geology & mining glossary

7/25/2019 Geology & Mining Glossary

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Geology & Mining Glossary

Me qued en Pg. 175 el 29/MAR/2016 reisar !olu"na en es#a$ol

round [min] (1) avance; (2) ciclo, tiempo de ciclo deavance

Country rock, country-rock, wallrocks (1) A eneral term !or anytype o! rock penetrated "y an

ineous intrusion or invaded "y amineral vein; (2) #$e rocks o! nocommercial value surroundin t$e$ost rocks and%or t$e ore

[min] (1) Ca&a, roca ca&a o de asiento, ['e]macio rocoso suprayacente al !iln, [*+]montaa, tepetate, [s] roca enca&ante,

paredes laterales de una la"or minera oroca enca&adora .ue limita una veta; (2)/oca madre; lec$o de roca, rocaestrati!icada

core (1) t$e innermost layer o!t$e art$, consistin primarily o!pure metals suc$ as iron andnickel wit$ a"out 10 percentli$ter elements #$e core is t$edensest layer o! t$e art$, and isdivided into t$e outer core, w$ic$

is "elieved to "e li.uid, and t$einner core, w$ic$ is "elieved to "esolid t is surrounded "y t$emantle; (2) sometimes called coresample, a sample o! rock t$at $as"een drill out o! t$e area o!interest

[eo] (1) Centrs!era o n3cleo terrestre; (2)#estio, o n3cleo de per!oracin

"elt [eo] (1) cinta ona, unidad litoestratir4!icain!ormal .ue puede incluir a la ve unacapa, un miem"ro, una !ormacin y unrupo, o partes de 5stos; (2) cinturn

cual.uier ona .ue se distina por unacaracter6stica determinada de !orma unasveces alarada y otras en corona circular

Clinker, sla [met] (1) escoria (!lotante en un "ao de metal!undido); (2) escoria de cemento o de unproceso de .uemado

*ill, rindin mill [met] (1) molino, aparato para moler; (2) plantade "ene!icio, planta de tratamiento

#oe [min] (1) pie, "ase de talud; (2) [C$] culo, !ondode tiro anterior

slope%slopin [eo] (1) talud, cuesta, inclinacin, pendiente;

(2) declive, c$i!ln, clavada, rampa(aler6a descendente); (7) inclinado,o"licuo; o"licuamente

8ie [met] (1) tro.uel (estampa); (2) $ilera (estiradode $ilos)

8rill steel, drill rod [min] (1) varilla,"arra de "arreno, v4stao,ca"illa para per!oracin; (2) 9arrenas,varillas, "arras de per!oracin, tren de lasca"illas de per!oracin

:ean [eo] (ad&) maro; (v) inclinarse#ectonic [eo] (ad&) tectnico

'artner [min] (col) compinc$econveyor [eo] (puente) transportadorrindin mill-"arrin [min] (/eductor del) molino de molienda

reduccin


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Alomerate [eo] (s) alomerado "olitas de mineral,"rec$a volc4nica, es decir, un con&untocatico de materiales pirocl4sticosprincipalmente ruesos, de anulares aredondeados; (v) alomerar, amontonar

'ull [min] (s) avance por pea (disparo); (v)arrancar

8rive [min] (s) avance, la"or; (v) avanar, e&ecutar,

a"rir, [Ar] $oradar8ump [min] (s) "otadero, vaciadero; reserva or4nica

para el cierre de mina; (v) vaciar,descarar, voltear

cloak [eo] (s) capa, manto; (v) cu"rir


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8ayli$t [min] (v) salir a la super!icie, emerer de unamina su"terr4nea (!rente de e+cavacin)

Carry over, carry-over, carryover [min] (v) #ransportar, acarrear; (s) arrastre,acarreo (e, de slidos en solucin)

?ep$elinite ?ame oriinallyused !or nep$eline ric$ e!!usiverocks :ater t$e name wasrede!ined as olivine !ree "asalt

[eo] ne!elinita

swell, swells An oceanic waterwave wit$ a wavelent$ on t$eorder o! 70 meters or more and a$ei$t o! per$aps 2 meters or lesst$at may travel reat distances!rom its source 'ersistence o!wind-!ormed waves a!ter windceases

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t$ermal sand reclamation uses$eat in a rotary kiln, multiple-

$eart$ !urnaces, or a !luidied "edto com"ust "inders andcontaminants

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wet sand reclamation useswater to remove sand "inders; t$eprocess uses on t$e di!!erentwater solu"ilities o! sand and"inders to separate t$e two; clayclay "onded systems work wellwit$ water reclamation processes"ecause t$e clays are very solu"le

in water; sodium silicate sand"inders can also "e removed usinwet reclamation; ot$er lesssolu"le "inders may not "e ase!!ective; a!ter t$e sand is soakedin a water "at$ it is dried andreused

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a"rasion A !orm o! mec$anicalweat$erin t$at occurs w$enloose !raments or particles o!rocks and minerals t$at are "ein

transported, as "y water or air,collide wit$ eac$ ot$er or scrapet$e sur!aces o! stationary rocks

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accretionary wede A mass o!sediment and oceanic lit$osp$eret$at is trans!erred !rom asu"ductin plate to t$e lessdense, overridin plate wit$ w$ic$it converes

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alluvial !an A trianular deposito! sediment le!t "y a stream t$at

$as lost velocity upon enterin a"road, relatively !lat valley

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arte A s$arp ride o! erosion-resistant rock !ormed "etweenad&acent cir.ue laciers

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aridity inde+ #$e ratio o! areionBs potential annualevaporation, as determined "y itsreceipt o! solar radiation, to itsaverae annual precipitation

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arroyo A small, deep, usuallydry c$annel eroded "y a s$ort-lived or intermittent desert stream

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artesian !, "ein, or concerninan a.ui!er in w$ic$ water rises tot$e sur!ace due to pressure !romoverlyin water

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ast$enosp$ere A layer o! so!t"ut solid, mo"ile rock comprisint$e lower part o! t$e upper mantle!rom a"out 100 to 7D0 kilometers"eneat$ t$e art$Bs sur!ace


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"acks$ore #$e portion o! abeacht$at e+tends !rom t$e $i$-tide line inland to t$e sea cli!! orveetation line


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"ase level #$e lowest level tow$ic$ a streamcan erode t$ec$annel t$rou$ w$ic$ it !lows,enerally e.ual to t$e prevailinlo"al sea level

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"asin A round or oval depressionin t$e art$Bs sur!ace, containint$e younest section o! rock in its

lowest, central part

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"aymout$ "ar A narrow ride o!sand t$at stretc$es completelyacross t$e mout$ o! a "ay (Alsocalled "ay "ar and "ay "arrier)

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"eac$ #$e part o! a coastt$at iswas$ed "y waves or tides, w$ic$cover it wit$ sediments o! varioussies and composition, suc$ assand or pe""les

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"eac$ dri!t 1 #$e process "y

w$ic$ swas$ and "ackwas$ movesedimentsalon a beach face 2#$e sediments so moved 9eac$dri!t typically consists o! sand,ravel, s$ell !raments, andpe""les


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"iomass !uel A renewa"le !uelderived !rom a livin oranism ort$e "y product o! a livinoranism 9iomass !uels includewood, dun, met$ane as, andrain alco$ol

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"itumen Any o! a roup o! solidand semi-solid hydrocarbonst$at

can "e converted into li.uid !orm"y $eatin 9itumens can "ere!ined to produce suc$commercial products as asoline,!uel oil, and asp$alt

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"ituminous coal A s$iny "lackcoal t$at develops !rom deeply"uried lignitet$rou$ $eat andpressure, and t$at $as a car"oncontent o! I0G to J7G, w$ic$makes it a more e!!icient $eatin

!uel t$an linite

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"ody wave A type o! seismicwave t$at transmits enery !roman eart$.uakeBs !ocus t$rou$ t$eart$Bs interior in all directions


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"reeder reactor A nuclearreactor t$at manu!actures more!issiona"le isotopes t$an itconsumes 9reeder reactors uset$e widely availa"le,non!issiona"le uranium isotope K-27I, toet$er wit$ small amountso! !issiona"le K-27D, to produce a

!issiona"le isotope o! plutonium,'u-27J

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"rittle !ailure /upture o! rock, atype o! permanent straincaused"y relatively low stress

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"urial metamorp$ism A !orm o!regional metamorphismt$at actson rocks covered "y D to 10kilometers o! rock or sediment,caused "y $eat !rom t$e art$Bsinterior and lithostaticpressure

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caldera A vast depression at t$etop o! a volcanic cone, !ormedw$en an eruption su"stantiallyempties t$e reservoir o! magma"eneat$ t$e coneBs summitventually t$e summit collapsesinward, creatin a caldera Acaldera may "e more t$an 1Dkilometers in diameter and moret$an 1000 meters deep

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calic$e A w$ite soil $orion

consistin o! calcium car"onate,typical o! arid and semi-aridareas 9rie! $eavy rains dissolvecalcium car"onate in t$e upperlayers o! soil and transport itdownward; t$e rainwater t$enevaporates rapidly, leavin t$ecalcium car"onate to !orm a new,solid layer o! soil

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capacity #$e a"ility o! a ivenstreamto carry sediment,

measured as t$e ma+imum.uantity it can transport past aiven point on t$e c$annel "ank ina iven amount o! time


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car"on-1F datin A !orm o!isotope datingt$at relies on t$eDL70-year $al!-li!e o! radioactivecar"on-1F, w$ic$ decays intonitroen-1F, to determine t$e aeo! rocks in w$ic$ car"on-1F ispresent Car"on-1F datin is used!or rocks !rom 100 to 100,000

years old

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car"onate ne o! severalminerals containin one centralcar"on atom wit$ stron covalentbondsto t$ree o+yen atoms andtypically $avin ionic bondsto oneor more positive ions

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catastrop$ism #$e $ypot$esist$at a series o! immense, "rie!,worldwide up$eavals c$aned t$eart$Bs crust reatly and can

account !or t$e development o!mountains, valleys, and ot$er!eatures o! t$e art$


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c$emical weat$erin #$eprocess "y w$ic$ c$emicalreactions alter t$e c$emicalcomposition o! rocks and mineralst$at are unsta"le at t$e art$Bssur!ace and convert t$em intomore sta"le su"stances;weatheringt$at c$anes t$e

c$emical makeup o! a rock ormineral


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compaction #$e diageneticprocess "y w$ic$ t$e volume ort$ickness o! sediment is reduceddue to pressure !rom overlyinlayers o! sediment

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competence #$e a"ility o! aiven streamto carry sediment,measured as t$e diameter o! t$e

larest particle t$at t$e streamcan transport


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continental s$ield 9road areaso! e+posed ancient crystallinerocks in t$e cores o! t$e art$Bscontinents #$ese rocks aretypically t$e oldest on t$econtinentes, many more t$an 2D"illion years old

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convection cell #$e cycle o!

movement in t$e asthenospheret$at causes t$e plates o! t$elithosphereto move >eatedmaterial in t$e ast$enosp$ere"ecomes less dense and risestoward t$e solid lit$osp$ere,t$rou$ w$ic$ it cannot rise!urt$er t t$ere!ore "eins tomove $oriontally, drain t$elit$osp$ere alon wit$ it andpus$in !orward t$e cooler, denser

material in its pat$ #$e coolermaterial eventually sinks downlower into t$e mantle, "ecomin$eated t$ere and risin up aain,continuin t$e cycle


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creep #$e slowest !orm o! massmovement, measured inmillimeters or centimeters peryear and occurrin on virtually allslopes cross "ed A "ed made upo! particles dropped !rom amovin current, as o! wind orwater, and marked "y a downward

slope t$at indicates t$e directiono! t$e current t$at deposited t$em

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crust #$e outermost layer o! t$eart$, consistin o! relatively low-density rocks


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delta An alluvial fan$avin itsape+ at t$e mout$ o! a stream

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dendroc$ronoloy A met$od o!numerical datingt$at uses t$enum"er o! tree rins !ound in across section o! a tree trunk or"ranc$ to determine t$e ae o!t$e tree

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desert A reion wit$ an averaeannual rain!all o! 10 inc$es or lessand sparse veetation, typically$avin t$in, dry, and crum"ly soilA desert $as an aridity indexreater t$an F0

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deserti!ication #$e processt$rou$ w$ic$ a desert takes overa !ormerly non-desert area H$ena reion "eins to underodeserti!ication, t$e new conditions

typically include a sini!icantlylowered water table, a reducedsupply o! sur!ace water, increasedsalinity in natural waters andsoils, proressive destruction o!native veetation, and anaccelerated rate o! erosion

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desert pavement A closelypacked layer o! rock !ramentsconcentrated in a layer alon t$eart$Bs sur!ace "y t$e deflationo!

