern Baja California. It is named in honor part of Nevada, southwestern Oregon, and northern Baja California. It is named in honor of its botanist John Jeffrey. Jeffrey Pine becomes dominant at higher altitudes where the of its botanist John Jeffrey. Jeffrey Pine becomes dominant at higher altitudes where the usually faster-growing ponderosa pine (Pinus Ponderosa) does not thrive. Jeffrey pine is usually faster-growing ponderosa pine (Pinus Ponderosa) does not thrive. Jeffrey pine is more stress tolerant than the closely related Ponderosa pine. At higher elevations, on more stress tolerant than the closely related Ponderosa pine. At higher elevations, on poorer soils, in colder climates, and in dryer climates, Jeffrey pine replaces ponderosa poorer soils, in colder climates, and in dryer climates, Jeffrey pine replaces ponderosa

as the dominant tree as the dominant tree https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_pine

»Photo credit Brandon Barkdoll

»Emerald Bay and Jeffrey Pine Lake Tahoe

Fossil record – evolution Jeffrey PineFossil record – evolution Jeffrey Pine

Fossil record: Although fossil three needle pine material occurs as far back as Fossil record: Although fossil three needle pine material occurs as far back as Jurassic, there is none of it which has been definitely assigned to Pinus Jeffreyi.Jurassic, there is none of it which has been definitely assigned to Pinus Jeffreyi.

Needles Indentified as Ponderosa Pine/Jeffreyi were reported from a glacial age Needles Indentified as Ponderosa Pine/Jeffreyi were reported from a glacial age woodrat midden from Kings Canyon, CA (Cole 1983)woodrat midden from Kings Canyon, CA (Cole 1983)

http://www.jstor.org/stable/41423399?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents https://books.google.com/books?https://books.google.com/books?

id=GB7ng9K4gawC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=fossil+record+jeffrey+pine&source=bl&ots=ux9MAZNzMD&sig=SO6ovHGq8jLyc_NV7Ikgid=GB7ng9K4gawC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=fossil+record+jeffrey+pine&source=bl&ots=ux9MAZNzMD&sig=SO6ovHGq8jLyc_NV7IkgKMEky9o&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oByHVfP1L8mDyQT3toGIDw&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=fossil%20record%20jeffreyKMEky9o&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oByHVfP1L8mDyQT3toGIDw&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=fossil%20record%20jeffrey%20pine&f=false%20pine&f=false

ManzanitaManzanita Actostaphylos patula, Greeleaf manzanitaActostaphylos patula, Greeleaf manzanita

You can grow a manzanita if you live in the Western United States. Manzanita is the common name for the genus Arctostaphylos. There are more than forty species of Arctostaphylos in California not to mention all the cultivars, subspecies and hybrids. They are very drought tolerant and evergreen, always looking green and healthy even in the hottest, driest part of the summer. Manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp) is of the family Ericaceae. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanita

Photos Brandon Barkdoll

Evolution of ManzanitaEvolution of Manzanita Genus evolution is relatively recent; however, in Hogan's tracing of Genus evolution is relatively recent; however, in Hogan's tracing of

the genus evolutionary history: "convergent evolution patterns the genus evolutionary history: "convergent evolution patterns appear to complicate cladistic constructions for certain portions of appear to complicate cladistic constructions for certain portions of the genus cladogram. the genus cladogram.

Fossil ancestors of the Fossil ancestors of the ArctostaphylosArctostaphylos genus have been suggested genus have been suggested to have occurred in the Middle Miocene, with modern species to have occurred in the Middle Miocene, with modern species beginning to take shape in the Late Tertiary." beginning to take shape in the Late Tertiary." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanita

This type of duck is considered a "puddle duck" because it typically prefers shallow water such as creeks, ponds, and This type of duck is considered a "puddle duck" because it typically prefers shallow water such as creeks, ponds, and marshes. The male Mallard is easy to spot because of his glossy green head and narrow white collar. Usually you can marshes. The male Mallard is easy to spot because of his glossy green head and narrow white collar. Usually you can see the ducks flying south in formation for the wintersee the ducks flying south in formation for the winter

This photo was taken at Taylor Creek Brandon Barkdoll

Habitat: The mallard inhabits a wide range of habitat and climates, from Arctic tundra to subtropical regions. It is found in both fresh- and salt-water wetlands, including parks, small ponds, rivers, lakes and estuaries, as well as shallow inlets and open sea within sight of the coastline. Water depths of less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) are preferred, birds avoiding areas more than a few metres deep. They are attracted to bodies of water with aquatic vegetation.

