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Geopark in Malaysia: The Front Door of
Our Geological Treasures
Ibrahim Komoo
Coordinator, APGN
Bureau Member, GGN
International Expert, GGN
Vice Chancellor, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Flow of Presentation • CONSERVATION OF NATURE
• HISTORY OF GEOHERITAGE & GEOPARKS
• GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
• GEODIVERSITY, GEOHERITAGE
• GEOSITE, GEOTOPE
• GEOCONSERVATION, GEOTOURISM
• WHAT IS GEOPARK?
• ROLES OF GEOPARK: GEOCONSERVATION
• ROLES OF GEOPARK: GEOTOURISM
• LANGKAWI GEOPARK & OTHER MALAYSIA GEOPARKS IN DEVELOPMENT STAGE
UNESCO World Heritage Convention (1972)
Outstanding universal value:
Exceptional natural beauty or aesthetic importance
Major stages of earth’s history
UNESCO Man & Biosphere Reserve Program (1977)
World Network of Biosphere Reserves – protected areas
demonstrate a balance relationship between man and
nature (sustainable development)
UNESCO Global Network of National Geoparks (2004)
The Global Network of National Geoparks assisted by
UNESCO provides a platform of active cooperation between
experts and practitioners in geological heritage
Global nature conservation scenario
1872 Geological Resource as National
Park/ Yellowstone NP, USA
1919 Geological Resource as National
Park/ Grand Canyon NP, USA
1948 IUCN
1972
1977
UNESCO/WHC
UNESCO/Biosphere
1999
2000
2004
UNESCO Initiative
European Geoparks Network
UNESCO Global Geopark
2007
Asia Pacific Geoparks Network
CONSERVATION OF NATURE
MA
LAY
SIA
19
90
IGC
: Fir
st W
ork
sho
p o
n G
eop
ark
(Bra
zil)
Firs
t R
ese
ach
on
Ge
oto
p (
Ger
man
y)
Gre
at B
rita
in (
SSSI
)
Ne
w Z
eal
and
(G
eoh
erit
age
list)
Au
stra
lia (
Geo
con
serv
atio
n C
om
mit
tee)
Ge
oh
eri
tage
Inau
gura
l Co
nfe
ren
ce
(Dig
ne
Dec
lara
tio
n, F
ran
ce)
UN
ESC
O G
lob
al G
eop
ark:
C
on
cep
t
Firs
t B
oo
k: G
eo
logi
cal &
Lan
dsc
ape
C
on
serv
atio
n (
Lon
do
n)
Firs
t G
eo
par
ks in
Eu
rop
e (
Irel
and
, G
reec
e &
Fra
nce
)
Esta
blis
hm
en
t: E
uro
pe
an G
eo
par
ks
Ne
two
rk (
EGN
)
Esta
blis
hm
ent:
UN
ESC
O G
lob
al
Geo
par
ks N
etw
ork
(GG
N)
1st
UN
ESC
O C
on
f. o
n G
eop
arks
Esta
blis
hm
ent:
17
GG
N G
eop
arks
(C
hin
a &
Eu
rop
e)
Geo
tou
rism C
on
cep
t
List of geo
logical site
s o
f scien
tific imp
ortan
ce
Establish
men
t of K
um
pu
lan
Warisan
Geo
logi M
alaysia
1st IR
PA
Research
on
Geo
heritage
Co
nservatio
n G
eolo
gy Co
ncep
t
Geo
logical Lan
dscap
e
Langkaw
i Geo
park: C
on
cep
t
ASM
Fellow
Lecture –
Co
nservatio
n G
eolo
gy
Geo
forest P
arks
Langkaw
i Natio
nal G
eop
ark
Langkaw
i Glo
bal G
eo
park
1st
AP
GN
Sym
po
siu
m L
angk
awi
Inte
grated R
esearch: G
eop
ark M
od
el for R
egion
al Sustain
able
D
evelop
me
nt
4th U
NESC
O G
eop
ark Co
nferen
ce
GLO
BA
L
19
49
19
80
19
86
19
91
19
94
19
99
20
00
20
02
20
04
19
77
19
87
19
93
19
96
19
97
20
01
20
03
20
06
20
07
20
09
20
10
1st
Bo
ok
on
Ge
od
ive
rsit
y
1st
Jo
urn
al o
n G
eo
he
rita
ge (
Spin
ger)
1st
Glo
bal
Geo
par
k in
Jap
an
1st
Glo
bal
Geo
par
k K
ore
a &
Vie
tnam
1st B
oo
k: Geo
logical H
eritage o
f M
alaysia
Ge
oto
uri
sm C
on
cep
t (H
ost
19
96
)
Jou
rna
l AK
AD
EMIK
A: Sp
ecial issu
e on
Langkaw
i Geo
park
20
08
20
11
Esta
blis
hm
ent:
Asi
a P
acif
ic G
eop
arks
N
etw
ork
(AP
GN
) &
Co
ord
inat
or
Establish
men
t: Natio
nal C
om
mittee o
f G
eop
ark Develo
pm
en
t
The
be
ginn
ing o
f Ge
oh
eritage
C
on
servatio
n m
ove
me
nt
20
12
1st
Glo
bal
Geo
par
k In
do
nes
ia
THE HISTORY OF GEOHERITAGE & GEOPARKS DEVELOPMENT
Nature of the resources
Biological Resources
Geological and Landscape Resources
Exploitative Value Set
Heritage Value Set
EARTH PHYSICAL RESOURCES
GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
The tasks for geologist are to explore, evaluate and
provide the means of exploitation of the Earth’s