!iner particles

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desert varnis$ a t$in, s$iny red-"rown or "lack layer, principallycomposed o! iron mananeseo+ides, t$at coats t$e sur!aces o!many e+posed desert rocks

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detrital sediment Sedimentt$atis composed o! transported solid!raments o! pree+istin ineous,sedimentary, or metamorp$icrocks

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diaenesis #$e set o! processest$at cause p$ysical and c$emicalc$anes in sediment a!ter it $as"een deposited and "uried underanot$er layer o! sediment8iaenesis may culminate inlithification

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dike A discordantplutont$at issu"stantially wider t$an it is t$ick8ikes are o!ten steeply inclined ornearly vertical


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dip #$e anle !ormed "y t$einclined plane o! a eoloicalstructure and t$e $oriontal planeo! t$e art$Bs sur!ace

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dip-slip !ault A faultin w$ic$two sections o! rock $ave movedapart vertically, parallel to t$e dipo! t$e !ault plane

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directed pressure Morce e+ertedon a rock alon one plane,!lattenin t$e rock in t$at planeand lent$enin it in t$eperpendicular plane

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disappearin stream A sur!acestreamt$at drains rapidly andcompletely into a sinkhole

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displaced terrane A !ault-"ounded "ody o! rock -sometimes t$ousands o! s.uare

kilometers in area - t$atoriinated elsew$ereeorap$ically and $as t$enmoved, per$aps lon distances,"y plate motion

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dissolution A !orm o! chemicalweatheringin w$ic$ watermolecules, sometimes incom"ination wit$ acid or anot$ercompound in t$e environment,attract and remove oppositely

c$ared ions or ion roups !rom amineral or rock

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dissolved load A "ody o!sediment carried "y a streamint$e !orm o! ionst$at $avedissolved in t$e water

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distri"utary ne o! a network o!small streamscarryin water andsediment !rom a trunk streamintoan ocean

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diverence #$e process "y

w$ic$ two lit$osp$eric platesseparated "y riftingmove !art$erapart, wit$ so!t mantle rock risin"etween t$em and !ormin newoceanic lithosphere


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dome A round or oval "ule ont$e art$Bs sur!ace, containin t$eoldest section o! rock in its raised,central part


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art$ systems #$e art$ ismade up o! !our "asic systems t$e lit$osp$ere (t$e rocks o! t$eeart$); t$e $ydrosp$ere (t$ewaters o! t$e art$); t$eatmosp$ere (t$e ases t$atsurround t$e art$); and, t$e"iosp$ere (t$e li!e on art$)

#$ese systems interact to producemost o! t$e eoloical processest$at occur on art$ An eventinvolvin one o! t$ese systemsmay a!!ect some or all o! t$eot$ers

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e"" tide A tidet$at lowers t$ewater sur!ace o! an ocean andmoves t$e s$oreline !art$erseaward

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ec$o-soundin sonar #$e

mappin o! ocean toporap$y"ased on t$e time re.uired !orsound waves to reac$ t$e sea!loor and return to t$e researc$s$ip t$at emits t$em

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elastic de!ormation A temporarystress-induced c$ane in t$es$ape or volume o! a rock, a!terw$ic$ t$e rock returns to itsoriinal s$ape and volume

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elastic limit


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e.uili"rium line #$e point in aglacierw$ere overall ain involume e.uals overall loss, so t$att$e net volume remains sta"le#$e e.uili"rium line marks t$e"order "etween t$ezone ofaccumulationand t$ezone ofablation

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erosion #$e process "y w$ic$particles o! rock and soil areloosened, as "y weathering, andt$en transported elsew$ere, as "ywind, water, ice, or ravity

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esker A ride o! sedimentt$at!orms under a lacierBszone ofablation, made up o! sand andravel deposited "y meltwater Anesker may "e less t$an 100meters or more t$an D00

kilometers lon, and may "eanyw$ere !rom 7 to over 700meters $i$

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evaporite An inoranic chemicalsedimentt$at precipitates w$ent$e salty water in w$ic$ it $addissolved evaporates

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e+trusive rock An igneousrock!ormed !rom lavat$at $as !lowedout onto t$e art$Bs sur!ace,c$aracteried "y rapid

solidi!ication and rains t$at areso small as to "e "arely visi"le tot$e naked eye

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!all #$e !astest !orm o! massmovement, occurrin w$en rockor sediment "reaks o!! !rom asteep or vertical slope anddescends at a rate o! JI metersper second A !all can "ee+tremely danerous

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!ault A fracturedividin a rock

into two sections t$at $ave visi"lymoved relative to eac$ ot$er

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!ault "lock A section o! rockseparated !rom ot$er rock "y oneor more faults

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!ault-"lock mountain Amountain containin tall horstsinterspersed wit$ muc$ lowergrabensand "ounded on at leastone side "y a $i$-anle normalfault

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!ault-one metamorphism #$emetamorp$ism t$at acts on rocksrindin past one anot$er alon a!ault and is caused "y directedpressureand !rictional $eat

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!irn Mirmly packed snow t$at $assurvived a summer meltinseason Mirn $as a density o!a"out 0F ram per cu"iccentimeter Kltimately, !irn turnsinto lacial ice

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!ission tracks *arks le!t in t$elatticework o! a mineral crystal "y

su"atomic particles releaseddurin t$e !ission o! a radioactiveatom trapped inside t$e crystal

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!&ord A deep, steep-walled, K-s$aped valley !ormed "y erosion"y a glacierand su"mered wit$seawater

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!loodplain #$e !lat land t$atsurrounds a streamand "ecomessu"mered w$en t$e streamover!lows its "anks

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!lood tide A tidet$at raises t$ewater sur!ace o! an ocean andmoves t$e shoreline!art$er inland

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!low A relatively rapid mass-movement process t$at involves ami+ture o! rock, soil, veetation,and water movin downslope as aviscous !luid Hit$in a !low (suc$as a mud!low), eac$ particle,reardless o! its sie, movesindependently

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!luorescence mission o! visi"leli$t "y a su"stance, suc$ as amineral, t$at is currently e+posedto ultraviolet li$t and a"sor"sradiation !rom it #$e li$tappears in t$e !orm o! lowin,distinctive colors #$e emissionends w$en t$e e+posure toultraviolet li$t ends

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!ocus (plural !oci) #$e precisepoint wit$in t$e art$Bs crustor

mantlew$ere rocks "ein torupture or move in an earthquake

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!old A "end t$at develops in aninitially $oriontal layer o! rock,usually caused "yplasticdeformation Molds occur most!re.uently in sedimentaryrocks

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!oliation #$e arranement o! aset o! minerals in parallel, s$eet-like layers t$at lie perpendicular tot$e !lattened plane o! a rock

ccurs in metamorphic rocksonw$ic$ directed pressure$as "eene+erted

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!orearc "asin A depression int$e sea !loor located "etween anaccretionary wedgeand a volcanicarcin a subduction zone, andlined wit$ trapped sediment


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a""ro Any o! a roup o! dark,dense, p$aneritic, intrusive rockst$at are t$eplutonice.uivalent tobasalt

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eoc$ronoloy #$e study o! t$erelations$ip "etween t$e $istoryo! t$e art$ and time

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eoloic time scale #$e division

o! all o! art$ $istory into "lockso! time distinuis$ed "y eoloicand evolutionary events, orderedse.uentially and arraned intoeons made up o! eras, w$ic$ arein turn made up o! periods, w$ic$are in turn made up o! epoc$s

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eoloy #$e scienti!ic study o!t$e art$, its oriins andevolution, t$e materials t$at makeit up, and t$e processes t$at act

on it

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eop$ysics #$e "ranc$ o!geologyt$at studies t$e p$ysicso! t$e art$, usin t$e p$ysicalprinciples underlyin suc$p$enomena as seismic waves,$eat !low, gravity, and magnetismto investiate planetary properties

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eyser A natural springmarked"y t$e intermittent escape o! $otwater and steam

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lacial dri!t A load o! rockmaterial transported anddeposited "y a lacier lacial dri!tis usually deposited w$en t$elacier "eins to melt

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lacial erratic A rock or rock!rament transported "y a lacierand deposited on "edrock o!di!!erent composition lacialerratics rane !rom a !ewmillimeters to several yards in

diameter

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lacial .uarryin, lacial a"rasion #$e process "y w$ic$ a laciererodes t$e underlyin "edrock "yloosenin and ultimatelydetac$in "locks o! rock !rom t$e"edrock and attac$in t$eminstead to t$e lacier, w$ic$ t$en"ears t$e rock !raments away

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lacial till riftt$at is depositeddirectly !rom lacial ice and

t$ere!ore not sorted Also calledtill


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lacier A movin "ody o! icet$at !orms on land !rom t$eaccumulation and compaction o!snow, and t$at !lows downslope oroutward due to gravityand t$epressure o! its own wei$t

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neiss A coarse-rained,foliated metamorphic rockmarked

"y "ands o! li$t-colored mineralssuc$ as .uart and !eldspar t$atalternate wit$ "ands o! dark-colored minerals #$is alternationdevelops t$rou$ metamorphicdifferentiation

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ra"en A "lock o! rock t$at lies"etween two faultsand $asmoved downward to !orm adepression "etween t$e twoad&acent !ault "locks


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$al!-li!e #$e time necessary !or$al! o! t$e atoms o! aparentisotopeto decay into t$e daughterisotope

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$ardness #$e deree o!resistance o! a iven mineral toscratc$in, indicatin t$e strent$o! t$e "onds t$at $old t$e

mineralBs atoms toet$er #$e$ardness o! a mineral is measured"y ru""in it wit$ su"stances o!known $ardness

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$eadland A cli!! t$at pro&ects out!rom a coastinto deep water

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>olocene poc$ #$e secondepoc$ o! t$e Nuaternary 'eriod,"einnin appro+imately 10,000years ao and continuin to t$epres-ent time