Evolution: Apparently the mallard evolved very rapidly and recently, during the Late Pleistocene. Mallard bones rather abruptly appear in food remains of ancient humans and other deposits of fossil bones in Europe, without a good candidate for a local predecessor species.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallard

ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS – Linnaeus, 1758

Ursus americanusUrsus americanus , , Black Bear or American Black Bear Black Bear or American Black Bear The only species of bears in California and Nevada are black bears. However, they do range in color from blonde to black, with cinnamon brown The only species of bears in California and Nevada are black bears. However, they do range in color from blonde to black, with cinnamon brown being the most common color in both states. There are an estimated 25,000 to 35,000 black bears in California and 200 to 300 In Nevada.being the most common color in both states. There are an estimated 25,000 to 35,000 black bears in California and 200 to 300 In Nevada.

Fossils: The ancestors of American black bears and Asiatic black bears diverged from sub bears 4.58 mya. The American black bear then split Fossils: The ancestors of American black bears and Asiatic black bears diverged from sub bears 4.58 mya. The American black bear then split from the Asian black bear 4.08 mya. The earliest American black bear fossils, which were located in Port Kennedy, Pennsylvania, greatly from the Asian black bear 4.08 mya. The earliest American black bear fossils, which were located in Port Kennedy, Pennsylvania, greatly resemble the Asiatic species of bear. resemble the Asiatic species of bear. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear

This bear was about two feet from my house in South Lake Tahoe. There is a tree right behind our house that we call Bear Tree. The This bear was about two feet from my house in South Lake Tahoe. There is a tree right behind our house that we call Bear Tree. The mothers will go high up with their cubs even during the summer to sleep all day. A mother and her cubs played in our yard a couple of mothers will go high up with their cubs even during the summer to sleep all day. A mother and her cubs played in our yard a couple of weeks ago as it was getting dark. The cubs were chasing each other around our tree.weeks ago as it was getting dark. The cubs were chasing each other around our tree.

Habitat: Generally speaking, American black bears are forest dwellers. They can be found in deciduous, coniferous, or mixed forest Habitat: Generally speaking, American black bears are forest dwellers. They can be found in deciduous, coniferous, or mixed forest regions from sea level to 10,000 feet in elevation. The habitat is usually characterized by thick understory vegetation and an abundant regions from sea level to 10,000 feet in elevation. The habitat is usually characterized by thick understory vegetation and an abundant supply of fruit and nut bearing trees and shrubs. supply of fruit and nut bearing trees and shrubs. http://www.americanbear.org/Habitat%20-%20Home%20Range.htm

Photo Brandon BarkdollPhoto Brandon Barkdoll

Bear in the tree behind my house (Bear Tree)Bear in the tree behind my house (Bear Tree)

Cave Rock Cave Rock

How Cave Rock was formed: This large rock formation is located on the southeastern shore and is easily visible from almost any point on the lake. Once a part of the neck of a volcanic vent that existed on the site about five million years ago, Cave Rock is now named for the caves high up on its side. Cave Rock was first formed, roughly three million years ago, as a volcanic vent. Lake level was initially hundreds of feet higher than it is now. Remarkably, these caves were carved out of the rock by wave action of the lake over tens of thousands of years during that period!

History: Cave Rock consists mainly of granitic intrusive igneous rock that crystallized at depth in the earth’s crust and was later uplifted to its current location The granite is overlain by andesitic volcanic rocks. Another way of putting it is that the bedrock on the eastern side of Lake Tahoe is large Sierran Granite, simply because the Carson Range of mountains were once part of the Sierra Nevadas, but have faulted off to their present location. http://www.sierranevadageotourism.org/content/cave-rock/sieD297F2DC0D30D2CA8

All Photos this page taken byBrandon Barkdoll

Near Cave RockNear Cave Rock

To the south of Cave Rock is this granite To the south of Cave Rock is this granite rock:rock:

Photo Brandon Barkdoll

Lichen is also shown on the top of this large rock on Highway Lichen is also shown on the top of this large rock on Highway 50 south of Cave Rock. Lichen is not a single organism. 50 south of Cave Rock. Lichen is not a single organism. Rather, it is a symbiosis between different organisms - a Rather, it is a symbiosis between different organisms - a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium. fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium.

