georgia institute of technology what is new in java 5.0 (1.5)? barb ericson georgia institute of...
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Georgia Institute of Technology
What is new in Java 5.0 (1.5)?
Barb EricsonGeorgia Institute of Technology
June 2006
Georgia Institute of Technology
Learning Goals
• Understand the new features in Java 5.0– For-each loop– Generics– Automatic Boxing and Unboxing– New collection interfaces – Not covered on exam
• Enumerated Types• Static Imports• Formatted Input and Output
– For more information see http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/members/article/1,3046,151-165-0-49154,00.html
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For Each Loop
• Used to loop through all items of a collection (Array, List, Map, Set, etc)– Syntax
for (Type varName : collectionName)
– Examplefor (String name : nameList)
– Each time through the loop the varName will refer to a different item in the collection until all the items in the collection have been processed
– Use whenever you want to process each item in a collection
• But not when you might want to remove an item from the collection in the loop
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Before the For-Each Loop/** * Method to set all the sample values to * the maximum positive * value if they were positive (including 0) * and the minimum * negative value if they were negative. */ public void forceToExtremes() { SoundSample[] sampleArray =
this.getSamples(); SoundSample sample = null;
// loop through the sample values for (int i = 0; i < sampleArray.length; i++) { // get the current sample sample = sampleArray[i];
/* if the value was >= 0 set to the * maximum positive value */ if (sample.getValue() >= 0) sample.setValue(32767); /* else (must be less than 0) so set it to * the highest negative value */ else sample.setValue(-32768); } }
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Using for-each instead
• Replace the following SoundSample sample = null;
// loop through the sample values
for (int i = 0; i < sampleArray.length; i++)
{
// get the current sample
sample = sampleArray[i];
• With for (SoundSample sample : sampleArray)
{
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Exercise• Copy the code for forceToExtremes and put it in
Sound.java in the bookClasses directory• Test it with the following in the main:
String file = FileChooser.pickAFile();Sound s = new Sound(file);s.explore();s.play();s.forceToExtremes()s.explore();s.play();
• Change the code in forceToExtremes to use a for-each loop instead and test again
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Exercise• Modify a method in the Picture class that modifies all pixels in a picture to use a for-each loop
public void negate() { Pixel[] pixelArray = this.getPixels(); Pixel pixel = null; int redValue, blueValue, greenValue = 0;
// loop through all the pixels for (int i = 0; i < pixelArray.length; i++) { // get the current pixel pixel = pixelArray[i];
// get the current red, green, and blue values redValue = pixel.getRed(); greenValue = pixel.getGreen(); blueValue = pixel.getBlue();
// set the pixel's color to the new color pixel.setColor(new Color(255 - redValue, 255 - greenValue, 255 - blueValue)); } }
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Generics
• Allow you to specify the type of objects in a collection, both when you declare it and create it– Eliminates the need to downcast– Syntax:
• CollectionType<Type> name = new CollectionType<Type>;
– List<String> nameList = new ArrayList<String>();
• CollectionType<Type,Type> name = new CollectionType<Type,Type>;
– Map<String,String> phoneMap = new HashMap<String,String>();
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Without Generics
• You have to cast back to the original class when you get an object back from a collection – Downcast from Object
name = (String) iterator.next();
• With generics you don't have to downcast– Just give the type on declarations and
creationname = iterator.next();
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Exercise
• Modify the SlideShow class in examples/SlideShow-List
• Use generics instead of casting – Specify the type on all declarations of the List
• Including parameters
– Specify the type on the creating of the List– Remove the cast to Picture when you show
the pictures or get the picture– You can use a for-each loop instead of an
iterator when showing the pictures
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Exercise
• Modify the PhoneBook class in examples/PhoneBook to use generics for the phoneMap– Copy the code to change first– Then comment out the old code– Add new code for generics
• Be sure to specify the type when you declare the phoneMap and when you create it
• Remove the downcast on getting items from the map
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Automatic Boxing and Unboxing
• Primative types are not objects: – int, double, char, boolean– They can not be added to collections
• You can have arrays of primitive types
– But, they can be wrapped and added to collections (Integer, Double, Character, Boolean)
• And then you have to unwrap to get the value
• With automatic boxing and unboxing you don't have to worry about the wrapping and unwrapping– It is done for you
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Example of Boxing and Unboxing
• Add a primitive type to a collection– Old way: wrapping the primitive type
• List intList = new ArrayList();• intList.add(new Integer(5));• intList.add(new Integer(6));• Integer integerValue = (Integer) intList.get(0);• int value = integerValue.intValue();
– New: auto wrapping (boxing)• List intList = new ArrayList();• intList.add(5);• intList.add(6);• int value = (Integer) intList.get(0);
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New Queue Interface
• Java 5.0 adds a Queue interface– Implemented by the LinkedList class– Implemented by the PriorityQueue class
• There are no more special AP interfaces for AB data structures– Only using the Java interfaces and classes
• Stack (class), Queue (interface), PriorityQueue (class)
– Using new method names for queues» peek, add, and remove
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Not Covered on Exam• Enumerated Types
– Old: declare constants using numbers• public static final int MALE = 0;• public static final int FEMALE = 1;
– New: use enumerated types• public enum Gender { MALE, FEMALE };
• Static Imports– Old: Use class name to access constants
• Color.BLACK
– New: import static java.awt.*;• BLACK
• Formatted Input and Output– Use java.io.Scanner class to read from a file or System.in – See System.out.printf() to format output
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Summary
• Java 5.0 adds many new features– Tested on the Exam
• For-each loop– for (Type varName : collectionName)
• Generics– Give the type when you declare and create collection
objects– List<String> nameList = new ArrayList<String>();– Eliminates the need to downcast from Object