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$ydrolysis A !orm o! chemicalweatheringin w$ic$ ions !romwater replace e.uivalentlyc$ared ions !rom a mineral,especially a silicate

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$ydrot$ermal deposit A mineraldeposit !ormed "y t$eprecipitation o! metallic ions !rom

water ranin in temperature!rom D0O to L00OC

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$ypot$esis A tentativee+planation o! a iven set o! datat$at is e+pected to remain valida!ter !uture o"servation ande+perimentation


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intermolecular "ondin #$e actor process "y w$ic$ two or moreroups o! atoms or moleculescom"ine due to weak positive orneative c$ares t$at develop atvarious points wit$in eac$ roupo! atoms due to unevendistri"ution o! t$eir electrons #$e

side o! t$e molecule w$ereelectrons are more likely to "e!ound will $ave a sli$t neativec$are, and t$e side w$ere t$eyare less likely to "e !ound will$ave a sli$t positive c$are


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isostasy #$e e.uili"riummaintained "etween t$e ravitytendin to depress and t$e"uoyancy tendin to raise a ivensement o! t$e lithosphereas it!loats a"ove t$e asthenosphere

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isotope ne o! two or more!orms o! a sinle element; t$e

atoms o! eac$ isotope $ave t$esame num"er o! protons "utdi!!erent num"ers o! neutrons int$eir nuclei #$us isotopes $avet$e same atomic number"utdi!!er in atomic mass

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isotope datin #$e process o!usin relative proportions o!parentto daughter isotopesinradioactive decay to determinet$e ae o! a iven rock or rock

stratum

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&etty A structure "uilt alon t$e"ank o! a stream c$annel or tidaloutlet to direct t$e !low o! astream or tide and keep t$esediment movin so t$at it cannot"uild up and !ill t$e c$annelPetties are typically "uilt inparallel pairs alon "ot$ "anks o!t$e c$annel Petties t$at are "uiltperpendicular to a coasttend to

interrupt longshore driftand t$uswiden beaches

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&oint A fracturedividin a rockinto two sections t$at $ave notvisi"ly moved relative to eac$ot$er


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laccolit$ A lare concordantplutont$at is s$aped like a domeor a mus$room :accolit$s tend to!orm at relatively s$allow dept$sand are typically composed o!ranite #$e countryrock a"ovet$em o!ten erodes awaycompletely

@@@

la$ar A !low o!pyroclasticmaterial mi+ed wit$ water A la$aris o!ten produced w$en a snow-capped volcano erupts and $otpyroclastics melt a lare amounto! snow or ice

@@@

lava Magmat$at comes to t$eart$Bs sur!ace t$rou$ a volcanoor !issure

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leac$ #o dissolve !rom a rockMor e+ample, w$en acidic water

passes t$rou$ !ractured rocks,solu"le minerals leac$, ordissolve, !rom t$e rocks

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levee A protective "arrier "uiltalon t$e "anks o! a stream toprevent !loodin


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lit$ostatic pressure #$e !orcee+erted on a rock "uried deepwit$in t$e art$ "y overlyinrocks 9ecause lit$ostatic pressureis e+erted e.ually !rom all sides o!a rock, it compresses t$e rock intoa smaller, denser !orm wit$outalterin t$e rockBs s$ape

@@@

loess A load o! silt t$at isproduced "y t$e erosion o!outwashand transported "y wind*uc$ loess !ound in t$e*ississippi Ralley, C$ina, andurope is "elieved to $ave "eendeposited durin t$e !leistoceneEpoch

@@@

lonitudinal dune ne o! aseries o! lon, narrow duneslyinparallel "ot$ to eac$ ot$er and to

t$e prevailin wind direction:oni-tudinal dunes rane !rom E0meters to 100 kilometers in lent$and !rom 7 to D0 meters in $ei$t

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lons$ore current An oceancurrent t$at !lows close andalmost parallel to t$e shorelineand is caused "y t$e rus$ o!waves toward t$e s$ore

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lons$ore dri!t 1 #$e process"y w$ic$ a current moves

sedimentsalon a sur! one 2#$e sediments so moved:ons$ore dri!t typically consistso! sand, ravel, s$ell !raments,and pe""les


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mama *olten (melted) rockt$at !orms naturally wit$in t$eart$ *ama may "e eit$er ali.uid or a !luid mi+ture o! li.uid,crystals, and dissolved ases

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manetic !ield #$e reion wit$inw$ic$ t$e magnetismo! a ivensu"stance or particle a!!ects ot$er

su"stances

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manetic reversal #$e process"y w$ic$ t$e art$Bs maneticnort$ pole and its manetic sout$pole reverse t$eir positions overtime

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manetism #$e property,possessed "y certain materials, toattract or repel similar materials*anetism is associated wit$movin electricity

@@@

mantle #$e middle layer o! t$eart$, lyin &ust "elow t$e crustand consistin o! relatively denserocks #$e mantle is divided intotwo sections, t$e upper mantleand t$e lower mantle; t$e lowermantle $as reater density t$ant$e upper mantle


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mec$anical weat$erin #$eprocess "y w$ic$ a rock ormineral is "roken down intosmaller !raments wit$out alterinits c$emical makeup; weatheringt$at a!!ects only p$ysicalc$aracteristics


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metamorp$ic inde+ mineral neo! a set o! minerals !ound inmetamorphic rocksand used asindicators o! t$e temperature andpressure conditions at w$ic$ t$emetamorp$ism occurred Ametamorp$ic inde+ mineral issta"le only wit$in a narrow rane

o! temperatures and pressures,and t$e metamorp$ism t$atproduces it must take place wit$int$at rane

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metamorp$ic rock A rockt$at$as underone c$emical orstructural c$anes >eat,pressure, or a c$emical reactionmay cause suc$ c$anes

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metamorp$ism #$e process "yw$ic$ conditions wit$in t$e art$,

"elow t$e one o! diagenesis,alter t$e mineral content,c$emical composition, andstructure o! solid rock wit$outmeltin it $gneous, sedimentary,and metamorphic rocksmay allundero metamorp$ism

@@@

meteoric water #$e precipitationo! condensed water !rom cloudsas rain, snow, sleet, or $ail

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microcontinent A section o!

continental lithospheret$at $as"roken o!! !rom a larer, distantcontinent, as "y rifting

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mimatite A rock t$atincorporates "ot$ metamorphicand igneousmaterials

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mineral A naturally occurrin,usually inoranic, solid consistino! eit$er a sinle element or acompound, and $avin a de!initec$emical composition and a

systematic internal arranemento! atoms

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mineraloid A naturally occurrin,usually inoranic, solid consistino! eit$er a sinle element or acompound, and $avin a de!initec$emical composition "ut lackina systemic internal arranemento! atoms


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*o$o (a""reviation !or*o$orovicic) #$e seismicdiscontinuity "etween t$e "ase o!t$e art$Bs crust and t$e top o!t$e mantle ! wavespassint$rou$ t$e *o$o c$ane t$eirvelocity "y appro+imately onekilometer per second, wit$ t$e

$i$er velocity occurrin in t$emantle and t$e lower in t$e crust

@@@

*oment-manitude scale Arecently developed alternative tot$e /ic$ter scale used to measuremore accurately t$e amount o!enery released "y lareeart$.uakes #$is scale involvesmeasurement o! an eart$.uakeBsseismic moment

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moraine A sinle, lare mass o!

glacial tillt$at accumulates,typically at t$e ede o! a lacier

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mudcrack A !racture t$atdevelops at t$e top o! a layer o!!ine rained, muddy sedimentw$en it is e+posed to t$e air, driesout, and t$en s$rinks

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mudstone A detritalsedimentary rock composed o!clay-sied particles

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natural "ride An arc$-s$aped

stretc$ o! "edrock remainin in akarstreion w$en t$e surroundin"edrock $as dissolved

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natural sprin A place w$ereroundwater !lows to t$e sur!aceand issues !reely !rom t$e round

@@@

neutron A particle t$at is !oundin t$e nucleuso! an atom, $as amass appro+imately e.ual to t$ato! aproton, and $as no electricc$are

@@@

normal !ault A dip"slip faultmarked "y a enerally steep dipalon w$ic$ t$e $anin wall $asmoved downward relative to t$e!ootwall

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nuclear !ission #$e division o!t$e nucleio! isotopeso! certain$eavy elements, suc$ as uraniumand plutonium, e!!ected "y"om"ardment wit$ neutrons?uclear !ission causes t$e releaseo! enery, additional neutrons,and an enormous .uantity o!

$eat ?uclear !ission is used innuclear power plants and nuclearweapons A "y product o! nuclear!ission is to+ic radioactive waste

@@@

nuclear !usion #$e com"inationo! t$e nucleio! certain e+tremelyli$t elements, especially$ydroen, e!!ected "y t$eapplication o! $i$ temperatureand pressure ?uclear !usioncauses t$e release o! an

enormous amount o! $eat enery,compara"le to t$at released "ynuclear fission #$e principal "yproduct o! nuclear !usion is $elium

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nucleus (plural nuclei) #$ecentral part o! an atom,containin most o! t$e atomBsmass and $avin a positive c$aredue to t$e presence o!protons

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nu5e ardente A sometimeslowin cloud o! as and

pyroclasticserupted !rom avolcanoand movin swi!tly downits slopes Also called apyroclasticflow

@@@

numerical datin #$e !i+in o! aeoloical structure or event intime, as "y countin tree rins

@@@

o"li.ue slip Mault motion t$atinvolves "ot$ dip-slip and strike-slip movement o! !ault "locks

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ocean trenc$ A deep, linear,

relatively narrow depression in t$esea !loor, !ormed "y t$esubductiono! oceanic plates

@@@

octet rule A scienti!ic law statint$at all atoms, e+cept t$ose o!$ydroen and $elium, re.uireei$t electrons in t$e outermostenergy levelto maintain c$emicalsta"ility

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oil sand A mi+ture o!unconsolidated sand and clay t$at

contains a semi-solid bitumen

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oil s$ale A "rown or "lackclastic source rockcontaininkerogen

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op$iolite suite #$e roup o!sediments, sedimentary rocks,and ma!ic and ultrama!ic igneousrockst$at make up t$e oceaniclithosphere

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ore A mineral deposit t$at can"e mined !or a pro!it

@@@

oroenesis *ountain !ormation,

as caused "y volcanism,subduction, plate diverence,folding, or t$e movement o! faultblocks Also called oroeny

@@@

oscillatory motion #$e circularmovement o! water up and down,wit$ little or no c$ane inposition, as a wave passes

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outwas$ A load o! sediment,consistin o! sand and ravel, t$atis deposited "y meltwater in !ront

o! a glacier

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o+"ow lake A crescent-s$aped"ody o! standin water !ormed!rom a sinle loop t$at was cut o!!!rom a meandering stream,typically "y a !lood t$at allowedt$e stream to !low t$rou$ itsfloodplainand "ypass t$e loop

@@@

o+idation #$e process o!com"inin wit$ o+yen ions Amineral t$at is e+posed to air may

undero o+idation as a !orm o!chemical weathering

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o+ide ne o! several mineralscontainin neative o+yen ions"onded to one or more positivemetallic ions

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paleomanetism (1) !i+edorientation o! a rockBs crystals,"ased on t$e art$Bs magneticfieldat t$e time o! t$e rockBs!ormation, t$at remains constant

even w$en t$e manetic !ieldc$anes; (2) study o! suc$p$enomena as indicators o! t$eart$Bs manetic $istory