Worldwide, over 20,000 species are known and over 3,000 Worldwide, over 20,000 species are known and over 3,000 are known from Australia. Lichen colonies provide niches for are known from Australia. Lichen colonies provide niches for numerous invertebrates, often the very tiny invertebrates, numerous invertebrates, often the very tiny invertebrates, which are then eaten by larger invertebrates which, in turn, which are then eaten by larger invertebrates which, in turn, are eaten by other creatures. Such lichen colonies are thus are eaten by other creatures. Such lichen colonies are thus indirectly important in various food chains.indirectly important in various food chains.Lichens are amongst the first organisms to colonize barren Lichens are amongst the first organisms to colonize barren surfaces (e.g. road cuttings, rock outcrops and volcanic ash) surfaces (e.g. road cuttings, rock outcrops and volcanic ash) and prepare these areas for later plants by trapping moisture and prepare these areas for later plants by trapping moisture and windblown organic debris and then contributing to the and windblown organic debris and then contributing to the organic deposits when they themselves die and decay. organic deposits when they themselves die and decay. http://www.cpbr.gov.au/lichen/what-is-lichen.htmlhttp://www.cpbr.gov.au/lichen/what-is-lichen.html

Granite is a light-colored igneous with grains large enough to be visible with the unaided eye.  It forms from the Granite is a light-colored igneous with grains large enough to be visible with the unaided eye.  It forms from the slow crystallization of magma below Earth’s surface.  Granite is composed mainly of quartz and  feldspar with slow crystallization of magma below Earth’s surface.  Granite is composed mainly of quartz and  feldspar with minor amounts of mica, amphiboles and other minerals.  This mineral composition usually gives granite a red, minor amounts of mica, amphiboles and other minerals.  This mineral composition usually gives granite a red, pink, gray or white color with dark mineral grains visible throughout the rock.pink, gray or white color with dark mineral grains visible throughout the rock.East Shore of Lake Tahoe East Shore of Lake Tahoe http://geology.com/rocks/granite.shtml

The large mineral crystals in granite are evidence that it cooled slowly from molten rock material. That slow The large mineral crystals in granite are evidence that it cooled slowly from molten rock material. That slow cooling had to have occurred beneath Earth's surface and required a long period of time to occur.cooling had to have occurred beneath Earth's surface and required a long period of time to occur.

»This granite outcropping on Lake Tahoe Shows Lichen on the top of the rocks. Crustose lichens are markedly two dimensional and firmly attached to the substrate by their entire lower surfaces, making it impossible to see a crustose lichen's undersurface. A crustose lichen looks very much like a thin crust on the substrate. The bright orange Caloplaca is an example. http://www.cpbr.gov.au/lichen/what-is-lichen.html

Photos Brandon Barkdoll

Banded Hornfel – Metamorphic RockBanded Hornfel – Metamorphic Rock This This picture was taken from the lake near Cave Rock on the East side of Lake Tahoepicture was taken from the lake near Cave Rock on the East side of Lake Tahoe

Layers of light alternate with dark. Hornfels is called so because of its exceptional toughness and Layers of light alternate with dark. Hornfels is called so because of its exceptional toughness and texture both reminiscent of animal horns. These properties are due to fine grained non-aligned texture both reminiscent of animal horns. These properties are due to fine grained non-aligned crystals with platy or prismatic habits. Hornfels is the group designation for a series of contact crystals with platy or prismatic habits. Hornfels is the group designation for a series of contact metamorphic rocks that have been baked and indurated by the heat of intrusive igneous masses metamorphic rocks that have been baked and indurated by the heat of intrusive igneous masses and have been rendered massive, hard, splintery, and in some cases exceedingly tough and and have been rendered massive, hard, splintery, and in some cases exceedingly tough and durableformed by contact metamorphism of sandstones and shales by a granite intrusion. durableformed by contact metamorphism of sandstones and shales by a granite intrusion. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornfelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornfels

Fossil record: Rock consisting of alternating light and dark layers of iron-rich chert (hematite and Fossil record: Rock consisting of alternating light and dark layers of iron-rich chert (hematite and limonite) formed approximately 3,800 million years ago.limonite) formed approximately 3,800 million years ago.A high-temperature, low-pressure metamorphic rock of uniform grain size showing no foliation.A high-temperature, low-pressure metamorphic rock of uniform grain size showing no foliation.http://www.scientificpsychic.com/etc/geology-glossary.html#lethhttp://www.scientificpsychic.com/etc/geology-glossary.html#leth

Photo Brandon Barkdoll

Granite Composition ChartGranite Composition Chart

The chart below illustrates the range of granite compositionsThe chart below illustrates the range of granite compositions. . From the chart you can see that orthoclase, feldspar, From the chart you can see that orthoclase, feldspar,

quartz, plagioclase feldspar, micas, and amphiboles can each have a range of abundancesquartz, plagioclase feldspar, micas, and amphiboles can each have a range of abundances

http://geology.com/rocks/granite.shtml This chart illustrates the generalized mineral composition http://geology.com/rocks/granite.shtml This chart illustrates the generalized mineral composition of igneous rocks. Granites and rhyolites (compositionally equivalent to granite but of a fine grain of igneous rocks. Granites and rhyolites (compositionally equivalent to granite but of a fine grain size) are composed mainly of orthoclase feldspar, quartz, plagioclase feldspar, mica and size) are composed mainly of orthoclase feldspar, quartz, plagioclase feldspar, mica and amphibole.amphibole.

