الرحيم الرحمن الله بسم

Soran university Faculty of EngineeringPetroleum Engineering

Present by: Reband.A Raza

Supervised by :DR.Pavel Spirov

Geology of Kurdistan From Cambrian to Jurassic

and

An Introduction tolithology

Our beautiful country :Kurdistan

Geological time scale :

Kurdistan Geology Starts From Paleozoic 542 million years ago

First kurdistan formation it was in Cambrian – Ordovician 542 million years ago

• 1- Cambrian – Ordovician : • Represented in Iraq and Kurdistan mainly by the Khabour Formation.

• * Khabour Formation: • Lithology: essentially composed of thin bedded, fine grained

sandstone, quartzite, siltstone and micaceous shale. • Environment: the Khabour Formation was deposited in tide and storm

dominated shallow marine environment in the south, passing rapidly into a deep marine environment in the northern part of Iraq.

Second kurdistan formation was created in between 444-416 million years ago in silurian:

2- Silurian cycle: Represents essentially by Akkas Formation.

• Akkas Formation: Lithology: consists of black shale with occasional thin layers of sandstone. The lower most 60m of the formation is organic rich consists of a (Hot shale).

Kurdistan geology: in Devonian& carboniferous 416-299 million years ago

• 3- Devonian – Lower Carboniferous cycle: • Essentially represents by Pirispiki, Chalki, Ora, Kiasta and Harur

Formations. • * Pirispiki Formation: • Lithology: it comprises of grey to green fine grained soft sandstone in the

basal part, yellow brown well bedded sandstone with beds of brown shale. Red marly sandstone with occasionally beds of conglomerate with pebbles of green basalt, quartzite. The Chalki volcanic comprises olivine basalt with beds of tuff, ash, shale and siltstone.

• Environment: the depositional environment of the Pirispiki Formation is continental to marginal marine.

• * Ora Formation: • Lithology: it composed of dark calcareous shale with interbeds of silty

marls and lenses of detrital limestones and of fine grained limestones. • Environment: the formation is purely marine, shallow water origin.

Kurdistan geology: in Permian 299-251 million years ago

• Permian cycle: • Essentially represents by Gaara Formation and partially by ChiaZairi

Formation. • * Gaara Formation: • Lithology: essentially composed of coarse, quartzite sandstone, sandy marl

in the upper part of the unit • Environment: mostly deposited in a continental and lacustrine

Environment. • * ChiaZairi Formation: • Lithology: it composed of limestones and some dolomites. The lower unit

consists of alternating thin bedded organic detrital limestones, dark blue massive limestones. The middle unit called Satina Evaporate Member is composed of dolomites, solution and re-crystallized breccias and marls.

• The upper unit is composed of thin bedded organic detrital, sometimes cherty limestones.

• Environment: mostly deposited in a neritic Environment. The Satina Evaporate Member as well as the upper parts represents lagoonal Environment.

Kurdistan geology: Mesozoic 251-66 million years ago

Kurdistan geology: Triassic 251-200 million years ago

Mirga Mir Formation (Lower Triassic), Nazdur area, Northern Thrust Zone

Beduh Formation (Lower Triassic), Nazdur area, Northern Thrust Zone

Geli Khana Formation (Middle Triassic), Ora region, Northern Thrust Zone

Kurdistan geology: Jurassic 200-146 million years ago

KURRA CHINA FORMATION

BALUTI SHALE FORMATION

• The formation is essentially shale dominated, with grey green and grey shales with not more than 10 cm. thick. Intercalations of thin bedded dolomitic, silicified, and oolitic limestones and recrystallization breccias are also occur.

• The thickness of the formation ranges between 35-60 m. in surface sections. The Baluti Shale Formation of the subsurface sections varies between 25 and 80m.

• The formation represents the sediments of lagoonal estuarine environment.

• Thee lower and upper contacts of the formation are conformable and gradational.

• The formation in its typical development is confined to the outcrops on' the High Folded, Imbricated and Northern Thrust Zones of Iraq and to the southeast as far as the Ranya region.

Thank you Any Question?