@@@

paleosol an ancient, "uried soilw$ose composition may re!lect aclimate sini!icantly di!!erent !romt$e climate now prevalent in t$earea w$ere t$e soil is !ound

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'aleooic ra #$e earliest era o!t$e '$anerooic on, marked "y

t$e presence o! marineinverte"rates, !is$, amp$i"ians,insects, and land plants

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para"olic dune A $orses$oe-s$aped dune $avin a concavewindward slope and a conve+leeward slope 'ara"olic dunestend to !orm alon sandy oceanand lake s$ores #$ey may alsodevelop !rom transverse dunest$rou$ deflation

@@@

parent isotope A radioactiveisotopet$at c$anes into adi!!erent isotope w$en its nucleusdecays


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perma!rost 'ermanently !roenreolit$, ranin in t$ickness !rom70 centimeters to over 1000meters

@@@

permea"ility #$e capa"ility o! aiven su"stance to allow t$epassae o! a !luid 'ermea"ilitydepends on t$e sie o! and t$e

deree o! connection amon asu"stanceBs pores

@@@

petroleum Any o! a roup o!naturally occurrin su"stancesmade up o! hydrocarbons #$esesu"stances may "e aseous,li.uid, or semi-solid

@@@

p$osp$orescence mission o!visi"le li$t "y a su"stance, suc$as a mineral, t$at is e+posed toultraviolet li$t and a"sor"s

radiation !rom it #$e li$tappears in t$e !orm o! lowin,distinctive colors #$e emissioncontinues a!ter t$e e+posure toultraviolet li$t ends

@@@

p$yllite A foliated metamorphicrock t$at develops !rom slateandis marked "y a silky s$een andmedium rain sie

@@@

placer deposit A deposit o!$eavy or dura"le minerals, suc$

as old or diamonds, typically!ound w$ere t$e !low o! watera"ruptly slows

@@@

plastic de!ormation A permanentstraint$at entails no rupture

@@@

plate tectonics #$e t$eory t$att$e art$Bs lithosphereconsists o!lare, riid plates t$at move$oriontally in response to t$e!low o! t$e asthenosphere"eneat$t$em, and t$at interactions

amon t$e plates at t$eir "orderscause most ma&or eoloicactivity, includin t$e creation o!oceans, continents, mountains,volcanoes, and eart$.uakes

@@@

playa A dry lake "asin !ound in adesert

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'leistocene poc$ #$e !irstepoc$ o! t$e Nuaternary 'eriod,"einnin 2 to 7 million years aoand endin appro+imately 10,000

years ao


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plutonic rock An intrusive rock!ormed inside t$e art$

@@@

pluvial lake A lake t$at !ormed!rom rainwater !allin into alandlocked "asin durin a lacialperiod marked "y reaterprecipitation t$an is !ound in t$ereion in prior or su"se.uent

periods

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point "ar A low ride o!sedimentt$at !orms alon t$einner "ank o! a meanderingstream

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polymorp$ A mineral t$at isidentical to anot$er mineral inc$emical composition "ut di!!ers!rom it in crystal structure

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porosity #$e percentae o! asoil, rock, or sedimentBs volume

t$at is made up o! pores

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porp$yry copper deposit Acrystallied rock, typicallyporp$yritic, $avin $airline!ractures t$at contain copper andot$er metals

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potassium-aron datin A !ormo! isotope datingt$at relies on t$ee+tremely lon half"lifeo!radioactive isotopes o! potassium,w$ic$ decay into isotopes o!

aron, to determine t$e ae o!rocks in w$ic$ aron is present'otassium-aron datin is used!or rocks "etween 100,000 and F"illion years old

@@@

potentia #$e com"ined in!luenceo! gravityand water pressure onroundwater !low at a iven dept$

@@@

potentiometric sur!ace #$e levelto w$ic$ t$e water in an artesianaquiferwould rise i! una!!ected "y

!riction wit$ t$e surroundin rocksand sediments

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primary coast A coasts$apedprimarily "y nonmarine processes,suc$ as glacial erosionor"ioloical processes

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principle o! cross-cuttinrelations$ips #$e scientific lawstatin t$at aplutonis alwaysyouner t$an t$e rock t$atsurrounds it

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principle o! !aunal succession #$e scientific lawstatin t$atspeci!ic roups o! animals $ave!ollowed, or succeeded, oneanot$er in a de!inite se.uencet$rou$ art$ $istory

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principle o! oriinal $oriontality #$e scientific lawstatin t$at

sedimentssettlin out !rom "odieso! water are deposited $oriontallyor nearly $oriontally in layerst$at lie parallel or nearly parallelto t$e art$Bs sur!ace

@@@

principle o! superposition #$escientific lawstatin t$at in anyunaltered se.uence o! rock strata,eac$ stratum is youner t$an t$eone "eneat$ it and older t$an t$eone a"ove it, so t$at t$e younest

stratum will "e at t$e top o! t$ese.uence and t$e oldest at t$e"ottom

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principle o! uni!ormitarianism #$e scientific lawstatin t$at t$eeoloical processes takin placein t$e present operated similarlyin t$e past and can t$ere!ore "eused to e+plain past eoloicevents

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property A c$aracteristic t$at

distinuis$es one su"stance !romanot$er

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proton A positively c$aredparticle t$at is !ound in t$enucleuso! an atomand $as amass appro+imately 1I7E timest$at o! an electron

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' wave(a""reviation !or primarywave) A body wavet$at causest$e compressiono! rocks w$en itsenery acts upon t$em H$en t$e

' wave moves past a rock, t$erock e+pands "eyond its oriinalvolume, only to "e compressedaain "y t$e ne+t ' wave ' wavesare t$e !astest o! all seismicwaves


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pyroclastic 9ein or pertaininto rock !raments !ormed in avolcanic eruption

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pyroclastic cone A usually steep,conic volcanocomposed almostentirely o! an accumulation o!loosepyroclasticmaterial 'yro-clastic cones are usually less t$an

FD0 meters $i$ 9ecause no lava"inds t$epyroclastics, pyroclasticcones erode easily

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pyroclastic eruption A volcaniceruption o! viscous, as-ric$mama 'yroclastic eruptions tendto produce a reat deal o! solidvolcanic !raments rat$er t$an!luid lava

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pyroclastic !low A rapid,e+tremely $ot, downward stream

o!pyroclastics, air, ases, and as$e&ected !rom an eruptin volcanoA pyroclastic !low may "e as $otas I00OC or more and may moveat speeds e+ceedin 1D0kilometers per $our

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pyroclastics (used only in t$eplural) 'articles and c$unks o!igneous rocke&ected !rom avolcanic ventdurin an eruption

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.uartite An e+tremely dura"le,

nonfoliated metamorphicrockderived !rom pure sandstoneandconsistin primarily o! .uart

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Nuaternary ice ae An ice aget$at "ean appro+imately 1Emillion years ao and continues tot$e present time

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.uick clay Sedimentt$at sets o!!a sudden mud!low "y c$aninrapidly !rom solid to li.uid !orm,as a!ter an eart$.uake, an

e+plosion, or t$under

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rain s$adow e!!ect #$e result o!t$e process "y w$ic$ moist air ont$e windward side o! a mountainrises and cools, causinprecipitation and leavin t$eleeward side o! t$e mountain dry

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recrystalliation #$e diageneticprocess "y w$ic$ unsta"leminerals in "uried sediment aretrans!ormed into sta"le ones

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reional metamorp$ism Metamorphismt$at a!!ects rocksover vast eorap$ic areasstretc$in !or t$ousands o! s.uarekilometers

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relative datin #$e !i+in o! aeoloic structure or event in ac$ronoloical se.uence relative toot$er eoloic structures orevents


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ripple marks A pattern o! wavylines !ormed alon t$e top o! abed"y wind, water currents, orwaves

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rock A naturally !ormedareate o! usually inoranicmaterials !rom wit$in t$e art$

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rock cycle A series o! events

t$rou$ w$ic$ a rockc$anes,over time, "etween igneous,sedimentary, and metamorphic!orms

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rock-!ormin mineral ne o! t$e20 or so minerals contained in t$erock t$at composes t$e art$Bscrust and mantle

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ru"idium-strontium datin A!orm o! radiometric datingt$atrelies on t$e FL-"illion-year $al!-

li!e o! radioactive isotopes o!ru"idium, w$ic$ decay intoisotopes o! strontium, todetermine t$e ae o! rocks inw$ic$ strontium is present/u"idium-strontium datin is used!or rocks t$at are at least 10million years old, deep-art$plutonic rocks, and *oon rocks

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scarp #$e steep cli!! !ace t$at is!ormed "y a slump

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sc$ist A coarse-rained, stronlyfoliated metamorphicrock t$atdevelops !romphylliteand splitseasily into !lat, parallel sla"s

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scienti!ic law (1) a naturalp$enomenon t$at $as "eenproven to occur invaria"lyw$enever certain conditions aremet; (2) a !ormal statementdescri"in suc$ a p$enomenonand t$e conditions under w$ic$ it

occurs Also called law

@@@

scienti!ic met$ods #ec$ni.uest$at involve at$erin all availa"ledata on a su"&ect, !ormin a$ypot$esis to e+plain t$e data,conductin e+periments to testt$e hypothesis, and modi!yin orcon!irmin t$e $ypot$esis asnecessary to account !or t$ee+perimental results

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sea arc$ A land!orm produced"y coastal erosion o! a prominent$eadland


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sedimentary environment #$econtinental, oceanic, or coastalsurroundins in w$ic$ sedimentaccumulates

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sedimentary !acies 1 A set o!c$aracteristics t$at distinuis$ aiven section o! sedimentary rock!rom near"y sections


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seismic wave ne o! a series o!proressive distur"ances t$atrever"erate t$rou$ t$e art$ totransmit t$e enery released !roman earthquake

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seismoram A visual recordproduced "y a seismorap$ ands$owin t$e arrival times and

manitudes o! various seismicwaves

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seismorap$ A mac$ine !ormeasurin t$e intensity o!earthquakes"y recordin t$eseismicwaves t$at t$ey enerate

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seismoloy #$e study o!earthquakesand t$e structure o!t$e art$, "ased on data !romseismic waves

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s$earin stress


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sill A concordantplutont$at issu"stantially wider t$an it is t$ick


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soli!luction A !orm o! creepinw$ic$ soil !lows downslope at arate o! 0D to 1D centimeters peryear


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stratovolcano A cone-s$apedvolcano"uilt !rom alternatinlayers o!pyroclasticsand viscousandesitic lava


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structural eoloy #$e scienti!icstudy o! t$e eoloical processest$at de!orm t$e art$Bs crust andcreate mountains

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su"duction #$e sinkin o! anoceanic plate ede as a result o!convergencewit$ a plate o! lesserdensity imalayasand t$e Alps

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< wave (a""reviation !orsecondary wave) A body wavet$at causes t$e rocks alon w$ic$it passes to move up and downperpendicular to t$e direction o!its own movement


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syncline A concave fold, t$ecentral part o! w$ic$ contains t$eyounest section o! rock