Physical Resources for basic human needs and
commodities for the nation’s developmental
Exploitative Value Set
CURRENT PARADIGM
GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Society also values some of Earth’s Physical
Resources in the cultural sense, to seek the means to
advance our knowledge and to restore nature’s
treasures for inspiration, recreation and national
identity
Heritage Value Set
CONSERVATION PARADIGM
GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
EARTH PHYSICAL
RESOURCES
Nation
Development
Identification
Characterization
Evaluation
• Oil/gas
• Economic minerals
• Construction materials
• Industrial materials
Exploitation
Exploitative
Paradigm
Economic resources
Heritage resources
• Geological Heritage
• Landscape Heritage
• Tourism and
Recreational Product
EARTH PHYSICAL
RESOURCES
Identification
Characterization
Evaluation
Nation
Development
• Oil/gas
• Economic minerals
• Construction materials
• Industrial materials
Exploitation
Exploitative
Paradigm
Heritage
Paradigm
……proposed as a branch of geological
sciences, to provide the theoretical and
systematic framework for the
identification, characterisation,
classification, evaluation and ranking of
geological and landscape heritage sites
(Komoo & Desa, 1997)
CONSERVATION GEOLOGY
GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
CONSERVATION, PROTECTION &
UTILIZATION
Geosite and
Geotope
Heritage
Value
Geological
Diversity
Ranking
Assessment
Characterization
& Classification
Identification Scientific
Information
EARTH PHYSICAL RESOURCES
GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Geodiversity
Geodiversity refers to the range (or diversity) of geological,
geomorphological and soil features, assemblages, systems and
processes
Geodiversity concept takes into account of different dimensions
shown by geological exposures - the variety of characteristics
of mineral, rock, fossil, structure and landform features, and
the elements of time, environment and processes
Geoheritage
Geodiversity associated with heritage
value
Special aspects geological geoheritage
value:
• the age of geological formation
• the degree of crystallization of mineral
• the degree of preservation of fossil
• the size and beauty of rock structures and features
Geoheritage
Geoheritage value is strongly linked to
scientific value such as significance in
terms of scientific records for research
and education
Some of them, particularly mineral,
fossil and unique landform features,
can also be associated with aesthetic,
recreational or cultural values
Geosite and Geotope
Any geological site or landform
which contains a significant
geoheritage value can be
generally recognized as geosite
Geotope is outstanding geosite
which need to be protected
against influences that could
damage their substance, form
and natural development
Geoconservation
Conservation activities of geosites and
geotopes, including some which are beyond
the recognition of general public.
Geoconservation as sustaining the part of
the physical resources of the Earth that
represents our cultural heritage, including
our geological understanding, and the
inspirational response to the resource
Geotourism
Many geoheritage sites are well-suited
for tourism, in particular education-
based tourism
Some sites are appropriate for
recreational activities
Geotourism is geoheritage-based
activity that will bring about
economic benefits that ensure the
sustainability of the conservation
programme
Resource for exploitation,
sustainable use & preserve Georesources
Geodiversity
Geoheritage
Geoconservation
Diversity of mineral, rock,
fossil, structure, landform &
landscape
Geodiversity associated
with heritage value
The act to protect or
conserve geoheritage
Georesources
to Geoconservation
GEOCONSERVATION
What is Geopark?