Photo Brandon Barkdoll

ObsidianObsidian Obsidian is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed as an extrusive igneous rock. It is produced when felsic Obsidian is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed as an extrusive igneous rock. It is produced when felsic

lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimum crystal growth. lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimum crystal growth. Obsidian is a naturally occurring Obsidian is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed as an extrusive igneous rock. volcanic glass formed as an extrusive igneous rock. https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Obsidian#Origin_and_propertieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Obsidian#Origin_and_properties

Obsidian is produced when felsic lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimum Obsidian is produced when felsic lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimum crystal growth. Obsidian is commonly found within the margins of rhyolitic lava flows known as crystal growth. Obsidian is commonly found within the margins of rhyolitic lava flows known as obsidian flows, where the chemical composition (high silica content) induces a high viscosity and obsidian flows, where the chemical composition (high silica content) induces a high viscosity and polymerization degree of the lava. The inhibition of atomic diffusion through this highly viscous polymerization degree of the lava. The inhibition of atomic diffusion through this highly viscous and polymerized lava explains the lack of crystal growth. Obsidian is hard and brittle. and polymerized lava explains the lack of crystal growth. Obsidian is hard and brittle. hhttps://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Obsidian#Origin_and_propertiesttps://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Obsidian#Origin_and_properties

Photo Brandon Barkdoll

ObsidianObsidian Composition: Obsidian is mineral-like, but not a true mineral Composition: Obsidian is mineral-like, but not a true mineral

because as a glass it is not crystalline; in addition, its composition is because as a glass it is not crystalline; in addition, its composition is too complex to comprise a single mineral. It is sometimes classified too complex to comprise a single mineral. It is sometimes classified as a mineraloid. Though obsidian is usually dark in color similar to as a mineraloid. Though obsidian is usually dark in color similar to mafic rocks such as basalt, obsidian's composition is extremely mafic rocks such as basalt, obsidian's composition is extremely felsic. Obsidian consists mainly of SiO2 (silicon dioxide), usually felsic. Obsidian consists mainly of SiO2 (silicon dioxide), usually 70% or more. Crystalline rocks with obsidian's composition include 70% or more. Crystalline rocks with obsidian's composition include granite and rhyolite.granite and rhyolite.

History: Because obsidian is metastable at the Earth's surface History: Because obsidian is metastable at the Earth's surface (over time the glass becomes fine-grained mineral crystals), no (over time the glass becomes fine-grained mineral crystals), no obsidian has been found that is older than Cretaceous age. This obsidian has been found that is older than Cretaceous age. This breakdown of obsidian is accelerated by the presence of water. breakdown of obsidian is accelerated by the presence of water. https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Obsidian#Origin_and_propertieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Obsidian#Origin_and_properties

QuartzQuartzQuartz is one of the most common and well-known minerals on earth. It occurs in basically all mineral environments, and is the important constituent of many rocks. Quartz is also the most varied of all minerals, occurring in all different forms, habits, and colors. There are more variety names given to Quartz than any other mineral. Although the Feldspars as a group are more prevalent than Quartz, as an individual mineral Quartz is the most common mineral

Quartz occurs in virtually all mineral environments, and may be associated with almost every mineralhttp://www.minerals.net/mineral/quartz.aspx#sthash.fELtNy2z.dpuf

Granite is an igneous rock that is composed of four minerals. These minerals are quartz, feldspar, mica, and usually hornblende.

Photo Brandon Barkdoll

QuartzQuartz The largest amount of quartz is found in Metamorphic rocksThe largest amount of quartz is found in Metamorphic rocks There are high concentrations of quartz in sedimentary rocksThere are high concentrations of quartz in sedimentary rocks The amounts of quartz vary in igneous rocksThe amounts of quartz vary in igneous rocks Metamorphosis is the only major process in which quartz is either produced or consumed and Metamorphosis is the only major process in which quartz is either produced or consumed and

disappears from the environment during the formation of new minerals. disappears from the environment during the formation of new minerals. http://www.quartzpage.de/gen_rock.htmlhttp://www.quartzpage.de/gen_rock.html

Quartz Fossil Record:Quartz Fossil Record: Fractured CrystalsFractured Crystals

These crystals, often called "shocked quartz," show a distinctive pattern of fracturing caused by These crystals, often called "shocked quartz," show a distinctive pattern of fracturing caused by high-energy impacts or explosions.high-energy impacts or explosions.