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t$ermal plume A vertical columno! upwellin mantlematerial, 100to 2D0 kilometers in diameter,t$at rises !rom "eneat$ acontinent or ocean and can "eperceived at t$e art$Bs sur!ace asa hot spot #$ermal plumes carryenou$ enery to move a plate,

and t$ey may "e !ound "ot$ atplate "oundaries and plateinteriors

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t$rust !ault A reverse faultmarked "y a dipo! FDO or less

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tidal "ore A tur"ulent, a"rupt,wall-like wave t$at is caused "y aflood tide

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tide 1 #$e cycle o! alternaterisin and !allin o! t$e sur!ace o!an ocean or lare lake, caused "y

t$e ravitational pull o! t$e


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tsunami (plural tsunami) A vastsea wave caused "y t$e suddendroppin or risin o! a section o!t$e sea !loor !ollowin anearthquake #sunami may "e asmuc$ as 70 meters $i$ and 200kilometers lon, may move as !astas 2D0 kilometers per $our, and

may continue to occur !or as lonas a !ew days

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uncon!ormity A "oundaryseparatin two or more rocks o!markedly di!!erent aes, markina ap in t$e eoloic record

@@@

uni!ormitarianism #$e$ypot$esis t$at current eoloicprocesses, suc$ as t$e slowerosion o! a coast under t$eimpact o! waves, $ave "een

occurrin in a similar mannert$rou$out t$e art$Bs $istory andt$at t$ese processes can account!or past eoloic events


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varve a pair o! sediment "edsdeposited "y a lake on its !loor,typically consistin o! a t$ick,coarse, li$t-colored "eddeposited in t$e summer and at$in, !ine-rained, dark-colored"ed deposited in t$e winterRarves are most o!ten !ound in

lakes t$at !reee in t$e winter#$e num"er and nature o! varveson t$e "ottom o! a lake providein!ormation a"out t$e lakeBs aeand eoloic events t$at a!!ectedt$e lakeBs development

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vent An openin in t$e art$Bssur!ace t$rou$ w$ic$ lava,ases, and $ot particles aree+pelled Also called volcanic ventand volcano

@@@

venti!act A stone t$at $as "een!lattened and s$arpened "y winda"rasion Renti!acts are commonly!ound strewn across a desert !loor

@@@

viscosity A !luidBs resistance to!low Riscosity increases astemperatures decrease

@@@

volcanic arc A c$ain o!volcanoes!ueled "y mama t$atrises !rom an underlyinsubductingplate

@@@

volcanic cone A cone-s$apedmountain t$at !orms around avent!rom t$e de"ris o!pyroclasticsand lavae&ected "ynumerous eruptions over time

@@@

volcanic crater A steep, "owl-s$aped depression surroundin avent A volcanic crater !ormsw$en t$e walls o! a vent collapseinward !ollowin an eruption

@@@

volcanic dome A "ul"-s$aped

solid t$at !orms over a ventw$enlavaso viscoust$at it cannot !lowout o! t$e volcanic cratercoolsand $ardens H$en a volcanicdome !orms, it traps t$e volcanoBsases "eneat$ it #$ey eit$erescape alon a side vent o! t$evolcano or "uild pressure t$atcauses anot$er eruption ands$atters t$e volcanic dome

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volcanic rock


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volcano #$e solid structurecreated w$en lava, ases, and $otparticles escape to t$e art$Bssur!ace t$rou$ vents Rolcanoesare usually conical A volcano isUactiveU w$en it is eruptin or $aserupted recently Rolcanoes t$at$ave not erupted recently "ut are

considered likely to erupt in t$e!uture are said to "e UdormantU Avolcano t$at $as not erupted !or alon time and is not e+pected toerupt in t$e !uture is Ue+tinctU

@@@

waters$ed


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+enolit$ A pree+istin rockem"edded in a newer igneousrock Senolit$s are !ormed w$en arisin magmaincorporates t$epree+istin rock ! t$e pree+istinrock does not melt, it will not "eassimilated into t$e mama andwill t$ere!ore remain distinct !rom

t$e new ineous rock t$atsurrounds it

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S-ray di!!raction #$e scatterino! S rays passed t$rou$ amineral sample so as to !orm apattern peculiar to t$e ivenmineral

@@@

yield point #$e ma+imum stresst$at a iven rock can wit$standwit$out "ecomin permanentlyde!ormed

@@@

one o! a"lation #$e part o! aglacierin w$ic$ t$ere is reateroverall loss t$an ain in volume Aone o! a"lation can "e identi!iedin t$e summer "y an e+panse o!"are ice awaiian term !or a

lava !low t$at $as a rou$, &aedsur!ace Compare pa$oe$oe

[eo] @@@


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A"yssal plain :are area o!e+tremely !lat ocean !loor lyinnear a continent and enerallyover F km in dept$

[eo] @@@

Acid mine drainae Hatercontamination "y sul!uric acidproduced "y seepae t$rou$sul!ur-"earin spoil and tailins

!rom coal and metal minin

[eo] @@@

Arade to !ill wit$ detritalmaterial; to "uild up "yaradation

[eo] @@@

A-$orion #$e uppermost layero! a soil, containin oranicmaterial and leac$ed minerals

[eo] @@@

Alal mat A layered communalrowt$ o! alae o"served in !ossilsan in present day tidal onesassociated wit$ car"onate

sedimentation

[eo] @@@

AlnVite lamprop$yre consistino! "iotite, auite, olivine andmelilite

[eo] @@@

Alp$a decay #$e process o!radioactive decay in w$ic$ t$enucleus o! an atom emits an alp$aparticle #$e new atomBs atomicnum"er is lower "y two and itsatomic mass num"er is reduced"y !our

[eo] @@@

Aluminum 8ross 8ross is a "y-product o! primary aluminummeltin; it consists o! aluminummetal and ot$er impurities and is!re.uently used in secondaryaluminum production

[met] @@@

Andesite line #$e eorap$ic"oundary "etween rocks o! t$e'aci!ic 9asin, w$ic$ are "asaltic,and t$ose around t$e rim o! t$e"asin, w$ic$ are in part andesitic

[eo] @@@

Arc$ Morms alon a coast aswave erosion cuts t$rou$ a$eadland

[eo] @@@

Arc$ean An eon o! eoloic timee+tendin !rom a"out 7J "illionyears to 2D "illion years ao

[eo] @@@

Arte A narrow, saw-toot$edmountain ride developed "ylacier erosion in ad&acent cir.ues

[eo] @@@

Assay #$e testin o! an ore todetermine t$e content o! valua"le

minerals t can "e wet or !ire

[eo] @@@


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Assessment work Hork t$at isre.uired to maintain one property#$is is set "y overnment setstandards Companies must spenta certain amount o! dollars "ymappin, testin, trenc$in etc

[eo] @@@

Assie A cylinder-s$aped "locko! stone !ormin part o! a column

or o! a layer o! stone in a "uildin

[eo] @@@

Ast$enosp$ere #$e weak orUso!tU one in t$e upper mantle&ust "elow t$e lit$osp$ere,involved in plate movement andisostatic ad&ustments t lies L0 to100 km "elow t$e sur!ace andmay e+tend to a dept$ o! F00 km;it corresponds to t$e seismic low-velocity one

[eo] @@@

Astro"leme A circular erosional

!eature t$at $as "een ascri"ed tot$e impact o! a meteorite orcomet

[eo] @@@

Astronomic t$eory o! laciation A t$eory "ased on t$e c$aninposition o! t$e art$ in its or"itaround t$e


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9ack swamp A swamp t$at!orms in t$e low lyin !lood plain"e$ind a levee

[eo] @@@

9ack-arc "asin #$e reion"etween an island arc and t$econtinental mainland, commonlywit$ at least some oceanic cruston its !loor

[eo] @@@

9acks$ore :ies "etween $i$tide mark and t$e !oot o! t$e"eac$ dune or t$e limit o!e!!ective wave action

[eo] @@@

9anded ron Mormation (9M) Asedimentary mineral depositdominated "y iron o+ides,car"onates, or silicates t$at weredeposited c$emically !romseawater; most 9Ms were !ormed"etween 2D and 7D "illion years

ao; t$eir !ormation is related tot$e rise o! o+yen in t$eatmosp$ere

[eo] @@@

9anded iron ore A sedimentconsistin o! layers o! c$ertalternatin wit$ "ands o! !erriciron o+ides ($ematite andlimonite) in valua"leconcentrations

[eo] @@@

9ank!ull stae #$e $ei$t o!water in a stream t$at &ust

corresponds to t$e level o! t$esurroundin !loodplain A streamdisc$are t$at &ust !ills t$e streamc$annel

[eo] @@@

9ar (1) (stream) accumulation o!sediment, ravel, or alluvium,usually sandy, w$ic$ !orms at t$e"orders or in t$e c$annels o!streams or o!!s$ore !rom a "eac$,deposited on t$e "ed o! a stream,sea, or lake, or at t$e mout$ o! a

stream; (2) a unit o! pressure,e.ual to 10Edyne%cm2; toatmosp$eric pressure at sea level

[eo] @@@

9ar-!iner sand An elonatedlens o! sand deposited durin t$erowt$ o! a distri"utary in a delta;t$e "ar at t$e distri"utary mout$is t$e rowin sement o! t$e "ar!iner

[eo] @@@

9arrier "eac$es or islands :onnarrow "eac$es separated in

many places !rom t$e mainland "ylaoons

[eo] @@@


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9arrier island A lon, narrowisland parallel to t$e s$ore,composed o! sand and "uilt "ywave action

[eo] @@@

9asal till Clay deposit materialle!t alon at t$e "ase o! a lacier

[eo] @@@

9asanite An e+plosive volcanicrock (like Qim"erlite) 9asanite is

ric$ in !eldsapoids and plaioclase

[eo] @@@

9ase-level o! a stream point"elow w$ic$ t$e stream cannotcut or erode; usually sea level,sometimes (locally), t$e level o! alake or resistant !ormation Atemporary "ase level alon astream, suc$ as a lake, may "eremoved "y stream action #$eultimate "ase level is t$e ocean

[eo] @@@

9asic +ide Murnace (9M)

*olten iron !rom t$e "last !urnaceis sent to a "asic o+ide !urnace,w$ic$ is used !or t$e !inalre!inement o! t$e iron into steel;$i$ purity o+yen is "lown intot$e !urnace and com"usts car"onand silicon in t$e molten iron;alloy materials may "e added toen$ance t$e c$aracteristics o! t$esteel

[met] @@@

9at$ymetry #$e study and

mappin o! sea-!loor toporap$y

[eo] @@@

9ay "arrier A "eac$ t$at cuts o!!a "ay !rom t$e sea

[eo] @@@

9ayer 'rocess #$e process "yw$ic$ alumina is e+tracted !rom"au+ite ore in primary aluminumproduction

[met] @@@

9eac$ replenis$ment /e"uildina "eac$ "y addin sand to it

[eo] @@@

9ed load, "edload, "ed-load #$esediment t$at a stream moves

alon t$e "ottom o! its c$annel "yrollin and "ouncin *aterial inmotion alon a stream "ed

[eo] @@@

9e$eaded stream #$e$eadwaters o! a stream t$at $ave"een captured "y anot$er stream;compare stream piracy

[eo] @@@

9eresite t is a ranite in w$ic$t$e ort$oclase $as "een$ydrot$ermally altered tomuscovite t was !irst descri"ed