A Geopark is a geographical area where
geoheritage sites are part of a holistic concept of
protection, education and sustainable
development
The synergy between geodiversity, biodiversity
and culture must be highlighted as an integral
part of each Geopark
It is necessary to also include sites of ecological,
archaeological, historical and cultural value
within each geopark. In many societies, natural,
cultural and social history is inextricably linked
and cannot be separated
(UNESCO 2010)
Sarawak, Malaysia
GEOPARK
Geopark: the concept
Sustainable
development of
a region
Conservation of nature
National Park
World Heritage Site
Geoforest Park
Geopark: the concept
Conservation of
Geoheritage
Geosites
Monuments
Geopark: the concept
Development areas
City
Township
Village
Geopark: the concept
Sustainable
Development Tools
Geopark: A tool for sustainable development
The F
ram
ew
ork
for
Geopark
Develo
pm
ent
Geopark
Development
Heritage Conservation Conservation of Geological,
Biological & Cultural Heritage
Integrated Conservation of Natural
& Cultural Heritage
Sustainable utilisation of Heritage
Resources without destruction
Community Development Community as a key player
Capacity building of local
community
Education on Heritage
Strengthening of ‘Shared Values’
Economic Development Balancing Mass and Specialised
Tourism
Geotourism as a part of
Knowledge-based tourisms
Innovative Tourism Products
Geopark: The Concept
Global Geopark:
Earth heritage, sustaining local communities
Asia Pacific Geoparks: GGN Member CHINA IRAN MALAYSIA AUSTRALIA JAPAN Korea Vietnam Indonesia
2004
• Danxiashan
• Huangshan
• Lushan
• Shilin
• Songshan
• Wudalianchi
• Yuntaishan
• Zhangjiajie
2005
• Hexigten
• Taining
• Xingwen
• Yandangshan
2006 • Fangshan
• Funiushan
• Jingpohu
• Leiqiong
• Taishan
• Wangwushan • Qeshm
2007 • Langkawi
2008 • Longhushan • Zigong
• Kanawinka
2009 • Alxa • Qinling
• Itoigawa • Toya-Usu • Unzen
2010 • Leye-Fengshan • Ningde
• San’in • Jeju • Dong Van
2011 • Hong Kong • Tianzhushan
• Muroto
2012 • Sanqingshan • Qeshm • Kanawinka • Oki • Batur
2013 • Yanqing • Shennongjia
Geological
Heritage
Non-geological
Heritage
Conservation
Education
Sustainable
Development
Earth Science &
Education
Environmental
Education
Geotourism
Other Tourism
Opportunity
Ge
oc
on
se
rva
tion
Inte
gra
ted
Ge
oc
on
se
rva
tion
Su
sta
ina
ble
Us
e
Geopark: Conservation, Education &
Sustainable Development
GEOCONSERVATION
Heritage Conservation in
Geopark Development
o Protected Site
o Geological
Monument
o Geological Park
/Geo-Area
o Landscape of
Aesthetical Value
Geo- Heritage
Bio- Diversity
Cultural Heritage
Conservation within
Geopark
Conservation
Education
Tourism
Geopark Concept Geo-heritage Conservation
of International Standard
Geo-resource-based
Sustainable Tourism
‘Co-management’
involving stakeholder
participation
Geopark Criteria
Geo-tourism
Eco-tourism
Nature & Cultural
based tourism
Know
ledge-b
ase
d T
ouri
sm
Geoforest Park
Natural Heritage
Cultural Heritage In
tegra
ted C
onse
rvati
on
Geopark:
Model for Integrated Heritage
Conservation & Tourism
GEOCONSERVATION
Knowledge-based tourism Geotourism – new products
education based (geoimformation)
tourism
Aesthetic and recreation based tourism
Introduce integrated tourism products
(geo-bio-culture based products)
Introduce innovative types of tourism
- Geotourism
GEOTOURISM
Value of Public Education Community should appreciate the value
of geoheritage and cultural resources
Collaboration among stakeholders should
be based on ‘shared value’
Local community & school children as the
custodians of local heritage
Appreciation through informal and non-
formal education
Geotourism - Encourage the culture
of public education
GEOTOURISM
Geopark museum, Information Centre,
promotional materials;
Tourist guides, tourist information
materials, geosite interpretation
panels;
School activities – visits to geoparks,
part of the study areas, special club;
Special visits, awareness and training
program;
Collaboration with universities for
research, student exposure, scientific
publication, popular reading materials.