Some scientists maintain that the fracture pattern in these quartz crystals could only have been Some scientists maintain that the fracture pattern in these quartz crystals could only have been caused by a massive asteroid or comet impact. The pattern is prevalent in quartz found at or caused by a massive asteroid or comet impact. The pattern is prevalent in quartz found at or near the Cretaceous/Tertiary (KT) boundary, the geological layer deposited at the time of the near the Cretaceous/Tertiary (KT) boundary, the geological layer deposited at the time of the extinction. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/extinction/dinosaurs/asteroid.htmlextinction. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/extinction/dinosaurs/asteroid.html

SiltstoneSiltstone

Glen Alpine Falls Fallen Leaf AreaGlen Alpine Falls Fallen Leaf Area

Photo Brandon Barkdoll

Siltstone is a sedimentary rock which has a grain size in the silt range, finer than sandstone and coarser than clay stones. https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Siltstone

They are "mud rocks" composed of silt and clay particles slowly deposited through suspension in calm waters. http://classroom.synonym.com/environment-likely-form-siltstone-shale-6627.html

Composition: Quartz, clay, clay minerals, Color Reddish brown.

Depositional Environment Flood Plain, Delta, or Mid-continental shelfhttp://core.ecu.edu/geology/harper/Sedimentary/display_new.cfm?ID=17

Fossil Record: Fossils are well preserved in mud rock formations, because the fine-grained rock protects the fossils from erosion, dissolution, and other processes of erosion. Deposited during the Paleozoic. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrock

ResourcesResources

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http://www.sierranevadageotourism.org/content/cave-rock/sieD297F2DC0D30D2CA8http://www.sierranevadageotourism.org/content/cave-rock/sieD297F2DC0D30D2CA8 Tahoe -- Cave Rock Earthcache. (n.d.). Retrieved June 12, 2015, from Tahoe -- Cave Rock Earthcache. (n.d.). Retrieved June 12, 2015, from

http://www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC25JA8_tahoe-cave-rock-earthcache?guid=28ce0efa-http://www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC25JA8_tahoe-cave-rock-earthcache?guid=28ce0efa-8180-4801-b74b-9382ac0564008180-4801-b74b-9382ac056400

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Lake Tahoe Basin Mgt Unit - Learning Center. (n.d.). Retrieved June 16, 2015, from http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/ltbmu/learning/?cid=stelprdb5109570

Granite. (n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2015, from http://geology.com/rocks/granite.shtml Facts About Lake Tahoe. (n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2015, from http://tahoe.usgs.gov/facts.htmlFacts About Lake Tahoe. (n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2015, from http://tahoe.usgs.gov/facts.html (n.d.). Retrieved June 7, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear(n.d.). Retrieved June 7, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear

Resources continuedResources continued

What is a lichen? (n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2015, from http://www.cpbr.gov.au/lichen/what-is-What is a lichen? (n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2015, from http://www.cpbr.gov.au/lichen/what-is-lichen.htmllichen.html

Austin Griffin Manzanita. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2015, from Austin Griffin Manzanita. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2015, from http://www.laspilitas.com/groups/manzanita_arctostaphylos/Manzanita.htmlhttp://www.laspilitas.com/groups/manzanita_arctostaphylos/Manzanita.html

(n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanita(n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanita http://www.jstor.org/stable/41423399?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents (This site comes up but http://www.jstor.org/stable/41423399?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents (This site comes up but

won’t allow me to cite on citationmachine.com Retrieved June 21, 2015)won’t allow me to cite on citationmachine.com Retrieved June 21, 2015) Minerals.net. (n.d.). Retrieved June 18, 2015, from http://www.minerals.net/mineral/quartz.aspxMinerals.net. (n.d.). Retrieved June 18, 2015, from http://www.minerals.net/mineral/quartz.aspx Quartz as a Rock-Forming Mineral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015, from Quartz as a Rock-Forming Mineral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015, from

http://www.quartzpage.de/gen_rock.htmlhttp://www.quartzpage.de/gen_rock.html What Environment Is Likely to Form Siltstone or Shale? | The Classroom | Synonym. (n.d.). What Environment Is Likely to Form Siltstone or Shale? | The Classroom | Synonym. (n.d.).

Retrieved June 20, 2015, from http://classroom.synonym.com/environment-likely-form-siltstone-Retrieved June 20, 2015, from http://classroom.synonym.com/environment-likely-form-siltstone-shale-6627.htmlshale-6627.html

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