!rom 9eresovsk "y /ose in 1I7L

[eo] @@@

9erinite t is a 9arkevikitetrac$yt wit$ 9erin sland, nearQamc$atka, as type locality

[eo] @@@


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9olson n arid reions, a "asin!illed wit$ alluvium andintermittent playa lakes and$avin no outlet

[eo] @@@

9ottomset "ed :ayer o! !inesediment deposited in a "ody o!standin water "eyond t$e edeo! a rowin delta and w$ic$ is

eventually "uilt over "y t$eadvancin delta


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9rittle limit #$e stress limit"eyond w$ic$ a material !ractures,rat$er t$an "e$avin in a ductileor elastic !as$ion

[eo] @@@

"uckminster!ullerene, !ullerene,"ucky"alls (noun) (c$emistry)an allotrope o! car"on wit$molecules o! E0 atoms arraned in

a round $ollow s$ape

[met] @@@

9urial metamorp$ism #akesplace in an environment w$erepressure and temperature are"arely more intense t$an durindiaenesis, typically in adeepenin se.uence o! sediments

[eo] @@@

9yereite An esse+ite !rom t$e9yere river, near Ac$insk alont$e upper nissei(rdmannsdVr!er, 1J2I)

[eo] @@@

Calcarenite A sandstone inw$ic$ t$e sand-sied rains arecalcite

[eo] @@@

Caldera A lare, circulardepression in a volcanic terrain,typically oriinatin in collapse,e+plosion, or erosion A lare,"asin-s$aped volcanic depression,more or less circular in !orm#ypically steep-sided, !ound at t$esummit o! a s$ield volcano

[eo] @@@

Calori!ic value #$e amount o!$eat t$at can "e o"tained !romone pound o! coal or oil measuredin 9#KBs

[eo] @@@

Calvin #$e "reakin away o!ice !rom t$e !ront o! t$e lacierw$en it ends in a lake or anocean 'roduces ice"ers

[eo] @@@

Cam"rian #$e earliest period o!t$e 'alaeooic era to w$ic$systems o! rock may "e assined

[eo] @@@

Cap rock A comparativelyimpervious stratum immediatelyoverlyin an oil- or as-"earinrock

[eo] @@@

Car"onate rock A rockcomposed o! car"onate minerals,especially limestone and dolomiteA rock consistin primarily o! acar"onate mineral suc$ as calciteor dolomite, t$e c$ie! minerals inlimestone and dolostone,

respectively

[eo] @@@

Cast *akin #$e process usedto make t$e molds into w$ic$molten metal will "e poured

[met] @@@


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Cataclastic metamorp$ism #akesplace in an environment w$ereintense pressure due to s$earinis common, as in a ma&or !aultone

[eo] @@@

Cataclastic rock A "reccia o!powdered rock !ormed "ycrus$in and s$earin durin

tectonic movements

[eo] @@@

Central vent #$e larest vent o!a volcano, situated at t$e centero! its cone

[eo] @@@

C$emical remanent manetism Ac.uired as manetic minerals!orm and alin t$emselves to t$elo"al manetic !ield durindiaenesis o! a sedimentarydeposit

[eo] @@@

C$ute cuto!! A narrow Us$ort

cutU across a meander "end,!ormed in !lood as t$e mainstream !low is diverted into atrou$ "etween point "ars


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Cokemakin #$e processes usedto make coke; t$e process "einswit$ pulveried, "ituminous coal;t$e coal is !ed into a coke ovenw$ic$ is sealed and $eated to very$i$ temperatures !or 1F to 7E$ours; a!ter completion, t$e cokeis moved to .uenc$in towers and

stored until it is needed

[met] @@@

Col *ountain pass !ormed "yenlarement o! two opposincir.ues until t$eir $ead walls meetand are "roken down

[eo] @@@

Columnar &ointin #$e type o!&ointin t$at "reaks rock, typically"asalt, into columnar prisms;usually t$e &oints !orm a more orless distinct $e+aonal pattern

[eo] @@@

Competence #$e ma+imum sie

o! particle t$at a stream can carry

[eo] @@@

Composite cone #$e volcaniccone o! a stratovolcano, composedo! "ot$ cinders and lava !lows(interminled or alternate layers),and !ramented material

[eo] @@@

Compre$ensive


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Constancy o! inter!acial anles #$e statement t$at t$e anles"etween conruent crystal !aceson samples o! a sinle mineral arealways identical A conse.uenceo!, and t$ere!ore evidence !or t$ee+istence o! crystalline structurein minerals

[eo] @@@

Contact metamorp$ism*ineraloical and te+tural c$anesand de!ormation o! rock resultin!rom t$e $eat and pressure o! anineous intrusion in t$e nearvicinity *etamorp$ism eneticallyrelated to t$e intrusion (ore+trusion) o! mamas and takinplace in rocks at or near t$eircontact wit$ a "ody o! ineousrock

[eo] @@@

Continental arc A "elt o!volcanic mountains on t$econtinental mainland t$at liea"ove a su"duction oneCompare island arc

[eo] @@@

Continental crust #$e part o! t$ecrust t$at directly underlies t$econtinents and continentals$elves Averaes a"out 7D km int$ickness, "ut may "e over L0 kmt$ick under larest mountain

ranes

[eo] @@@

Continental deserts :ocated incontinental interior !ar !rommoisture-"earin winds

[eo] @@@

Continental divide A ma&ordrainae divide separatin t$edrainae to one ocean !romanot$er

[eo] @@@

Continental ice lacier An ices$eet t$at o"scures all "ut t$e$i$est peaks o! a lare part o! a

continent

[eo] @@@

Continental rise #$e portion o!t$e continental marin t$at lies"etween t$e a"yssal plain and t$econtinental slope #$e continentalrise is underlain "y crustal rockso! t$e ocean "asin

[eo] @@@

Continuous Castin A successiveseries o! operations used toproduce metal pieces; t$eseoperations o!ten replace "atc$

processes w$ic$ are done instaes, leavin some e.uipmentidle w$ile ot$ers are in operation

[met] @@@


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Convection cell A cyclicalpattern o! movement in a !luid"ody suc$ as t$e ocean, t$eatmosp$ere, or t$e art$Bsmantle, driven "y densityvariations w$ic$ in turn are t$eresult o! di!!erences intemperature !rom one part o! t$e

!luid to anot$er

[eo] @@@

Convection >eat transport "ymovin particles, and t$e t$ermalenery t$at t$ey carry, to a newlocation Compare conduction,radiation

[eo] @@@

Converent "oundary A"oundary "etween two plates o!t$e art$Bs crust t$at are pus$intoet$er

[eo] @@@

Co-product A mineral

commodity t$at is recovered !roma minin operation !or some ot$ermineral product +ample 'latinum is commonly a co-product o! nickel minin

[eo] @@@

Co.uina A coarse-rained,porous variety o! clastic limestonemade up c$ie!ly o! s$ells and s$ell!raments

[eo] @@@

Cores Cores are pieces t$at !itinto t$e mold to create detailed

internal passaes in t$e metalpiece; cores must "e stron and$ard to wit$stand t$e moltenmetal, and collapsi"le so t$ey can"e removed !rom t$e metal piecea!ter it $as cooled; to o"tain t$eseproperties, resins or c$emical"inders are usually added to sandmi+tures

[met] @@@

Craton #$e sta"le portions o!t$e continents t$at $ave escaped

oroenic activity !or t$e last 2"illion years *ade predominantlyo! ranite and metamorp$ic rocksCompare oroen

[eo] @@@

Cross-cuttin relations$ips eoloic discontinuities t$atsuest relative aes; a eoloic!eature is youner t$an t$e!eature it cuts; t$us, a !aultcuttin across a rock is younert$an t$e rock

[eo] @@@

Crystal settlin ravitationalsinkin o! crystals !rom t$e li.uidin w$ic$ t$ey !ormed, "y virtue o!t$eir reater density A type o!ineous di!!erentiation

[eo] @@@


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Cumulate An ineous rock t$at!orms "y crystal settlin

[eo] @@@

Cupola Murnace Cupola !urnacesare tall, cylindrical !urnaces usedto melt iron and !erro alloys in!oundry operations; alternatinlayers o! metal and !erro-alloys,coke, and limestone are !ed into

t$e !urnace !rom t$e top

[met] @@@

Current ripple mark Anassymmetric ripple mark !ormed"y wind or water movin enerallyin one direction


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8endritic drainae A streamsystem t$at "ranc$es irreularlyand resem"les a "ranc$in tree inplan A stream pattern t$at, w$enviewed on a map or !rom t$e air,resem"les t$e "ranc$in patterno! a deciduous tree suc$ as amaple or oak

[eo] @@@

8eposition remnantmanetiation, depositionalremanent manetism A weakmanetiation created insedimentary rocks "y t$e rotationo! manetic crystals in line wit$t$e am"ient !ield durin settlin;it develops as manetic mineralsw$ic$ settle t$rou$ water andalin t$emselves in t$e art$Bsmanetic !ield

[eo] @@@

8epositional environment #$enature o! t$e environment inw$ic$ sediments are laid down#$ey are immensely varied andmay rane !rom t$e deep ocean tot$e coral ree! and t$e lacial lakeo! t$e $i$ mountains #$e natureo! t$e depositional environmentmay "e deduced !rom t$e natureo! t$e sediments and rockdeposited t$ere

[eo] @@@

8esert pavement A residualdeposit produced "y continuedde!lation, w$ic$ removes t$e !inerains o! a soil and leaves asur!ace covered wit$ closelypacked co""les A laaccumulation o! pe""les or"oulders t$at cuts o!! !urt$erde!lation

[eo] @@@

8eserti!ication A process o! landderadation initiated "y $uman

activity, particularly in t$e onesalon t$e marins o! deserts

[eo] @@@

8etrital sedimentary rock Asedimentary rock made up o!detrital sediments

[eo] @@@

8etrital sediments


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art$!low A detac$ment o! soiland "roken rock and itssu"se.uent downslope movementat slow or moderate rates in astream- or tonue like !orm A!orm o! slow, "ut percepti"le,mass movement, wit$ $i$

content o! water and rock de"ris:ateral "oundaries are well-de!ined and t$e terminus is lo"edHit$ increasin moisture contentrades into a mud!low

[eo] @@@

art$.uake #$e violentoscillatory motion o! t$e roundcaused "y t$e passae o! seismicwaves radiatin !rom a !ault alonw$ic$ sudden movement $as

taken place

[eo] @@@

"" tide #$e part o! t$e tidecycle durin w$ic$ t$e water levelis !allin

[eo] @@@

ccentricity o! t$e art$Bs or"it A measure o! t$e circularity o! t$eart$Bs or"it t varies in cycles o!a"out 100,000 and F00,000 years

[eo] @@@

c$o-sounder An oceanorap$icinstrument t$at emits soundpulses into t$e water andmeasures its dept$ "y t$e timeelapsed "e!ore t$ey return

[eo] @@@

cliptic #$e plane t$at containst$e art$Bs or"it around t$e


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lectric Arc Murnaces, AMs lectric arc !urnaces are o!tenused in lare steel !oundries andsteel mills; t$e metal is c$aredinto t$e !urnace, wit$ additives tomake recovery o! sla easier, and$eat to melt t$e metal is producedwit$ an electric arc !rom t$ree

car"on or ranite electrodes;!re.uently, mills producin steelwit$ AM tec$noloy are calledmini-mills