Geoheritage Popularization
GEOTOURISM
Geotourism product for geoscientists
Geotourism product for
environmentalists
Geotourism for ‘specialized tourists’
Geotourism for general public (mass
tourism)
New Innovative Products
- Geotourim Products
GEOTOURISM
LANGKAWI GEOPARK
The Langkawi Geopark
Archipelago of 99 islands with
outstanding tropical karst
landscape and diverse
geoheritage sites
Ideal place for blending
conservation and sustainable
use of resource as promoted by
the Geopark concept
Concept
The Langkawi Geopark
The development of management
tool that can ensure a balance
between three components:
Conservation of heritage
resources
Development of tourism
infrastructure
Enhancement of local socio-
economic activities
Approach
The Langkawi Geopark
Environment & cultural
resources form the most
important asset that will be the
nucleus of Langkawi
development
Emphasis on non-destructive
utilization of geoheritage and
landscape resources
Policy Development
The Langkawi Geopark
Establishment of Geopark
management unit (LADA)
Encouraging Research &
Development (PPL, UKM)
Implementing environmental friendly
infrastructure development
Promoting local culture and
traditions
Emphasizing on nature tourism -
based industries
Implementation Strategy
The Langkawi Geopark
2001 Proposed the idea of Langkawi
as a Geopark to State Goverment
2002 Proposed Concept and
Strategic Plans
2002 Establishment of Langkawi
Research Centre, UKM
2003 Published book on Geological
Heritage of Langkawi
2004 Introduced Geoforest Parks as
new conservation concept
2005 Stakeholder consultation on
geopark establishment
May 2006 Establishment of
Langkawi Geopark by State
Government
1st June 2007 Langkawi Geopark
was declared as the 52nd member of
Global Geoparks Network (GGN) by
UNESCO
Milestone
Langkawi Geopark
Conservation
• Geoheritage Conservation
• Biological Diversity Conservation
• Cultural Heritage
Tourism Infrastructure
Development
• Hotels/ Resorts
• Education/ Exhibition
• Research/ Recreation
• Public Awareness
Socio-Economic Development
• Economic Activities
• Local Participation
• New Opportunities
The Components
Kilim Geoforest Park, Langkawi
Conservation
Geoforest Parks Machinchang Cambrian GFP
Kilim Karst GFP
Dayang Bunting Marble GFP
Geological Monument Langgun Islands
Tg. Dendang
Ular Island
Singa Kecil
Geoheritage Sites Islands
Anak Datai
Anak Burau
Fossil sites
Anak Tikus
Sg. Itau
Jemuruk Fossil layer
Geoheritage Conservation
Special Features
Tepur Island
dropstone
Kubang Badak
Pinnacle
Dayang Bunting
Dolina
Kisap Sheared
Zone
Geoheritage
Conservation
Biological Diversity
Conservation
Cultural Heritage
Conservation
Tourism Infrastructure
DevelopmentTourism Infrastructure
Development
Hotels/ Resorts
Education/
Exhibition
Recreation
Public Awareness
Socio-Economic
DevelopmentSocio-Economic
Development
Economic Activities
Local Participation
New Opportunities
Forest Reserve (Dry Inland Forest)
Bukit Malut
Bukit Sawak
Gunung Raya
Singa Besar Island
Forest Reserve (Mangrove Forest)
Kubang Badak
Singa Besar Island
Recreational Forests
Pasir Tengkorak
Durian Perangin
Lubuk Semilang
Telaga Tujuh
Biological Diversity
Conservation
Conservation Geoheritage
Conservation
Biological Diversity
Conservation
Cultural Heritage
Conservation
Tourism Infrastructure
DevelopmentTourism Infrastructure
Development
Hotels/ Resorts
Education/
Exhibition
Recreation
Public Awareness
Socio-Economic
DevelopmentSocio-Economic
Development
Economic Activities
Local Participation
New Opportunities
Archeological Sites
Ancient tomb, Ulu
Melaka
Ancinet tomb,
Padang Mat Sirat
Gua Cerita
inscriptions
Historical Site
Mahsuri Mausoleum
Field of Burnt Rice
Conservation
Cultural Heritage
Traditional Village
Kg. Mawat
Kg. Raja
Kg. Tk. Berembang
Traditional Fishing
Village
K. Triang
Kilim
Kubang Badak
Geoheritage
Conservation
Biological Diversity
Conservation
Cultural Heritage
Conservation
Tourism Infrastructure
DevelopmentTourism Infrastructure
Development
Hotels/ Resorts
Education/
Exhibition
Recreation
Public Awareness
Socio-Economic
DevelopmentSocio-Economic
Development
Economic Activities
Local Participation
New Opportunities
Legend Associated Sites
Lake of Pregnant Maiden
Mat Cincang & Mat Raya
Gua Cerita (cave)
The Seven Wells (waterfall)
The Datai-Andaman
Tanjung Rhu, Four Seasons
Burau Bay, Berjaya, Pelangi
7,500 hotel rooms (2005)