[met] @@@

lectron capture ?uclear decayin w$ic$ a proton in t$e nucleusac.uires an electron !rom t$eouter cloud o! t$e atomBselectrons #$is converts t$eproton to a neutron, reduces t$enum"er o! protons in t$e nucleus

"y one and atomic num"er o! t$eoriinal element "y one Atomicmass num"er remains constant"ecause t$e total num"er o!protons and neutrons isunc$aned

[eo] @@@

nery ptimiin Murnace, M M was developed to replace t$eelectric arc and ot$er steelmakin!urnaces; t$e M is an o+yensteelmakin process; car"on and

o+yen react to pre$eat scrapmetal, $ot metal and%or pi iron

[met] @@@

.uili"rium line n a lacier t$eline separatin t$e one o!accumulation !rom t$e one o!a"lation

[eo] @@@

rratic A stone or "oulder,lacially transported !rom place o!oriin and le!t in an area o!di!!erent "edrock composition

[eo] @@@

skar, esker A lacial deposit in

t$e !orm o! a continuous, windinride, !ormed !rom t$e deposits o!a stream !lowin "eneat$ t$e iceA windin ride o! strati!ied dri!tMorms in a lacial tunnel and,w$en ice melts, stands as rideup to 1D m $i$ and kilometers inlent$

[eo] @@@

ueosyncline #$e seaward parto! a eosyncline; c$aracteried "yclastic sediments and volcanism

[eo] @@@

ustatic c$ane (in sea level) Aworldwide c$ane in sea level,suc$ as caused "y meltinlaciers


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utrop$ication Asupera"undance o! alal li!e in a"ody o! water; caused "y anunusual in!lu+ o! nitrate,p$osp$ate, or ot$er nutrients #$eprocess o! ain o! lakes "y t$eaddition o! nutrients

[eo] @@@

vaporite, evaporate A c$emical

sedimentary rock consistin o!minerals precipitated "yevaporatin waters, especially saltand ypsum A mineral or rockdeposited directly !rom a solution(commonly seawater) durinevaporation Mor e+ample, ypsumand $alite are evaporite minerals

[eo] @@@

+!oliation A p$ysicalweat$erin process in w$ic$

s$eets o! rock are !ractured anddetac$ed !rom an outcrop; t$eprocess "y w$ic$ concentricscales, plates, or s$ells o! rock arestripped or spall !rom t$e "aresur!ace o! a lare rock mass

[eo] @@@

+!oliation dome A lare dome-s$aped !orm t$at develops in$omoeneous crystalline rocks ast$e result o! e+!oliation

[eo] @@@

+otic river A river t$at is a"le

to maintain its !low t$rou$ adesert "ecause o! water received!rom outside t$e desert

[eo] @@@

+tinction anle #$e anle"etween a crystallorap$icdirection, suc$ as a !ace orcleavae plane, and t$e directionin w$ic$ all li$t is "locked "y apair o! crossed polariers

[eo] @@@

Mailed ri!t A ri!t emanatin !rom

a plate triple &unction alon w$ic$minimal diverence $as takenplace

[eo] @@@

Mall H$en applied to massmovement o! material re!ers to!ree !all o! material movinwit$out contact wit$ t$e sur!ace

[eo] @@@

Mault-"lock mountain Amountain or rane !ormed as a$orst w$en it was elevated

"etween parallel normal !aults

[eo] @@@


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Maunal succession #$eevolutionary se.uence o! li!e!orms, especially as recorded "yt$e !ossil remains in astratirap$ic se.uence

[eo] @@@

Menite A metasomatic rock t is!ormed "etween t$e contact o!

alkaline intrusions and t$esurroundin rock, "y alternationo! t$e latter Menites can t$ere!ore"e !ound in a rim around alkalineintrusions 9asically t$e maint$in t$at $appened is t$atsodium ric$ solutions penetratedt$e surroundin rock Nuart will"e replaced "y Al"ite and "iotiteand amp$i"oles will "e replaced"y Aeirine and related minerals

H$en t$e !enitiation is minor t$estructure o! t$e oriinal rock canstill "e reconied, "ut w$en t$eprocess develops t$e Menite will"e indistinuis$a"le !rom reularalkaline rocks o! mamatic oriin

[eo] @@@

Miord A !ormer lacial valleywit$ steep walls and a K-s$apedpro!ile now occupied "y t$e sea

[eo] @@@

Mirn (n5v5) ranular ice !ormed"y t$e recrystalliation o! snow

ntermediate "etween snow andlacier ice

[eo] @@@

Mission #$e spontaneous orinduced splittin, "y particlecollision, o! a $eavy atomicnucleus into a pair o! !ramentsplus some neutrons Controlledinduced !ission can "e used as asource o! nuclear power

[eo] @@@

Mission track datin 8atin o!minerals "y !ission tracks, damae

tracks le!t in a mineral "yspontaneous alp$a emissions

[eo] @@@

Missure eruption An eruption o!lava t$at takes place !rom a!racture, usually wit$outproducin a cone

[eo] @@@

Missure vein A cle!t or crack int$e rock material o! t$e eart$Bscrust, !illed wit$ mineral matterdi!!erent !rom t$e walls and

precipitated t$erein !rom a.ueoussolution

[eo] @@@

Mlas$ !lood A !lood t$at risesand !alls very rapidly

[eo] @@@


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Mlas$y stream A stream wit$ a$i$, s$ort !lood peak and s$ortla time

[eo] @@@

Mlint A variety o! c$ert, o!ten"lack "ecause o! included oranicmatter

[eo] @@@

Mlood "asalt A plateau "asalt

e+tendin many kilometers in !lat,layered !lows oriinatin in !issureeruptions

[eo] @@@

Mlood recurrence interval #$enum"er o! years o! record plus 1divided "y t$e rank o! eac$ma+imum annual !lood

[eo] @@@

Mlood tide #$e part o! t$e tidecycle durin w$ic$ t$e water isrisin or levelin o!! at $i$ water

[eo] @@@

!lood peak !low t$at tops t$e"anks o! a stream c$annel

[eo] @@@

Mlow cleavae n a metamorp$icrock, t$e parallel arranement o!all planar or linear crystals as aresult o! rock !lowae durinmetamorp$ism

[eo] @@@

Mlow !oldin A !old !ormed inrelatively !luid rocks t$at $ave!lowed toward a synclinal trou$

[eo] @@@

Mlowstone eneral term !ordeposits !ormed "y drippin and!lowin water on walls and !loorso! caves

[eo] @@@

Mluid inclusion A tiny "ody o!!luid t$at is entrapped in a crystalcavity (1-100 microns indiameter) and $as t$e samecomposition as t$e !luid !romw$ic$ t$e crystal !ormed Mormed

"y t$e entrapment o! !luid durint$e rowt$ or su"se.uentde!ormation o! t$e crystal

[eo] @@@

!old and t$rust mountains mountains, c$aracteried "ye+tensive !oldin and t$rust!aultin, t$at !orm at converentplate "oundaries on continents

[eo] @@@

Moot wall "lock #$e "ody o! rockt$at lies "elow an inclined !aultplane Compare $anin wall

"lock

[eo] @@@

Moramini!eral ooe A calcareoussediment composed o! t$e s$ellso! dead Moramini!era

[eo] @@@


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Moreset "ed nclined layers o!sediment deposited on t$eadvancin marin o! a rowindelta or alon t$e slip !ace o! asand dune

[eo] @@@

Mores$ock A minor tremor t$atprecedes an eart$.uake Anincrease in seismicity may sinal

t$at a ma&or release o! strainenery is a"out to occur

[eo] @@@

Mores$ore lies "etween low and$i$ tide marks

[eo] @@@

Morset "ed ne o! t$e inclined"eds !ound in cross"eddin; alsoan inclined "ed deposited on t$eouter !ront o! a delta

[eo] @@@

Moundries Moundries specialie inmeltin and castin metal into

desired s$apes; !oundry productsare most o!ten used inautomo"iles, plum"in !i+tures,train locomotives, airplanes andas metal pieces in ot$er kinds o!e.uipment

[met] @@@

Mractional crystalliation Ase.uence o! crystalliation !rommama in w$ic$ t$e early-!ormedcrystals are prevented !romreactin wit$ t$e remainin

mama, resultin in a mamawit$ an evolvin c$emicalcomposition

[eo] @@@

Mraipan A dense layer o! soil,containin silt and sand "ut nooranic matter and little clay,w$ose e+treme $ardness andimpermea"ility are due primarilyto compaction Compare calic$e,claypan, $ardpan

[eo] @@@

Mree oscillation #$e rinin or

periodic de!ormation o! t$e w$oleart$ at c$aracteristic low!re.uencies a!ter a ma&oreart$.uake A vi"ration o! a "odysuc$ as a "ell or t$e art$ t$atcontinues wit$out !urt$erin!luence a!ter an initial event

[eo] @@@

Mriction "reccia A "reccia !ormedin a !ault one or volcanic pipe "yt$e relative motion o! two rock

"odies

[eo] @@@


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Mrost wedin A type o!disinteration in w$ic$ &ointedrock is !orced apart "y t$ee+pansion o! water as it !reees in!ractures

[eo] @@@

ardenin #$e constant andslow c$urnin o! t$e lunar reolit$as t$e result o! meteorite impacts

[eo] @@@

arewaite Kltra"asicolivinespessartite #$e rock wasnamed a!ter t$e upper reions o!t$e arewaya river, near 'avda int$e Kral (8uparc 1J0F)

[eo] @@@

eanticline An anticlinalstructure presumed to !orm in t$econte+t o! eosynclinal evolution?ot in current use since t$edevelopment o! plate tectonict$eory

[eo] @@@

eot$erm A curvin sur!acewit$in art$ alon w$ic$ t$etemperature is constant

[eo] @@@

lacial re"ound peiroenicupli!t o! t$e crust t$at takes placea!ter t$e retreat o! a continentallacier, in response to earliersu"sidence under t$e wei$t o!t$e ice

[eo] @@@

lacial striations, striation


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lass A rock !ormed w$enmama is too rapidly cooled(.uenc$ed) to allow crystalrowt$ An inoranic solid inw$ic$ t$ere is no crystallinestructure

[eo] @@@

lassiness #$e content o! e+tento! lass in an ineous rock

[eo] @@@

lo"al warmin #$e predictiont$at climate will warm as a resulto! t$e addition to t$e atmosp$ereo! $umanly produced reen$ouseases

[eo] @@@

neissosity #$e style o! !oliationtypical o! neiss

[eo] @@@

oue [eo] @@@

raded "eddin A "ed in w$ic$t$e coarsest particles areconcentrated at t$e "ottom andrade radually upward into !inesilt, t$e w$ole "ed $avin "eendeposited "y a wanin current;t$e deposition o! sediment$appens in relatively still water,and is marked "y t$e presence o!particles t$at vary in sie, density,

and s$ape

[eo] @@@

raded stream A stream w$osesmoot$ pro!ile is un"roken "yresistant ledes, lakes, orwater!alls, w$ic$ maintainse+actly t$e velocity re.uired tocarry t$e sediment provided to it,maintainin an e.uili"rium"etween t$e processes o! erosionand deposition, and t$ere!ore

"etween aggradationanddegradation

[eo] @@@

ranular snow


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ravitational moisture Hater int$e one o! aeration t$at ismovin down toward t$e one o!saturation

[eo] @@@

ravity survey #$emeasurement o! ravity atreularly spaced rid points wit$

repetitions to control instrumentdri!t

[eo] @@@

reen primarily water and car"ondio+ide, "ut also a variety o!

sul!ur and nitroen compoundsand aseous $ydrocar"ons t$attrap t$e


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round moraine A lacialdeposit o! till wit$ no markedrelie!, interpreted as $avin "eentransported at t$e "ase o! t$e ice#ill deposited !rom main "ody o!lacier durin a"lation

[eo] @@@

uyot A !lat-topped su"meredmountain or seamount !ound int$e ocean

[eo] @@@

yre #$e circular rotation o! t$ewaters o! eac$ ma&or sea, driven"y prevailin winds and t$eCoriolis e!!ect

[eo] @@@

>a"it A eneral term !or t$eoutward appearance o! a mineral,de!ined "y t$e relative sies and

arranement o! c$aracteristiccrystal !aces

[eo] @@@

>adean #$e oldest eon in art$$istory, e+tendin !rom t$e oriino! t$e art$ to a"out 7J "illionyears ao

[eo] @@@

>all->eroult 'rocess #$eprocess "y w$ic$ aluminum o+ide!rom t$e 9ayer 'rocess is reducedto aluminum metal

[met] @@@

>eart$ Murnaces >eart$

!urnaces are used in "atc$ meltino! non-!errous metals; t$e $eart$can "e $eated "y eit$er electric ornatural as met$ods; $eart$!urnaces are used to producesmall .uantities o! metal, usually!or art and similar industries

[met] @@@

>eat enine A device t$attrans!ers $eat !rom a place o! $i$temperature to a place o! lower

temperature and does mec$anicalwork in t$e process

[eo] @@@

>eat !low #$e amount o!t$ermal enery leavin t$e art$per cm2%sec

[eo] @@@

>i$ level nuclear waste /adioactive waste !rom de!enseactivities o! t$e K< overnmentand !rom spent !uel rods !romnuclear reactors

[eo] @@@


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>i


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nstall support concurrently wit$ [eo] @@@nterated


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ronpan A $ardpan in w$ic$ irono+ides are t$e primary cementinaents

[eo] @@@

sland arc A curved "elt o!volcanic islands lyin a"ove asu"duction one Comparecontinental arc

[eo] @@@

ssite !eldspar !ree $orn"lende

spessartite t !orms veins indunite !rom #vetli 9or alon t$ess river in t$e Kral (8uparc 1J10)

[eo] @@@

Pet !low Mlow in w$ic$ !luid movesat $i$ speed in &et-like sures asdoes water in !ree !all over !alls

[eo] @@@

Petty


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Q$i"inite ?ep$eline syenite #$ismassive to trac$yoide intrusiverock is medium to coarse rainedand $as a reenis$ color t occurso! course in t$e Q$i"iny massi!?ep$eline is t$e dominantmineral #$e !eldspar dominantvariety is called risc$orrite #$e

rock was named so "y /amsay in1IJI #$e e+act type locality isC$asnac$orr in Q$i"iny

[eo] @@@

Qomatiite An ultrama!ic rockwit$ a non-cumulate te+ture,presumed to "e e+trusive

[eo] @@@

Qosvite livine manetitepyro+enite !rom t$e Qosva river int$e Kral (8uparc 1J01)

[eo] @@@

Qys$tymite Corund-ric$

anort$osite rock, known !rom9arsovska, near Qys$tym in t$eKral (*oroewic, 1IJI)

[eo] @@@

:a time #$e delay in t$eresponse o! stream !low "etweenprecipitation and !lood peak

[eo] @@@

:a$ar A mud!low o!unconsolidated volcanic as$, dust,"reccia, and "oulders mi+ed wit$rain or t$e water o! a lake

displaced "y a lava !low,composed c$ie!ly o! pyroclasticmaterial on t$e !lanks o! a volcano

[eo] @@@

:amprop$yre roup name o!dike rocks #$eir composition canvary and t$ey are o!ten altered

[eo] @@@

:ateral continuity #$e e+tent o!a rock unit over a considera"le"ut de!inite area

[eo] @@@

:ateral moraine A moraine!ormed alon t$e side o! a valleylacier and composed o! rockscraped o!! or !allen !rom t$evalley sides *oraine !ormed "yvalley laciers alon valley sides

[eo] @@@

:ava dome A steep-sidedrounded e+trusion o! $i$lyviscous lava s.ueeed out !rom avolcano and !ormin a dome-s$aped or "ul"ous mass a"ove

and around t$e volcanic vent #$estructure enerally developsinside a volcanic crater

[eo] @@@


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:ava !lood (plateau "asalt) Aterm applied to lare areas o!"asaltic lava presuma"ly e+truded!rom !issures

[eo] @@@

:ava lake A lake o! lava, usually"asaltic, in a volcanic caldera

[eo] @@@

:ava tu"e A sinuous, $ollowtunnel !ormed w$en t$e outside o!

a lava !low cools and solidi!ies andt$e molten material passint$rou$ it is drained away

[eo] @@@

:ayered comple+ An intrusiveineous "ody in w$ic$ t$ere arelayers o! varyin mineral content

[eo] @@@

:e!t-lateral !ault A strike-slip!ault on w$ic$ t$e displacement o!t$e !ar "lock is to t$e le!t w$enviewed !rom eit$er side

[eo] @@@

:emesite stromatolitic limestone!rom :emesa in t$e Wu$nye Kralt is .uarried !or ornamentalpurposes

[eo] @@@

:evee, levees A low ride alona stream "ank, !ormed "ydeposits le!t w$en !loodwaterdecelerates on leavin t$ec$annel; also an arti!icial "arrier

to !loods "uilt in t$e same !orm9anks o! sand and silt alonstream "ank "uilt "y deposition insmall increments durinsuccessive !loods

[eo] @@@

:inear dune :on, strai$t dunewit$ slip !aces on eac$ side

[eo] @@@

:ineation Any lineararranement o! !eatures !ound ina rock A eneral term applyin to

any linear !eature in ametamorp$ic rock

[eo] @@@

:istwXnite Nuart-sericite-talc-calcite-dolomite rock :istwXnitesare !ormed "y t$e alteration o!"asic- and ultra"asic rocks "ycar"onated $ydrot$ermalsolutions, containin $ydroensulp$ide n e!!ect t$e darksilicates and !eldspars arereplaced "y sericite, car"onates

and sulp$ides :istwXnites occur!or instance in t$e Kral mountains

[eo] @@@

:it$ostatic stress #$e con!inin(non-directed) pressure imposed"y t$e wei$t o! overlyin rock

[eo] @@@


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:oad ! a stream, t$e amountt$at it carries at any one time

[eo] @@@

:onitudinal dune A lon duneparallel to t$e direction o! t$eprevailin wind

[eo] @@@

:onitudinal pro!ile A cross

section o! a stream !rom itsmout$ to its $ead, s$owinelevation versus distance to t$emout$

[eo] @@@

:ons$ore current (littoralcurrent) A current t$at movesparallel to a s$ore (&ust inside t$esur! one) and is !ormed !rom t$emomentum o! "reakin wavest$at approac$ t$e s$ore o"li.uely

[eo] @@@

:ons$ore dri!t #$e eneralmovement o! sediment alon a"eac$ or parallel to t$e s$oreline"y swas$ and "ackwas$ o! wavest$at approac$ t$e s$ore o"li.uelyHaves enerally carry sedimentup t$e s$ore !ace at an anle tot$e s$oreline, "ut carry it strai$tout aain, resultin in a netlons$ore displacement

[eo] @@@

:opolit$ A lare laccolit$ t$at is"owl-s$aped and depressed in t$ecenter, possi"ly "y su"sidence o!an emptied mama c$am"er"eneat$ t$e intrusion

[eo] @@@

:ow level nuclear waste (#/K) Comes larely !rom nationalde!ense utilities and includescontaminated la" coasts, loves,

and la"oratory e.uipment

[eo] @@@

:ow velocity one #$e seismicreion wit$in t$e upper mantlet$at corresponds to t$east$enosp$ere

[eo] @@@

:ow wave A seismic sur!acewave t$at $as a $oriontal (side-to-side) component "ut no verticalcomponent

[eo] @@@

:ow-velocity one A reion int$e art$, especially a planarlayer t$at $as lower seismic-wavevelocities t$an t$e reionimmediately a"ove it

[eo] @@@


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:u&avrite t is a nep$elinesyenite t is a reyis$reen to"lack, middle to coarse rainedintrusive rock t occurs in alkalineintrusions #$e main constituentsare amp$i"ole, aeirine nep$elineand !eldspar :u&avrite $as atrac$ytoide structure Aeirine-

>orn"lende :u&avrite is anAeirine->orn"lende ric$ varietyudialyte-:u&avrite consists o!nep$eline, aeirine, microclineand eudialyte :ovoerite-:u&avrite is a rare rock t is verysimilar to eudialyte-lu&avrite, wit$lovoerite replacin eudialyte:ovoerite-lu&avrite occurs insmall lenses in eudialyte-lu&avrite#$e type locality !or :u&avrite is

Anvundasc$orr (9rVer 1IJ0)

[eo] @@@

*aar volcano A volcanic craterwit$out a cone, "elieved to $ave"een !ormed "y an e+plosiveeruption o! trapped ases

[eo] @@@

*ama c$am"er A mama-!illedcavity wit$in t$e lit$osp$ere

[eo] @@@

*ama ocean A lo"al-scale

ocean o! mama, accordin tosome calculations several $undredkilometers deep, t$ou$t to $avee+isted durin t$e !inal staes o!accretion as t$e art$ was!ormin

[eo] @@@

*anetic c$ron #ime durinw$ic$ manetic polarity isdominantly normal or dominantlyreversed

[eo] @@@

*anetic couplin #$e trans!er

o! momentum "etween celestial"odies, especially dust and asclouds, t$rou$ manetic !orces

[eo] @@@

*anetic declination Anle o!diverence "etween true nort$and manetic nort$ *easured inderees east or west o! true, oreorap$ic nort$

[eo] @@@

*anetic e.uator :ies $al! way"etween t$e nort$ and sout$manetic poles

[eo] @@@

*anetic polarity time scale Ac$ronoloy "ased on t$e s$i!tinpolarity o! t$e art$Bs manetic!ield

[eo] @@@


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*anetic pole (dip pole) #$epoint on t$e art$Bs sur!ace w$erea manetic needle pointsvertically downward (nort$manetic pole) or verticallyupward (sout$ manetic pole)

[eo] @@@

*anetic su"c$ron A perioddurin a manetic c$ron w$en t$e

manetic polarity is t$e opposite!rom t$at o! t$e manetic c$ron

[eo] @@@

*alinite :oparite-*alinite is arare rock occurin in t$e :ovoeromassi! t consists o! I0-IDG o!:oparite wit$ 1D-20G nep$eline,aeirine and !eldspar

[eo] @@@

*antle plume A $ypot$eticalcolumn o! $ot, partially moltenmaterial, t$at rises !rom anindeterminate dept$ in t$e mantle

and is t$ou$t "y some eoloiststo provide a drivin !orce !or platemovement Compare $ot spot

[eo] @@@

*arin #$e tectonic reion t$atlies at t$

geology & mining glossary

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