Resorts/ Hotels
Tourism Infrastructure
Development
Golf courses
Marinas
Centres for handicraft
Oriental Village
Tourism Facilities
International airport
Jetty for ferries
Good road network
Machinchang cable car
Supporting Facilities
Geoheritage
Conservation
Biologocal Diversity
Conservation
Cultural Heritage
ConservationConservationSocio-Economic
DevelopmentSocio-Economic
Development
Economic Activities
Local Participation
New Opportunities
Tourism Infrastructure
Development
Hotels/ Resorts
Education/
Exhibition
Research/
Recreation
Public Awareness
Gallery & Parks
Galeria Perdana
Galeri Ibrahim Hussein
Langkawi CHOGM Park
Lagenda Park
Mahsuri Cultural Complex
Underwater World
Langkawi Wildlife Park
Craft Complex
Langkawi Craft Complex
Laman Padi
Atma Alam Batik Village
Education/ Exhibition
Tourism Infrastructure
Development
Tourism Infrastructure
Development
Hotels/ Resorts
Education/
Exhibition
Research/
Recreation
Public Awareness
Geoheritage
Conservation
Biologocal Diversity
Conservation
Cultural Heritage
ConservationConservationSocio-Economic
DevelopmentSocio-Economic
Development
Economic Activities
Local Participation
New Opportunities
Research Facilities
Langkawi Research Centre, UKM
School of Tourism, UUM
Singa Island Biodiversity Research
Program, USM
Marine Biodiversity Research
Program, UM
Recreation Activities
Beach recreation
Island hopping
Mangrove tour
Diving/ snorkeling
Cave exploration
Fishing
Jungle trekking
Research/ Recreation
Tourism Infrastructure
Development
Tourism Infrastructure
Development
Hotels/ Resorts
Education/
Exhibition
Research/
Recreation
Public Awareness
Geoheritage
Conservation
Biologocal Diversity
Conservation
Cultural Heritage
ConservationConservationSocio-Economic
DevelopmentSocio-Economic
Development
Economic Activities
Local Participation
New Opportunities
Exhibition
Courses for tourist guides
Publications/ Leaflets
Websites
Signage/ Information board
Public Awareness
Tourism Infrastructure
Development
Tourism Infrastructure
Development
Hotels/ Resorts
Education/
Exhibition
Research/
Recreation
Public Awareness
Geoheritage
Conservation
Biologocal Diversity
Conservation
Cultural Heritage
ConservationConservationSocio-Economic
DevelopmentSocio-Economic
Development
Economic Activities
Local Participation
New Opportunities
Economic Activities
“Duty Free Island” – shopping paradise
Local craft development
Employment in tourism service sector
Socio-Economic
Development
Socio-Economic
Development
Economic Activities
Local Participation
New Opportunities
Geoheritage
Conservation
Biologocal Diversity
Conservation
Cultural Heritage
ConservationConservationTourism Infrastructure
DevelopmentTourism Infrastructure
Development
Hotels/ Resorts
Education/
Exhibition
Recreation
Public Awareness
Local Participation
Socio-Economic
Development
Tourist guides
Transportation
Recreational guide (i.e. fishing)
Food and Beverages
Local delicacies
Fresh seafood
International cuisine
Socio-Economic
Development
Economic Activities
Local Participation
New Opportunities
Geoheritage
Conservation
Biologocal Diversity
Conservation
Cultural Heritage
ConservationConservationTourism Infrastructure
DevelopmentTourism Infrastructure
Development
Hotels/ Resorts
Education/
Exhibition
Recreation
Public Awareness
New Opportunities
Socio-Economic
Development
Traditional fishing and
agriculture as a basis for tourism
New enterprise in geotourism
based activities
Employment in new conservation
based activities
Socio-Economic
Development
Economic Activities
Local Participation
New Opportunities
Geoheritage
Conservation
Biologocal Diversity
Conservation
Cultural Heritage
ConservationConservationTourism Infrastructure
DevelopmentTourism Infrastructure
Development
Hotels/ Resorts
Education/
Exhibition
Recreation
Public Awareness
MALAYSIA GEOPARKS: IN DEVELOPMENT STAGE
• Sarawak Delta
• Lembah Kinta, Ipoh, Perak
• Tasik Kenyir, Terengganu
• Gunung Kinabalu, Sabah
Concluding Remarks
Integrated conservation –
nature (geodiversity and
biodiversity) and cultural
heritage are conserved as a
single entity
Balancing between
conservation and development
- ecotourism (geotourism) is
promoted to enhance regional
development based on
‘sustainable resource utilization’
Local community engagement –
focus on participation and socio-
economic development of the
local community
Bau Karst, Sarawak
Thank You